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E-raamat: Lexical-Functional Syntax

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Lexical-Functional Syntax, 2nd Edition, the definitive text for Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG) with a focus on syntax, is updated to reflect recent developments in the field.

  • Provides both an introduction to LFG and a synthesis of major theoretical developments in lexical-functional syntax over the past few decades
  • Includes in-depth discussions of a large number of syntactic phenomena from typologically diverse languages
  • Features extensive problem sets and solutions in each chapter to aid in self-study
  • Incorporates reader feedback from the 1st Edition to correct errors and enhance clarity
Preface to the First Edition xi
Preface to the Second Edition xv
Acknowledgments xvii
I Motivation for the LFG Architecture 1(38)
1 Nonconfigurationality
3(8)
Further reading
10(1)
2 Movement Paradoxes
11(10)
2.1 Theoretical assumptions
15(4)
Further reading and discussion
19(2)
3 Lexicality and Argument Structure
21(18)
3.1 Two approaches to passive relation changes
21(2)
3.2 The lexicality of relation changes
23(9)
3.2.1 English passive verb forms
24(1)
3.2.2 Adjectives versus verbs
24(1)
3.2.3 Participle-adjective conversion
25(1)
3.2.4 Passive participles convert to adjectives
25(2)
3.2.5 Differences between adjectival and verbal passives explained
27(1)
3.2.6 Differences between adjectival and verbal passives unexplained
28(4)
3.2.7 Conclusion: passivization is lexical
32(1)
3.3 Passivization with and without movement
32(4)
Further reading and discussion
36(3)
II Formally Modeling the Architecture 39(48)
4 A Formal Model of Syntactic Structure
41(32)
4.1 Design principles
41(3)
4.1.1 Principle I: variability
41(1)
4.1.2 Principle II: universality
42(1)
4.1.3 Principle III: monotonicity
43(1)
4.2 The definition of f-structures
44(2)
4.3 The description of f-structures
46(2)
4.4 The correspondence between c- and f-structures
48(6)
4.5 The solution algorithm
54(5)
Problems
58(1)
4.6 Defining versus constraining equations
59(3)
4.7 Completeness and coherence
62(1)
Problems
63(1)
4.8 Functional uncertainty
63(7)
4.9 Sets of f-structures
70(1)
4.10 Conclusion
71(1)
Further reading
72(1)
5 Monotonicity and Some of Its Consequences
73(14)
5.1 Monotonicity
73(3)
5.2 Relation changes and monotonicity
76(3)
5.3 Information and form
79(6)
5.3.1 The fragmentability of language
79(3)
5.3.2 The nonconfigurationality of language
82(1)
5.3.3 Apparent information flow through external structure
83(1)
5.3.4 Noncompositionality
84(1)
5.4 Conclusion
85(2)
III Inflectional Morphology and Phrase Structure Variation 87(140)
6 A Theory of Structure-Function Mappings
89(40)
6.1 Grammatical functions
94(7)
6.1.1 Basics of grammatical functions
94(6)
6.1.2 Classification of grammatical functions
100(1)
6.2 The organization of c-structure categories
101(11)
6.2.1 Endocentricity and X' structures
101(3)
6.2.2 Endocentric mapping to f-structure
104(8)
Problems
111(1)
6.3 Exocentric categories
112(6)
6.3.1 Lexocentricity and S
112(3)
6.3.2 S and endocentricity
115(1)
6.3.3 Nonprojecting words
116(1)
6.3.4 Summary of the structure-function principles
117(1)
6.4 Toward a typology
118(1)
6.5 Effects of economy of expression
119(5)
Further reading and discussion
124(1)
Appendix: X' theory
125(4)
7 Endocentricity and Heads
129(22)
7.1 Head mobility
129(6)
7.1.1 Verb order in Welsh
130(5)
7.2 Endocentricity and extended heads
135(3)
7.3 Distributed exponence
138(8)
7.3.1 Wambaya c-structure
139(5)
7.3.2 The Wambaya tense system
144(2)
7.4 Conclusion
146(1)
Problems
147(1)
Exercise
147(4)
8 Pronoun Incorporation and Agreement
151(45)
8.1 Chichewa
157(14)
8.1.1 Word order
161(1)
8.1.2 Independent pronouns
162(2)
8.1.3 Contrastive focus
164(1)
8.1.4 Interrogatives and relatives
165(1)
8.1.5 Other syntactic and phonological differences
166(1)
8.1.6 Functional ambiguity of subject and topic
167(4)
8.2 Navajo
171(11)
Exercise 1
180(1)
Exercise 2
180(2)
8.3 Plains Cree and inverse agreement
182(4)
Exercise 3
185(1)
Problems
186(1)
8.4 Two types of agreement: INDEX and CONCORD
186(6)
Exercise 4
192(1)
8.5 Conclusion
192(1)
Further reading and discussion
193(3)
9 Topicalization and Scrambling
196(31)
9.1 English topicalization
196(3)
9.2 Russian topicalization
199(6)
9.3 Economy of expression
205(2)
Problems
207(1)
9.4 Topicalization versus scrambling
207(3)
9.5 Detecting empty categories
210(13)
Exercise
223(1)
Further reading and discussion
223(6)
The crossover effect
223(1)
Two types of null pronominals
224(1)
Generalization to operator complexes
225(1)
Other factors
226(1)
IV On Functional Structures: Binding, Predication, and Control 227(124)
10 Basic Binding Theory
229(25)
10.1 Basic concepts
229(2)
10.2 A toy binding theory
231(8)
10.3 Principle C
239(8)
Further reading and discussion
246(1)
10.4 Formalization of the binding constraints
247(7)
11 Types of Bound Anaphors
254(32)
11.1 Dimensions of anaphoric binding
254(2)
11.2 Icelandic: subjective and anti-subjective pronouns
256(3)
11.3 Norwegian: subjective/nuclear pronouns
259(2)
11.4 Logophoricity versus subjectivity
261(14)
Further reading and discussion
273(2)
11.5 The typology of reflexives and the origins of nuclearity
275(9)
Further reading and discussion
283(1)
11.6 Formalization
284(2)
12 Predication Relations
286(23)
12.1 Predicate complements versus adjuncts
286(3)
12.2 F-structures of xcomps
289(6)
Exercise 1
295(1)
Exercise 2
295(1)
12.3 F-structure of PP complements
295(6)
12.4 C-structure of predicate complements
301(3)
12.5 Raising
304(3)
Further reading and discussion
307(2)
13 Anaphoric Control
309(15)
13.1 Gerundive versus participial VPs in English
309(2)
13.2 Structure of gerundive VPs
311(8)
13.3 Anaphoric control versus functional control
319(4)
13.4 Conclusion
323(1)
Problems
323(1)
Further reading and discussion
323(1)
14 From Argument Structure to Functional Structure
324(27)
14.1 What is argument structure?
326(3)
14.2 The theory of a-structures
329(4)
14.3 Mapping a-structures to syntactic functions
333(1)
14.4 Examples and consequences
334(10)
14.4.1 Unaccusatives
334(2)
14.4.2 Resultatives
336(1)
14.4.3 "Fake" reflexives and "nonsubcategorized objects"
336(1)
14.4.4 Word order of internal/external arguments
337(1)
14.4.5 Ditransitives
337(3)
14.4.6 Interactions of passive and raising
340(1)
14.4.7 Morphology that adds or suppresses a-structure roles
341(3)
Problems
344(1)
Further reading and discussion
344(5)
Problem Sets and Solutions
349(2)
Problem Set 1 351(3)
Problem Set 2 354(16)
Problem Set 3 370(5)
Problem Set 4 375(16)
Problem Set 5 391(26)
Problem Set 6 417(19)
Solutions to Selected Problems 436(25)
References for the Problems 461(3)
References 464(37)
Language Index 501(2)
Subject Index 503
Joan Bresnan is Sadie Dernham Patek Professor in Humanities Emerita at Stanford University and a Senior Researcher at Stanford's Center for the Study of Language and Information. One of the principal architects of lexical-functional grammar, Bresnan is a former President of the Linguistic Society of America, an inaugural Fellow of the LSA, a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a Fellow of the Cognitive Science Society, a Fellow of the Center for the Advanced Study of the Behavioral Sciences, and a Guggenheim Fellow.

Ash Asudeh is University Lecturer in Linguistics at the University of Oxford, Hugh Price Fellow at Jesus College, and Associate Professor of Cognitive Science at Carleton University. He is a recipient of an Early Researcher Award from the Province of Ontario and the E.W. Beth Prize. He is the author of The Logic of Pronominal Resumption (2012).

Ida Toivonen is Associate Professor of Linguistics and Cognitive Science at Carleton University. She has published on phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics; and is the author of Non-Projecting Words (2001), and co-editor of Saami Linguistics (2007).

Stephen Wechsler is Professor of Linguistics at the University of Texas. He is the author of The Semantic Basis of Argument Structure (1995), and co-author of The Many Faces of Agreement (2003).
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