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E-raamat: Lichen-Derived Products: Extraction and Applications

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  • Ilmumisaeg: 13-Oct-2020
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  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781119593256
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Lichen-Derived Products: Extraction and ApplicationsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 13-Oct-2020
  • Kirjastus: Wiley-Scrivener
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781119593256
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The purpose of this book is to provide reference material that includes current developments along with a future outlook on the topic. It is divided into two sections; “Morphological Overview and Extraction Prospects” and “Trends and Applications”. Part I contains four chapters that provide an overview and systematically discuss the physical morphology, suitability and extraction aspects of lichens and their secondary metabolites. Part II includes eight chapters that give in-depth insights on recent and valuable applications of lichen and their obtained products in several applied sectors, including ethnopharmacology, therapeutics, paper and dye, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, herbal industries, etc.

Preface xiii
PART 1 Morphological Overview and Extraction Prospects
1(118)
1 An Overview on Lichen's Morphology, Chemistry of Derived Products, and Current Scenario
3(24)
Mohd Yusuf
1.1 Introduction
3(1)
1.2 The Lichens Body: Thallus Morphology
4(6)
1.2.1 Foliose
9(1)
1.2.2 Fruiticose
9(1)
1.2.3 Squamulose Lichens
9(1)
1.2.4 Crustose
9(1)
1.2.5 Placodioid/Crustose-Placodioid/Squamulose-Placodioid
9(1)
1.2.6 Leprose
10(1)
1.2.7 Filamentous Lichens
10(1)
1.2.8 Without any Definite Shape or Lichens Without any Visible Thallus
10(1)
1.3 Chemistry of Lichen-Derived Products
10(8)
1.4 Current Scenario of Lichens and Derived Products Thereof
18(5)
1.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook
23(4)
References
24(3)
2 Comparative Perspectives on Extraction Methods for Organic Metabolites and Pollutants from Lichens
27(48)
Patricia Forbes
Leandri van der Wat
Johanna Strumpher
2.1 Introduction
28(16)
2.1.1 Organic Lichen-Derived Compounds
29(1)
2.1.1.1 Organic Air Pollutants
29(1)
2.1.1.2 Lichen Metabolites
29(15)
2.2 Sample Preparation and Solvent Extraction
44(1)
2.3 Extraction of Organic Air Pollutants
45(8)
2.3.1 Soxhlet Extraction
45(1)
2.3.2 Ultrasonic Extraction
46(4)
2.3.3 Microwave-Assisted Extraction
50(1)
2.3.4 QuEChERS
51(1)
2.3.5 Other Extraction Methods
52(1)
2.4 Extraction of Lichen Metabolites
53(4)
2.4.1 Traditional Approaches
54(1)
2.4.1.1 Boiling Extraction
54(1)
2.4.1.2 Shaking
54(1)
2.4.1.3 Ammonia Extraction
54(1)
2.4.2 Alternative Extraction Approaches for Lichen Metabolites
54(1)
2.4.2.1 Soxhlet Extraction
54(1)
2.4.2.2 Ultrasonic Extraction
55(1)
2.4.2.3 Microwave-Assisted Extraction
55(1)
2.4.2.4 QuEChERS
55(1)
2.4.2.5 Solid Phase Microextraction
56(1)
2.4.2.6 Other Extraction Methods
56(1)
2.5 Extract Cleanup
57(2)
2.6 Analysis of Lichen Extracts
59(4)
2.6.1 GC
59(1)
2.6.2 LC
60(1)
2.6.3 Other Analytical Methods
61(2)
2.7 Conclusion
63(12)
References
65(10)
3 Review on Advanced Methods for Extraction and Identification of Nature-Derived Bioac tive and Economic Products
75(26)
Sudarshana Deepa Vijaykumar
3.1 Introduction
75(1)
3.2 Accelerated Solvent Extraction
76(2)
3.2.1 Effect of Solubility and Mass Transfer
77(1)
3.2.2 Lowering the Surface Equilibrium
77(1)
3.3 Ultrasound/Ultrasonic Extraction
78(1)
3.4 Microwave Extraction
79(3)
3.4.1 Solvent Composition
81(1)
3.4.2 Solvent Volume
81(1)
3.4.3 Temperature
81(1)
3.4.4 Extraction Time
82(1)
3.4.5 Biomass Characteristics and Water Content
82(1)
3.5 Ultrasound-Microwave Mixed
82(1)
3.6 High Hydrostatic Pressure Extraction
83(2)
3.7 Enzyme Supported Extraction
85(2)
3.7.1 The Types and Characteristics of Enzyme
85(1)
3.7.2 The Breakdown of Cell Walls by Enzyme
86(1)
3.8 Pulsed Electric Field Extraction
87(2)
3.9 Supercritical Fluid Extraction
89(2)
3.9.1 Supercritical Fluid (SCF)
90(1)
3.9.2 Properties of SCF
90(1)
3.10 Modern Identification Methods Based on Spectroscopy Approach
91(3)
3.10.1 Mass Spectroscopy (MS)
91(1)
3.10.2 NMR Spectroscopy
92(1)
3.10.3 UV-Visible Spectroscopy
92(1)
3.10.4 Infrared Spectroscopy
93(1)
3.11 Conclusion
94(7)
References
94(7)
4 Lichens and Lichenology: Historical and Economic Prospects
101(18)
Munesh Sharma
Aash Mohammad
4.1 Historical Prospects of Lichens
101(2)
4.2 Lichens and Symbiosis
103(1)
4.3 Economic Prospects
104(11)
4.3.1 Food Relation
104(1)
4.3.1.1 As Food
104(1)
4.3.1.2 As Fodder
105(1)
4.3.1.3 As Natural Food Flavoring Agent
106(1)
4.3.2 Paper and Textiles Relation
106(1)
4.3.2.1 Litmus Dye Paper
106(1)
4.3.2.2 As Textile Dyes
107(1)
4.3.3 In Perfumery
108(2)
4.3.4 In Medicine and Medical Formulations
110(4)
4.3.5 Age Determination of Substrates/Rocks/Plants or Lichenometric Dating
114(1)
4.3.6 Environmental Benefits/Biomonitoring
115(1)
4.4 Future Outlook and Conclusion
115(4)
References
115(4)
PART 2 Trends and Applications
119(158)
5 Biomedical Aspects of Lichen-Derived Products: Roadmap to Alternative Sources for Synthetic Drugs
121(20)
Anjali Gupta
Pooja Agarwal
Kavita Khatana
Shafat Ahmad Khan
5.1 Introduction
121(1)
5.2 Biological Activities
122(13)
5.2.1 Anticancer Activity
122(7)
5.2.2 Antimicrobial Activity
129(1)
5.2.3 Antiviral Activity
130(1)
5.2.4 Antioxidant Activity
131(2)
5.2.5 Immunomodulator Activity
133(1)
5.2.6 Insecticidal Activity
134(1)
5.3 Conclusion
135(6)
References
136(5)
6 Lichens as Sources of Antibacterial Active Compounds
141(38)
Es-sadeqy Youness
Taha Chouati
Noura Aoussar
Brume Zalegh
Rajaa AitMhand
Naima Rhallabi
Found Mellouki
6.1 Introduction
142(1)
6.2 Antibacterial Activity of Crude Extracts of Lichens
143(10)
6.3 Antibacterial Activity of Lichenic Acids
153(6)
6.4 Antibacterial Activity of Crude Extracts of Lichens and of Their Bioactive Compounds
159(8)
6.5 Interactions Between Lichens Secondary Metabolites and Standard Antibiotics
167(4)
6.6 Future Visions
171(1)
6.7 Conclusion
172(7)
References
172(7)
7 Lichens: Natural Alternatives in Textiles Finishing
179(10)
Amrita Kaushik
Pavan Prakash Giri
7.1 Introduction
179(1)
7.2 Lichens as Dyes
180(1)
7.3 Coloring Components From Lichens
181(3)
7.4 Dye Extraction From Lichens
184(1)
7.5 Advantages and Limitations of Lichens Extracted Dyes
184(1)
7.6 Conclusion and Future Scope of Lichen Dyes
185(4)
References
185(4)
8 A Review on Trends and Opportunity in Edible Lichens
189(14)
Mohd Yusuf
8.1 Introduction
189(2)
8.2 Feed and Fodder
191(4)
8.2.1 Cetraria islandica
191(1)
8.2.2 Roccella montagnei
192(1)
8.2.3 Cladonia rangiferina
193(1)
8.2.4 Bryoriafremontii
193(1)
8.2.5 Parmelia perlata
194(1)
8.2.6 Umbilicaria Species
194(1)
8.2.7 Usneaflorida
195(1)
8.3 Lichens as Food Additives
195(2)
8.3.1 Lichen-Based Tea
195(1)
8.3.2 Lichens as Spice
196(1)
8.3.3 Food Coloring Aspects
196(1)
8.4 Lichens as Snuffing Agents
197(1)
8.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook
197(6)
References
198(5)
9 Biotechnological Applications of Lichens
203(18)
Md. Aftab Alum
Rizwana Khatqon
Shamsul Huda
Niyaz Ahmad
Pramod Kumar Sharma
9.1 Introduction
204(1)
9.2 Biotechnological Applications of Lichens
205(7)
9.2.1 Antioxidant Activity
205(1)
9.2.2 Antimicrobial Activity
205(1)
9.2.3 As Bioindicators
206(1)
9.2.4 Anticancer Activity
207(3)
9.2.5 Anti-Insecticidal Activity
210(1)
9.2.6 Enzyme Inhibition Activity
210(1)
9.2.7 Antidiabetic Activity
211(1)
9.3 Conclusion and Future Dimension
212(9)
References
213(8)
10 Potential of Lichen's Extract as Natural Photosensitizer for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
221(24)
Asim Mansha
Sana
Muhammad Usman
Sadia Asim
Matloob Ahmvad
10.1 Introduction
221(3)
10.2 DSSC Operations and Components
224(1)
10.2.1 Operating Principle
224(1)
10.3 Constituents
225(4)
10.3.1 Working Electrode/Semi-Conductor Electrode
225(1)
10.3.2 Electrolyte
226(1)
10.3.2.1 Volatile Organic Solvent
226(1)
10.3.2.2 Room Temperature Ionic Liquid Electrolytes (RTIL)
226(1)
10.3.2.3 Polymer Electrolytes
227(1)
10.3.2.4 Redox Couple
227(1)
10.3.1 Counter Electrode
228(1)
10.4 Natural Dye Sensitizers
229(5)
10.4.1 Chlorophylls
229(1)
10.4.2 Anthocyanins
230(1)
10.4.3 Anthocyanidins
231(1)
10.4.4 Flavonoids
232(1)
10.4.4 Carotenoids
232(2)
10.5 Photoelectrochemical Parameters
234(5)
10.6 Preparation of Dye Solution and Electrodes
239(2)
10.6.1 Preparation of Working Electrode
239(1)
10.6.2 Preparation of CE
240(1)
10.6.3 Preparation of Dye Solution
240(1)
10.7 Conclusion and Future Outlook
241(4)
References
241(4)
11 Lichen-Derived Products as Sustainable Source of Natural Dyes
245(18)
Shahid Adeel
Aqsa Majeed
Fazal-ur-Rehman
Muhammad Azeem
Naeem Iqbal
Nimra Amin
11.1 Introduction
245(1)
11.2 Classification of Lichen
246(1)
11.3 Natural Dyes
247(3)
11.3.1 Classification of Natural Dyes
248(1)
11.3.2 Pros and Cons of Natural Dyes
248(1)
11.3.3 Environmental and Health Aspects of Natural Dyes
249(1)
11.3.4 Economic Aspects of Natural Dyes
250(1)
11.4 Extraction Methods of Natural Dyes
250(1)
11.5 Lichen as a Source of Natural Dye
251(6)
11.5.1 Extraction Methods of Colorants From Lichen
251(1)
11.5.2 Lichen as a Source of Purple Dye
252(1)
11.5.3 Lichen as a Source of Red Dye
253(1)
11.5.4 Lichen as a Source of Yellow Dye
254(1)
11.5.5 Lichen as a Source of Blue Dye
255(1)
11.5.6 Isolation Medium Dependant Colorants from Lichens
255(2)
11.5.7 Future Prospectus of Lichen Dyeing
257(1)
11.6 Conclusion
257(6)
References
258(5)
12 Biomedical Perspectives of Lichen-Derived Products
263(14)
Muhammad Shahid
Arslan Rasool
Fozia Anjum
Muhammad Tjammal Rehman
12.1 Introduction
263(1)
12.2 Coevolution of Lichens
264(1)
12.3 Diversity Among Growth Forms of Lichens
265(1)
12.4 Lichen Secondary Metabolites and Their Structures (Lichen Substances)
266(2)
12.5 Biomedical and Biological Activities of Secondary Metabolites of Lichens
268(4)
12.5.1 Antioxidant Activity
270(1)
12.5.2 Cytotoxic Activity
270(1)
12.5.3 Antiviral Activity
270(1)
12.5.4 Antitumor Activity
271(1)
12.5.5 Antidiabetic Activity of Lichens
271(1)
12.5.6 Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity
272(1)
12.6 Conclusion
272(5)
References
272(5)
Index 277
Mohd Yusuf received his PhD from the Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi, India in 2013. He is now an Assistant Professor at D/O Chemistry, YMD College, M. D. University, Nuh, Haryana, India. He has published more than 50 publications including research and review articles, as well as book chapters in edited volumes. He edited Handbook of Renewable Materials for Coloration and Finishing (Wiley-Scrivener) in 2018.
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