Preface |
|
xiv | |
|
|
1 | (25) |
|
Evolution of Lightwave Systems |
|
|
1 | (6) |
|
Components of a Lightwave System |
|
|
7 | (4) |
|
|
7 | (1) |
|
|
8 | (1) |
|
|
9 | (2) |
|
|
11 | (5) |
|
Analog and Digital Signals |
|
|
11 | (1) |
|
Advantages of Digital Format |
|
|
12 | (1) |
|
Analog to Digital Conversion |
|
|
13 | (3) |
|
|
16 | (10) |
|
Time-Division Multiplexing |
|
|
16 | (2) |
|
Frequency-Division Multiplexing |
|
|
18 | (2) |
|
Code-Division Multiplexing |
|
|
20 | (1) |
|
|
21 | (1) |
|
|
22 | (4) |
|
Optical Signal Generation |
|
|
26 | (37) |
|
|
26 | (6) |
|
|
28 | (2) |
|
|
30 | (1) |
|
|
31 | (1) |
|
|
32 | (5) |
|
|
33 | (1) |
|
|
34 | (1) |
|
|
34 | (3) |
|
|
37 | (10) |
|
|
37 | (1) |
|
|
38 | (2) |
|
|
40 | (6) |
|
DPSK Transmitters and Receivers |
|
|
46 | (1) |
|
|
47 | (16) |
|
Coupling Losses and Output Stability |
|
|
48 | (2) |
|
Wavelength Stability and Tunability |
|
|
50 | (3) |
|
|
53 | (2) |
|
Reliability and Packaging |
|
|
55 | (2) |
|
|
57 | (1) |
|
|
58 | (5) |
|
Signal Propagation in Fibers |
|
|
63 | (44) |
|
Basic Propagation Equation |
|
|
63 | (4) |
|
|
67 | (4) |
|
|
67 | (2) |
|
Lumped and Distributed Amplification |
|
|
69 | (2) |
|
Impact of Fiber Dispersion |
|
|
71 | (11) |
|
|
71 | (3) |
|
Pulses of Arbitrary Shape |
|
|
74 | (2) |
|
Effects of Source Spectrum |
|
|
76 | (2) |
|
Limitations on the Bit Rate |
|
|
78 | (3) |
|
|
81 | (1) |
|
Polarization-Mode Dispersion |
|
|
82 | (16) |
|
Fibers with Constant Birefringence |
|
|
83 | (1) |
|
Fibers with Random Birefringence |
|
|
84 | (3) |
|
|
87 | (2) |
|
|
89 | (3) |
|
|
92 | (3) |
|
PMD-Induced Pulse Broadening |
|
|
95 | (1) |
|
|
96 | (2) |
|
Polarization-Dependent Losses |
|
|
98 | (9) |
|
PDL Vector and Its Statistics |
|
|
99 | (2) |
|
PDL-Induced Pulse Distortion |
|
|
101 | (2) |
|
|
103 | (1) |
|
|
104 | (3) |
|
|
107 | (44) |
|
|
107 | (10) |
|
|
108 | (3) |
|
Spectral Broadening and Narrowing |
|
|
111 | (2) |
|
Effects of Fiber Dispersion |
|
|
113 | (1) |
|
|
114 | (3) |
|
|
117 | (8) |
|
|
117 | (2) |
|
Effects of Group-Velocity Mismatch |
|
|
119 | (2) |
|
Effects of Group-Velocity Dispersion |
|
|
121 | (3) |
|
Control of XPM Interaction |
|
|
124 | (1) |
|
|
125 | (5) |
|
|
126 | (2) |
|
|
128 | (2) |
|
Stimulated Raman Scattering |
|
|
130 | (4) |
|
|
131 | (1) |
|
|
132 | (2) |
|
Stimulated Brillouin Scattering |
|
|
134 | (3) |
|
|
134 | (2) |
|
|
136 | (1) |
|
Nonlinear Pulse Propagation |
|
|
137 | (5) |
|
|
137 | (2) |
|
|
139 | (1) |
|
Specific Analytic Solutions |
|
|
140 | (2) |
|
|
142 | (9) |
|
|
142 | (2) |
|
|
144 | (1) |
|
|
145 | (1) |
|
|
146 | (5) |
|
Signal Recovery and Noise |
|
|
151 | (34) |
|
|
151 | (3) |
|
|
152 | (1) |
|
|
153 | (1) |
|
|
154 | (5) |
|
Receivers with a p-i-n Photodiode |
|
|
155 | (1) |
|
|
156 | (3) |
|
|
159 | (7) |
|
|
160 | (3) |
|
|
163 | (2) |
|
Quantum Limit of Photodetection |
|
|
165 | (1) |
|
|
166 | (10) |
|
|
166 | (2) |
|
Intensity Noise of Lasers |
|
|
168 | (2) |
|
Dispersive Pulse Broadening |
|
|
170 | (1) |
|
|
171 | (1) |
|
|
172 | (3) |
|
|
175 | (1) |
|
|
176 | (9) |
|
|
177 | (1) |
|
|
177 | (1) |
|
|
178 | (3) |
|
|
181 | (1) |
|
|
182 | (3) |
|
|
185 | (40) |
|
Origin of Amplifier Noise |
|
|
185 | (5) |
|
|
186 | (3) |
|
Distributed Amplification |
|
|
189 | (1) |
|
|
190 | (3) |
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
Distributed Amplification |
|
|
191 | (2) |
|
|
193 | (6) |
|
ASE-Induced Current Fluctuations |
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
|
194 | (2) |
|
Noise Figure of Distributed Amplifiers |
|
|
196 | (2) |
|
Noise Buildup in an Amplifier Chain |
|
|
198 | (1) |
|
Receiver Sensitivity and Q Factor |
|
|
199 | (5) |
|
|
199 | (2) |
|
Non-Gaussian Receiver Noise |
|
|
201 | (1) |
|
Relation between Q Factor and Optical SNR |
|
|
202 | (2) |
|
Role of Dispersive and Nonlinear Effects |
|
|
204 | (12) |
|
Noise Growth through Modulation Instability |
|
|
204 | (3) |
|
Noise-Induced Signal Degradation |
|
|
207 | (3) |
|
Noise-Induced Energy Fluctuations |
|
|
210 | (1) |
|
Noise-Induced Frequency Fluctuations |
|
|
211 | (2) |
|
Noise-Induced Timing Jitter |
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
Jitter Reduction through Distributed Amplification |
|
|
214 | (2) |
|
Periodically Amplified Lightwave Systems |
|
|
216 | (9) |
|
|
216 | (3) |
|
|
219 | (2) |
|
|
221 | (1) |
|
|
222 | (3) |
|
|
225 | (59) |
|
Dispersion Problem and Its Solution |
|
|
225 | (2) |
|
Dispersion-Compensating Fibers |
|
|
227 | (8) |
|
Conditions for Dispersion Compensation |
|
|
228 | (1) |
|
|
229 | (2) |
|
|
231 | (3) |
|
Reverse-Dispersion Fibers |
|
|
234 | (1) |
|
Dispersion-Equalizing Filters |
|
|
235 | (5) |
|
|
235 | (2) |
|
|
237 | (2) |
|
|
239 | (1) |
|
|
240 | (10) |
|
|
240 | (3) |
|
|
243 | (3) |
|
|
246 | (4) |
|
Optical Phase Conjugation |
|
|
250 | (6) |
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
Compensation of Self-Phase Modulation |
|
|
250 | (3) |
|
Generation of Phase-Conjugated Signal |
|
|
253 | (3) |
|
|
256 | (6) |
|
|
256 | (3) |
|
|
259 | (1) |
|
Nonlinear Prechirp Techniques |
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
Electronic Compensation Techniques |
|
|
261 | (1) |
|
High-Speed Lightwave Systems |
|
|
262 | (22) |
|
Tunable Dispersion Compensation |
|
|
262 | (5) |
|
Higher-Order Dispersion Management |
|
|
267 | (3) |
|
|
270 | (4) |
|
|
274 | (2) |
|
|
276 | (8) |
|
|
284 | (62) |
|
Role of Fiber Nonlinearity |
|
|
284 | (9) |
|
|
285 | (4) |
|
|
289 | (2) |
|
Soliton and Pseudo-linear Regimes |
|
|
291 | (2) |
|
Solitons in Optical Fibers |
|
|
293 | (8) |
|
Properties of Optical Solitons |
|
|
293 | (4) |
|
|
297 | (4) |
|
Dispersion-Managed Solitons |
|
|
301 | (13) |
|
Dispersion-Decreasing Fibers |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
|
302 | (3) |
|
|
305 | (3) |
|
|
308 | (2) |
|
|
310 | (4) |
|
Pseudo-linear Lightwave Systems |
|
|
314 | (10) |
|
Intrachannel Nonlinear Effects |
|
|
314 | (2) |
|
|
316 | (4) |
|
|
320 | (4) |
|
Control of Intrachannel Nonlinear Effects |
|
|
324 | (8) |
|
Optimization of Dispersion Maps |
|
|
324 | (4) |
|
Phase-Alternation Techniques |
|
|
328 | (2) |
|
Polarization Bit Interleaving |
|
|
330 | (2) |
|
High-Speed Lightwave Systems |
|
|
332 | (14) |
|
OTDM Transmitters and Receivers |
|
|
332 | (3) |
|
Performance of OTDM System |
|
|
335 | (2) |
|
|
337 | (2) |
|
|
339 | (7) |
|
|
346 | (58) |
|
|
346 | (5) |
|
System Capacity and Spectral Efficiency |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
Bandwidth and Capacity of WDM Systems |
|
|
348 | (3) |
|
Linear Degradation Mechanisms |
|
|
351 | (6) |
|
Out-of-Band Linear Crosstalk |
|
|
351 | (2) |
|
|
353 | (3) |
|
Filter-Induced Signal Distortion |
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
|
357 | (9) |
|
|
358 | (5) |
|
|
363 | (3) |
|
|
366 | (8) |
|
|
366 | (3) |
|
|
369 | (5) |
|
Control of Nonlinear Effects |
|
|
374 | (11) |
|
Optimization of Dispersion Maps |
|
|
374 | (4) |
|
Use of Raman Amplification |
|
|
378 | (3) |
|
Polarization Interleaving of Channels |
|
|
381 | (2) |
|
|
383 | (2) |
|
|
385 | (19) |
|
|
386 | (5) |
|
|
391 | (2) |
|
PMD and Polarization-Dependent Losses |
|
|
393 | (2) |
|
Wavelength Stability and Other Issues |
|
|
395 | (2) |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
|
398 | (6) |
|
|
404 | (38) |
|
Network Architecture and Topologies |
|
|
404 | (5) |
|
|
404 | (2) |
|
Metropolitan-Area Networks |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
|
407 | (2) |
|
Network Protocols and Layers |
|
|
409 | (4) |
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
Evolution of WDM Networks |
|
|
410 | (2) |
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
Wavelength-Routing Networks |
|
|
413 | (5) |
|
Wavelength Switching and Its Limitations |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
Architecture of Optical Cross-Connects |
|
|
414 | (3) |
|
Switching Technologies for Cross-Connects |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
|
418 | (7) |
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
Techniques for Label Coding |
|
|
420 | (4) |
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
|
425 | (6) |
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
|
427 | (2) |
|
|
429 | (2) |
|
Distribution and Access Networks |
|
|
431 | (11) |
|
Broadcast-and-Select Networks |
|
|
431 | (2) |
|
|
433 | (3) |
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
|
437 | (5) |
Appendix A System of Units |
|
442 | (2) |
Appendix B Software Package |
|
444 | (2) |
Appendix C Acronyms |
|
446 | (3) |
Index |
|
449 | |