| Acknowledgements |
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vii | |
| Foreword |
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ix | |
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| Foreword |
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xi | |
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Dr. Joan Armengol Bachero |
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| Foreword |
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xiii | |
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Dr. Blanca Elena Jimenez Cisneros |
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| Foreword |
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xv | |
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1 Limnology, definition and objective |
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1 | (20) |
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1.1 Concepts and Definitions |
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2 | (2) |
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1.2 Limnology: history and development |
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4 | (7) |
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11 | (1) |
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1.4 Limnology in the 21st century |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (2) |
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1.6 Importance of limnology as a science |
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15 | (6) |
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21 | (16) |
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2.1 Water's physical and chemical properties |
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22 | (5) |
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2.2 The water cycle and distribution of water on the planet |
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27 | (10) |
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37 | (24) |
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3.1 General features of lakes and drainage basins |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (5) |
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3.3 Lake morphology and morphometry |
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44 | (5) |
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49 | (6) |
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55 | (3) |
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3.6 Global distribution of lakes by origin |
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58 | (3) |
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4 Physical processes and circulation in lakes |
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61 | (40) |
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4.1 Penetration of solar energy in water |
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62 | (8) |
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4.2 Heat balance in aquatics systems |
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70 | (2) |
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4.3 Physical processes in lakes, reservoirs and rivers |
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72 | (2) |
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74 | (2) |
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4.5 Turbulence in surface waters, Reynolds Number and Richardson Number, and effects of density and stratification |
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76 | (3) |
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4.6 Thermal stratification and vertical and horizontal circulation in inland aquatic ecosystems |
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79 | (8) |
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4.7 Thermal stratification and de-stratification in reservoirs |
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87 | (1) |
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4.8 Diel variations of temperature |
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88 | (2) |
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4.9 Stability of lakes and reservoirs |
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90 | (1) |
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4.10 Importance of the process of thermal stratification and de-stratification in the diurnal and noctural temperature cycles of water |
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90 | (2) |
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4.11 Ecological significance of the metalimnion and importance of meromixis |
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92 | (1) |
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4.12 Principal interactions of the processes of circulation, diffusion, chemical composition of water and of communities in lakes, reservoirs, and rivers |
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93 | (1) |
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4.13 Circulation in lakes, reservoirs and rivers |
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93 | (2) |
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95 | (1) |
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4.15 Intrusion in lakes and reservoirs |
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96 | (5) |
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5 The chemical composition of water |
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101 | (34) |
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102 | (1) |
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5.2 Dissolved substances in water |
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103 | (14) |
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5.3 Ionic composition in saline lakes and inland wetlands |
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117 | (1) |
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5.4 The roles of cations and anions in biological systems |
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117 | (1) |
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5.5 Dissolved gas: air-water interactions and the solubility of gases in water |
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118 | (8) |
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126 | (5) |
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5.7 Seasonal and diurnal variations in O2 and CO2 |
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131 | (3) |
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5.8 Other gases dissolved in water |
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134 | (1) |
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6 Organisms and communities in inland aquatic ecosystems and estuaries |
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135 | (60) |
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6.1 Colonization of aquatic environments |
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136 | (4) |
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6.2 Diversity and distribution of organisms: limiting and controlling factors |
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140 | (3) |
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6.3 Communities in inland aquatic ecosystems |
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143 | (1) |
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6.4 Dispersal, extinction, speciation and isolation of aquatic biota |
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143 | (1) |
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6.5 Principal groups of organisms in aquatic communities |
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144 | (30) |
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6.6 Spatial organization of aquatic communities |
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174 | (17) |
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6.7 Aquatic biodiversity in the state of Sao Paulo |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (3) |
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7 The dynamic ecology of aquatic plant populations and communities |
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195 | (54) |
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7.1 Importance of population studies in aquatic systems |
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196 | (1) |
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7.2 Main factors in biological processes |
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196 | (2) |
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7.3 Population and community succession |
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198 | (1) |
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7.4 General features of phytoplankton |
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199 | (32) |
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231 | (6) |
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237 | (12) |
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8 The dynamic ecology of aquatic animal populations and communities |
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249 | (46) |
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250 | (16) |
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8.2 Benthic macroinvertebrates |
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266 | (4) |
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8.3 Composition and wealth of plankton species and abundance of organisms in pelagic and littoral regions of lakes and reservoirs |
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270 | (2) |
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272 | (6) |
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8.5 Food chains and Food webs |
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278 | (12) |
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8.6 Bioindicators: organisms as indicators of pollution in natural waters |
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290 | (5) |
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9 The flow of energy in aquatic ecosystems |
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295 | (52) |
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9.1 Definitions and characteristics |
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296 | (4) |
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9.2 The photosynthetic activity of aquatic plants |
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300 | (11) |
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9.3 Factors limiting and controlling phytoplanktonic productivity |
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311 | (7) |
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9.4 Coefficients and rates |
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318 | (1) |
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9.5 Photosynthetic efficiency |
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318 | (1) |
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9.6 Model of primary production of phytoplankton |
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319 | (3) |
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9.7 Methods for measuring the primary production of periphyton |
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322 | (1) |
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9.8 Measuring the primary productivity of aquatic macrophytes and comparison with other photo-autotrophic components |
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323 | (3) |
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9.9 Indirect measurements of in situ primary production |
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326 | (1) |
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9.10 Measuring primary production in different ecosystems |
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326 | (3) |
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9.11 Primary production in tropical regions and temperate regions |
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329 | (3) |
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9.12 Secondary production |
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332 | (5) |
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9.13 Bacteria and energy flow |
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337 | (4) |
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9.14 Efficiency of food webs and total organic production |
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341 | (4) |
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9.15 Fishery production and its correlation with primary production |
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345 | (2) |
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347 | (26) |
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10.1 The dynamics of biogeochemical cycles |
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348 | (1) |
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349 | (1) |
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10.3 The phosphorus cycle |
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349 | (2) |
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351 | (2) |
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353 | (1) |
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354 | (3) |
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10.7 The sediment-water interface and interstitial water |
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357 | (2) |
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10.8 Vertical distribution of nutrients |
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359 | (2) |
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10.9 Transport of sediments from terrestrial systems and biogeochemical cycles |
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361 | (1) |
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10.10 Organisms and biochemical cycles |
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361 | (1) |
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10.11 The concept of limiting nutrients |
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362 | (6) |
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10.12 `New' and `regenerated' production |
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368 | (1) |
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10.13 Greenhouse gas and biogeochemical cycles |
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369 | (4) |
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373 | (22) |
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11.1 The lacustrine system as a unit |
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374 | (2) |
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11.2 Ecological structures, principal processes and interactions |
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376 | (6) |
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11.3 Principles of theoretical ecology applied to the interactions of drainage basin, lakes, and reservoirs |
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382 | (1) |
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11.4 Forcing functions as external factors in aquatic ecosystems |
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383 | (3) |
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11.5 The interactions of the littoral zone in lakes and the limnetic zone |
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386 | (2) |
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11.6 Lakes, reservoirs and rivers as dynamic systems: responses to external forcing functions and their impacts |
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388 | (2) |
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390 | (2) |
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11.8 Transport of dissolved particulate organic matter and vertical and horizontal circulation in aquatic ecosystems |
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392 | (3) |
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395 | (46) |
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12.1 General features and positive and negative impact |
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396 | (1) |
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12.2 Technical aspects of constructing reservoirs |
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396 | (4) |
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12.3 Important variables in the hydrology and functioning of reservoirs |
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400 | (4) |
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12.4 Interactions of reservoirs and drainage basins -- morphometry of dams |
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404 | (2) |
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12.5 Succession and evolution in reservoirs during filling |
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406 | (1) |
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406 | (2) |
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12.7 Principal operating processes and mechanisms in reservoirs |
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408 | (7) |
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12.8 The biochemical cycles and chemical composition of reservoir water |
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415 | (2) |
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12.9 Pulses in reservoirs |
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417 | (1) |
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12.10 Communities in reservoirs: the aquatic biota, its organization and functions in reservoirs |
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418 | (15) |
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12.11 Biomass and fishery production in reservoirs |
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433 | (3) |
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12.12 `Evolution' and aging of the reservoir |
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436 | (2) |
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12.13 Multiple uses and management of reservoirs |
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438 | (1) |
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438 | (1) |
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12.15 Research on reservoirs |
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438 | (3) |
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441 | (36) |
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13.1 Rivers as ecosystems |
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442 | (1) |
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442 | (1) |
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13.3 Longitudinal profile and classification of the drainage network |
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443 | (2) |
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13.4 Fluctuations in levels and discharge cycles |
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445 | (2) |
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13.5 Chemical composition of the water and the biogeochemical cycles |
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447 | (5) |
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13.6 Classification and zonation |
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452 | (7) |
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13.7 Intermittent rivers and streams |
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459 | (1) |
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460 | (2) |
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462 | (1) |
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462 | (1) |
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463 | (4) |
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13.12 Fish communities in lotic systems |
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467 | (3) |
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470 | (2) |
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13.14 Impact of human activities |
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472 | (2) |
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13.15 Restoration of rivers |
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474 | (3) |
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14 Estuaries and coastal lagoons |
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477 | (48) |
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478 | (4) |
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14.2 Sediment in estuaries |
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482 | (1) |
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14.3 Chemical composition and processes in brackish waters |
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482 | (2) |
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14.4 Communities in estuaries |
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484 | (2) |
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14.5 Distribution of organisms in estuaries and tolerance of salinity |
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486 | (3) |
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14.6 Maintenance of stocks of planktonic and benthic populations in estuaries |
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489 | (2) |
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14.7 Primary productivity in estuaries |
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491 | (2) |
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14.8 The food web in estuaries |
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493 | (1) |
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14.9 Detritus in estuaries |
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494 | (1) |
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14.10 The Cananeia lagoon region |
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495 | (7) |
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502 | (9) |
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511 | (6) |
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14.13 The Plata Estuary (Argentina/Uruguay) |
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517 | (4) |
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14.14 Importance of estuaries and coastal lagoons |
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521 | (1) |
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14.15 Eutrophication and other impacts in estuaries |
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522 | (1) |
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14.16 Management of estuaries and coastal lagoons |
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523 | (2) |
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15 Wetlands, temporary waters and saline lakes |
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525 | (30) |
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526 | (15) |
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541 | (3) |
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15.3 Saline lakes (athalassic waters) |
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544 | (11) |
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16 Regional limnology in Central and South America |
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555 | (52) |
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16.1 Comparative regional limnology and its role in theoretical and applied limnology |
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556 | (2) |
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16.2 Regional limnology in South and Central America |
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558 | (4) |
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16.3 Inland ecosystems in South America |
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562 | (45) |
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17 Regional limnology in Africa and in temperate regions |
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607 | (34) |
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17.1 Lakes and reservoirs on the African continent |
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608 | (10) |
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17.2 Limnological studies on lakes in England |
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618 | (4) |
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17.3 Other studies in Europe |
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622 | (4) |
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17.4 The Great Lakes of North America |
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626 | (4) |
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17.5 Other temperate-region lakes in the Northern Hemisphere |
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630 | (1) |
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630 | (4) |
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634 | (7) |
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18 Impacts on aquatic ecosystems |
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641 | (48) |
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18.1 Key impacts and their consequences |
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642 | (9) |
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18.2 Eutrophication of inland waters: consequences and quantification |
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651 | (23) |
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18.3 Introduction of exotic species in lakes, reservoirs and rivers |
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674 | (2) |
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676 | (5) |
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18.5 Water and human health |
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681 | (2) |
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18.6 Global changes and the impact on water resources |
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683 | (6) |
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19 Planning and managing of water resources |
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689 | (32) |
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19.1 Limnology: planning and management of water resources |
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690 | (1) |
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19.2 Limnology and health aspects |
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691 | (1) |
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19.3 Limnology and regional planning |
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691 | (2) |
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19.4 Conceptual advances in water resource management |
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693 | (5) |
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19.5 Recovery techniques, management and conservation of water resources |
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698 | (12) |
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19.6 Integrated management: consequences and perspectives |
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710 | (3) |
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19.7 Ecological models and their use in management |
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713 | (8) |
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20 Study approaches and methods: the present and future of limnology |
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721 | (30) |
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20.1 The complexity of inland aquatic ecosystems |
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722 | (1) |
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20.2 Descriptive approach or natural history |
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722 | (1) |
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20.3 Experimental approach |
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722 | (3) |
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20.4 Modeling and ecological mathematics |
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725 | (2) |
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20.5 Predictive limnology |
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727 | (1) |
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727 | (2) |
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20.7 Technologies of monitoring lakes, rivers and reservoirs |
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729 | (3) |
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20.8 Monitoring and predictive limnology |
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732 | (1) |
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20.9 Interpretation of results in limnology |
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732 | (6) |
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20.10 Human resource training in limnology |
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738 | (1) |
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20.11 Limnology: theory and practice |
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739 | (1) |
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20.12 The future of limnology: search for basic application |
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740 | (6) |
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20.13 Future developments |
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746 | (1) |
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20.14 Tools and technology |
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747 | (4) |
| Annex 1 Fish species in the Sao Francisco river |
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751 | (4) |
| Annex 2 Species of catfish in Amazonia |
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755 | (2) |
| Annex 3 Species of the upper Parana classified by reproductive strategies |
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757 | (2) |
| Annex 4 Taxonomic groups of aquatic invertebrates found in Brazil and the state of Sao Paulo |
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759 | (2) |
| Annex 5 |
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761 | (2) |
| Annex 6 Processes of sampling and programme for water quality management in reservoirs |
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763 | (2) |
| Appendix 1 Conversion table for units |
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765 | (2) |
| Appendix 2 Time scale of geological periods |
|
767 | (2) |
| References |
|
769 | (52) |
| Watershed and water body index |
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821 | (6) |
| General index |
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827 | (14) |
| Color plates |
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841 | |
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta