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E-raamat: Linguistic Mitigation in English and Spanish: How Speakers Attenuate Expressions

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Linguistic Mitigation in English and Spanish: How Speakers Attenuate ExpressionsSuurem pilt
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This volume offers a comprehensive examination of mitigation in speech in English and Spanish, exploring how it is defined and theorized and the various linguistic features employed to soften or downgrade the impact of a particular message across a range of settings. Building on the body of work done on mitigation in English, the book begins by discussing how it has been conceptualized in the literature, drawing on politeness theory among other perspectives from pragmatics, and highlighting increasing research on these topics in native and bilingual Spanish speakers and learners of Spanish. The volume explores examples from a variety of discursive contexts, including institutions, courts, and classrooms, to unpack mitigation as it occurs in spontaneous speech through different lenses, looking both at the actual units of discourse but also taking a broader view by examining differences across dialects as well. The book also looks at the ways in which conclusions drawn from this research might be applied pedagogically in language learning classrooms. This volume will serve as a jumping-off point for broader discussion in the field of mitigation and will be of particular interest to graduate students and researchers in pragmatics, sociolinguistics, and discourse analysis, in addition to learners and pre-service teachers of Spanish.

Acknowledgments ix
Introduction 1(3)
How the Book Started 4(1)
The Aim of the Book 4(1)
How the Book Is Organized 5(3)
Note 8(1)
References 8(2)
1 Linguistic Mitigation
10(16)
Introduction
10(1)
A Brief on Mitigation
10(2)
Mitigation in the Field of Socio-Pragmatics
12(5)
On Vagueness and Mitigation
17(2)
On Indirectness and Mitigation
19(3)
Summary
22(1)
Notes
23(1)
References
23(3)
2 Empirical Research on Mitigation in English and Spanish
26(33)
Introduction
26(1)
Past and Present Connection
27(1)
Modulation
28(1)
Empirical Research on Mitigation in English
29(1)
Parentheticals and Reduced Parenthetical Clauses
29(1)
Earlier Research on Strategies and Devices
30(3)
Deictic Expressions
31(1)
`Sort' of, `kind' of
32(1)
Mitigation in Institutional Discursive Settings
33(4)
Academic Lectures and Text; Internal and External Modifications
33(3)
Several Comparative Studies of English and Spanish Mitigation
36(1)
Silence and Discourse Markers
37(1)
Mitigation in Literature
37(1)
Other Interactions
37(2)
Parent-Child Interaction
37(1)
Sign Language
38(1)
Empirical Research on Mitigation in Spanish
39(12)
Operationalizing Attenuation in Spanish
39(3)
Un poquito (a little)
42(1)
Age of Acquisition
43(1)
Kinesic and Non-Verbal Behavior
44(1)
Passive Voice
44(1)
Power and Distance
45(1)
Dialect Variation
46(1)
The Use of Polysemic bastante (Enough, Too Much)
47(1)
Social or External Factors: Gender, Age, Generational Differences in Mitigated Linguistic Behavior
47(2)
Institutional Discourses and Mitigation
49(1)
Imposition and Certitude and Mitigation
50(1)
Suggested Universalized Taxonomy
51(1)
Summary
52(1)
Notes
53(1)
References
53(6)
3 Several Theoretical Perspectives
59(27)
Introduction
59(1)
Politeness Theory and Mitigation
60(7)
Speech Acts Theory and Mitigation
67(5)
Psychological-Social-Affective Theory and Mitigation
72(2)
The Socio-Pragma-Rhetorical Cultural Aspect and Mitigation
74(3)
Pragmatic Variation and Mitigation
77(4)
Summary
81(1)
Notes
82(1)
References
82(4)
4 Detecting Mitigation Devices and Strategies
86(48)
Introduction
86(3)
Discourse and Mitigated Messages: Institutional and Non-Institutional Talk
89(2)
Several Categories of Linguistic Devices, Features, and Strategies Employed to Mitigate
91
Impersonal Constructions as Shields
91(4)
The Omission of Referents
95(2)
Passive Voice Construction
97(2)
Epistemic and Non-Epistemic Disclaimers
99(1)
Parenthetical Verbs
99(1)
Morphological Diminutives
100(3)
Deictic Expressions
103(4)
Other Linguistic Forms That Serve to Mitigate
107(20)
Discourse Markers
107(2)
Tense, Mood, and Aspect
109(3)
Tag Questions
112(1)
Cajolers
113(1)
Prosodic Features
114(3)
Proverbs and Sayings as Mitigating Devices
117(4)
El que diran (What Others Will Say) and guardar las apariencias (Guarding Our Image or Appearances)
121(6)
Summary
127(1)
Notes
127(1)
References
128(6)
5 Putting It All Together
134(14)
Introduction
134(1)
Examining the Expression of Mitigated Utterances
134(7)
Intensification vs. Mitigation
141(5)
Summary
146(1)
Note
146(1)
References
146(2)
6 Methodological Considerations
148(24)
Introduction
148(1)
The Benefits of Using Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches
149(7)
Identifying a Corpus and Data Collection
156(6)
Elicitation Methods
157(2)
Oral Narratives
159(2)
Conflict Talk
161(1)
Identifying Appropriate Data and Data Collection
162(2)
Metalinguistic Awareness
164(1)
Coding Data
165(2)
Summary
167(1)
Notes
167(1)
References
168(4)
7 Teaching Language Learners How to Mitigate
172(29)
Introduction
172(3)
On Teaching Pragmatics
175(1)
Explicit Instruction
176(5)
Sample Presentation
181(3)
On Teaching Learners of Spanish and English How to Mitigate
184(1)
Assessing the Acquisition of Mitigation: Instructional Interventions
184(8)
Awareness Building
192(1)
Variability in Learner Behavior
193(4)
Summary
197(1)
Notes
197(1)
References
197(4)
8 Bridging the Gap
201(16)
Introduction
201(6)
Digital Communications: An Initial Step
203(2)
Natural-Occurring Speech
205(2)
Institutional Discursive Settings
207(1)
A Model to Inform Instruction and Research
207(1)
Assessing Acquisition in Instructional Settings
208(3)
Suggested Initial Instructional Interventions
211(3)
Summary
214(1)
Note
214(1)
References
215(2)
9 Concluding Thoughts
217(4)
Reference
220(1)
Bibliography 221(17)
Index 238
Nydia Flores-Ferrán is Associate Professor in the Department of Learning and Teaching in the Graduate School of Education and in the Department of Spanish and Portuguese in the School of Arts and Sciences at Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, USA.
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