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E-raamat: Lion's Share: Inequality and the Rise of the Fiscal State in Preindustrial Europe

(Università Commerciale Luigi Bocconi, Milan), (Università degli Studi di Pavia, Italy)
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This is the most in-depth analysis of inequality and social polarization ever attempted for a preindustrial society. Using data from the archives of the Venetian Terraferma, and compared with information available for elsewhere in Europe, Guido Alfani and Matteo Di Tullio demonstrate that the rise of the fiscal-military state served to increase economic inequality in the early modern period. Preindustrial fiscal systems tended to be regressive in nature, and increased post-tax inequality compared to pre-tax - in contrast to what we would assume is the case in contemporary societies. This led to greater and greater disparities in wealth, which were made worse still as taxes were collected almost entirely to fund war and defence rather than social welfare. Though focused on Old Regime Europe, Alfani and Di Tullio's findings speak to contemporary debates about the roots of inequality and social stratification.

This is the most in-depth analysis of inequality and social polarization ever attempted for a preindustrial society. It connects the rise of the fiscal-military state to increases in economic inequality in the early modern period, while also adding to contemporary debates about the disparity of wealth.

Arvustused

'Guido Alfani and Matteo Di Tullio take two giant strides forward in the early history of inequality. First they expand our view of Europe's wealth inequalities over several centuries and across regions. Then they show how the state itself may have been a significant source of the rise in inequality, with its growing fiscal pressure on the poor.' Peter H. Lindert, co-author of Unequal Gains: American Growth and Inequality since 1700 'This is a monumental, first-ever study of income and wealth inequality, and impact of taxation and public expenditures in the Republic of Venice. Alfani and Di Tullio apply to the archival sources of Venice all the modern tools of inequality analysis. But the study does not aim only to shed light on the past, it uses the story of Venice to engage in a lively conversation with the present.' Branko Milanovic, author of Global Inequality: A New Approach for the Age of Globalization 'Economic inequality has a long history, which this book excavates in light of fresh data. It paints a grim picture of the lasting effects of regressive fiscal policies and opens up new research agendas. One of the most substantial contributions to the recent economic history of pre-industrial Europe.' Francesca Trivellato, author of The Familiarity of Strangers: The Sephardic Diaspora, Livorno, and Cross-Cultural Trade in the Early Modern Period 'Based on extensive quantitative and qualitative research from archival documents, this book presents new data and new conclusions on an important and timely topic - the steady growth of inequality in societies across early modern Europe from the Black Death to the end of the eighteenth century.' Samuel Cohn, Jr, author of Epidemics: Hate and Compassion from the Plague of Athens to AIDS

Muu info

This is the most in-depth analysis of economic inequality and social polarization ever attempted for a preindustrial society.
List of Figures
vii
List of Tables
ix
Acknowledgements xi
Introduction 1(18)
1 The Venetian Fiscal System: Centre and Periphery
19(38)
1.1 The General Development of the Republic's Fiscal System: Venice and the Birth of the Domain on the Terraferma (Late Fourteenth to Fifteenth Centuries)
19(7)
1.2 The Rise of the Venetian Fiscal State (Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries)
26(8)
1.3 Between Continuity and Change: The Local Fiscal Systems
34(13)
1.4 Sources and the Database
47(10)
2 The Rich and the Poor
57(34)
2.1 Social Stratification and Poverty: An Analysis of the Literature
57(6)
2.2 How Many Poor?
63(9)
2.3 How Many Rich?
72(4)
2.4 Making It to the Top: Composition and Behaviour of the Rich
76(9)
2.5 The Prevalence of the Rich and the Poor in the Republic of Venice and Elsewhere in Italy: A Comparative Overview
85(6)
3 Economic Inequality in the Long Run
91(42)
3.1 Some Preliminary Clarifications on Data and Measures
92(3)
3.2 Inequality in City and Country
95(9)
3.3 The Happy Few: Wealth Concentration and Socio-economic Polarization
104(8)
3.4 Plague, Inheritance and Inequality
112(9)
3.5 Citizens, Church and the Venetians in Padua and Its Province
121(5)
3.6 Economic Inequality across the Republic of Venice and Italy
126(7)
4 Taxation, Redistribution and Inequality
133(48)
4.1 The Debate on the Causes of Long-Term Inequality Growth across Preindustrial Europe
133(12)
4.2 The Redistributive Impact of the Early Modem Fiscal State
145(7)
4.3 Measuring Redistribution: Taxation
152(13)
4.4 Measuring Redistribution: Public Expenditure
165(9)
4.5 Conclusion: The Rise of the Fiscal State as a Main Driver of Inequality Growth across Early Modern Europe
174(7)
Appendix: Building Regional Distributions of Wealth for the Republic of Venice and for Veneto 181(19)
A.1 The Method Used: An Overview
181(1)
A.2 Building Rural and Urban Distributions
182(5)
A.3 Building the Regional Distribution(s)
187(6)
A.4 Further Refinements: Accounting for the Propertyless and for the Capital City of Venice
193(7)
Archival Sources 200(1)
Printed Sources 201(1)
Bibliography 202(24)
Index 226
Guido Alfani is Professor of Economic History at Università Commerciale Luigi Bocconi, Milan. His recent works include Calamities and the Economy in Renaissance Italy: The Grand Tour of the Horsemen of the Apocalypse (2013) and, with Cormac Ó Gráda, Famine in European History (Cambridge, 2017). Matteo Di Tullio is a research fellow in early modern history at Università degli Studi di Pavia, Italy and a member of the Dondena Centre at Università Commerciale Luigi Bocconi. He is the author of The Wealth of Communities: War, Resources and Cooperation in Renaissance Lombardy (2014).