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E-raamat: Load-Pull Techniques with Applications to Power Amplifier Design

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This first book on load-pull systems is intended for readers with a broad knowledge of high frequency transistor device characterization, nonlinear and linear microwave measurements, RF power amplifiers and transmitters. Load-Pull Techniques with Applications to Power Amplifier Design fulfills the demands of users, designers, and researchers both from industry and academia who have felt the need of a book on this topic. It presents a comprehensive reference spanning different load-pull measurement systems, waveform measurement and engineering systems, and associated calibration procedures for accurate large signal characterization. Besides, this book also provides in-depth practical considerations required in the realization and usage of load-pull and waveform engineering systems. In addition, it also provides procedure to design application specific load-pull setup and includes several case studies where the user can customize architecture of load-pull setups to meet any specific measurement requirements. Furthermore, the materials covered in this book can be part of a full semester graduate course on microwave device characterization and power amplifier design.
1 Fundamentals
1(22)
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 RF Power Amplifier Characteristics
2(2)
1.3 Figures of Merit
4(6)
1.3.1 Drain Efficiency and Power Added Efficiency
5(1)
1.3.2 Intermodulation and Harmonic Distortions
6(2)
1.3.3 Adjacent Channel Power Ratio
8(1)
1.3.4 Error Vector Magnitude
9(1)
1.4 Power Amplifier
10(4)
1.5 Power Amplifier Design Methodologies
14(2)
1.5.1 CAD-Based Design Methods
14(1)
1.5.2 Measurement-Based Design Methods
15(1)
1.6 Nonlinear Microwave Measurement System
16(2)
1.6.1 What Is Load-Pull?
17(1)
1.6.2 Why Load-Pull?
17(1)
1.7 Important Load-Pull Features
18(4)
1.7.1 Repeatability of Reflection Coefficients
19(1)
1.7.2 Tuning Range and Its Distribution
19(1)
1.7.3 Tuning Speed
20(1)
1.7.4 Power Handling Capability
20(1)
1.7.5 Timer Resolution
20(1)
1.7.6 Timer Bandwidth
21(1)
1.7.7 Timer Size
21(1)
1.8 Common Load-Pull Systems
22(1)
References
23(6)
2 Passive Load-Pull Systems
29(26)
2.1 Introduction
29(1)
2.2 Passive Load-Pull System
30(5)
2.2.1 Electromechanical Timer (EMT)
30(3)
2.2.2 Electronic Tuner (ETS)
33(1)
2.2.3 ETS and EMT Comparisons
34(1)
2.3 Load-Pull Measurement
35(7)
2.3.1 Load-Pull Setup
36(2)
2.3.2 System Calibration
38(4)
2.4 Harmonic Load-Pull System
42(7)
2.4.1 Triplexer Based Harmonic Load-Pull Setup
44(1)
2.4.2 Harmonic Rejection Tuner Based Harmonic Load-Pull Setup
45(1)
2.4.3 Single Tuner Harmonic Load-Pull Setup
46(1)
2.4.4 Harmonic Load-Pull Comparisons
47(2)
2.5 Tuning Range Enhancement
49(6)
2.5.1 Enhanced Loop Architecture
50(1)
2.5.2 Cascaded Tuner
51(1)
References
52(3)
3 Active Load-Pull Systems
55(32)
3.1 Introduction
55(1)
3.2 Closed-Loop Load-Pull System
56(6)
3.2.1 System Realization
56(1)
3.2.2 Analysis of Closed-Loop System
57(5)
3.3 Closed-Loop Load-Pull Architectures
62(2)
3.4 Optimized Closed-Loop Load-Pull System
64(4)
3.5 Feed-Forward Load-Pull System
68(3)
3.6 Optimized Feed-Forward Load-Pull System
71(3)
3.7 Harmonic Feed-Forward Load-Pull System
74(2)
3.8 Open-Loop Load-Pull System
76(2)
3.9 Convergence Algorithm for Open-Loop and Feed-Forward Load-Pull Techniques
78(5)
3.10 Comparison of Active Load-Pull Techniques
83(4)
References
84(3)
4 Six-Port Based Load-Pull System
87(26)
4.1 Introduction
87(1)
4.2 Impedance and Power Flow Measurement
88(1)
4.3 SP in Reverse Configuration
89(6)
4.3.1 SP Calibration in Reverse Configuration
89(4)
4.3.2 Error Box Calculation
93(1)
4.3.3 Discussion
94(1)
4.4 SP Based Source-Pull Configuration
95(1)
4.5 SP Based Load-Pull Configuration
96(3)
4.5.1 Passive Load-Pull System
96(1)
4.5.2 Active Branch Load-Pull System
97(2)
4.5.3 Active Loop Load-Pull System
99(1)
4.6 On-Wafer Load-Pull Measurements
99(2)
4.7 Applications of Source-Pull Setup
101(3)
4.7.1 Low Noise Amplifier Characterization
102(1)
4.7.2 Mixer Characterization
103(1)
4.7.3 Power Amplifier Characterization
104(1)
4.8 Oscillator Measurements
104(2)
4.9 AM/AM and AM/PM Measurements
106(7)
4.9.1 Principles of Operation
107(3)
4.9.2 Measurement Procedure
110(1)
References
110(3)
5 High-Power Load-Pull Systems
113(26)
5.1 Introduction
113(1)
5.2 Limitations of Existing Load-Pull Systems
113(6)
5.2.1 Problems Due to High Standing Waves
114(4)
5.2.2 Problem of Large Load-Pull Power
118(1)
5.3 High-Power Load-Pull
119(8)
5.3.1 Pre-matching Technique
120(2)
5.3.2 Enhanced Loop Architecture
122(2)
5.3.3 Quarter Wave Transformer Technique
124(2)
5.3.4 Broadband Impedance Transformer Technique
126(1)
5.4 Impact of a Transformation Network on PLP and VSWR
127(3)
5.5 Hybrid Load-Pull System
130(3)
5.6 Calibration and Data Extraction
133(6)
References
136(3)
6 Envelope Load-Pull System
139(24)
6.1 Introduction
139(1)
6.2 Envelope Load-Pull Concept
140(2)
6.2.1 Mathematical Formulation
140(2)
6.3 Practical Realization
142(3)
6.3.1 Design of Control Unit
142(3)
6.4 ELP Calibration
145(8)
6.4.1 Error Flow Model Formulation
145(1)
6.4.2 Simplification of the Error Flow Model
146(2)
6.4.3 Calibration Technique
148(2)
6.4.4 Evaluation of the Calibration Technique
150(3)
6.5 Stability Analysis
153(1)
6.6 Features of the Envelope Load-Pull System
154(1)
6.7 Harmonic Envelope Load-Pull System
155(2)
6.8 Unique Measurement Applications
157(6)
References
160(3)
7 Waveform Measurement and Engineering
163(28)
7.1 Introduction
163(1)
7.2 Theoretical Formulation
164(1)
7.3 Historical Perspectives
165(4)
7.4 Practical Waveform Measurement System
169(1)
7.5 System Calibration
170(7)
7.5.1 First Step: Power Flow Calibration
171(1)
7.5.2 Second Step: S-Parameter Calibration
172(2)
7.5.3 Third Step: Enhanced Calibration
174(1)
7.5.4 Calibration Evaluation
175(2)
7.6 Six-Port Based Waveform Measurement System
177(6)
7.6.1 Multi-harmonic Reference Generator
178(1)
7.6.2 SP Reflectometer Principle
178(1)
7.6.3 Multi-harmonic SP Reflectometer Architecture
179(2)
7.6.4 Multi-harmonic SP Reflectometer Calibration
181(1)
7.6.5 Calibration Verification
182(1)
7.7 Waveform Engineering
183(1)
7.8 Applications of Waveform Engineering
184(7)
7.8.1 Transistor Characterization
184(1)
7.8.2 CAD Incorporation
185(1)
7.8.3 Power Amplifier Design
186(1)
References
187(4)
8 Advanced Configurations and Applications
191(34)
8.1 Introduction
191(1)
8.2 Multi-tone Load-Pull Technique
191(6)
8.3 Real-Time Multi-harmonic Load-Pull Technique
197(4)
8.4 Modulated Signal Load-Pull Technique
201(3)
8.5 Multi-tone Envelope Load-Pull Technique
204(4)
8.6 Wideband Load-Pull Technique
208(4)
8.6.1 Wideband Load-Pull Approach
209(1)
8.6.2 Setup Description
210(2)
8.7 Noise Characterization
212(5)
8.7.1 Noise Parameter Measurement
212(3)
8.7.2 Noise Parameter Test Setup
215(2)
8.8 Mixer Characterization
217(8)
8.8.1 Measurement Setup
217(3)
8.8.2 Experimental Procedure
220(1)
References
221(4)
Authors 225(2)
About the Book 227(2)
Index 229
Fadhel M. Ghannouchi is professor and AITF/CRC Chair in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Canada, and Director of the Intelligent RF Radio Laboratory. He has held numerous invited positions at several academic and research institutions in Europe, North America and Japan. He has provided consulting services to a number of microwave and wireless communications companies. His research interests are in the areas of microwave instrumentation and measurements, nonlinear modeling of microwave devices and communications systems, design of power and spectrum efficient microwave amplification systems and design of intelligent RF transceivers and software-defined radio systems for wireless and satellite communications. His research activities have led to over 500 publications and 14 US patents (6 pending) and two books. He is Fellow of IEEE and he has been a distinguished microwave lecturer of IEEE MTT-S since 2009.

Mohammad S. Hashmi received MS degree from Darmstadt University of Technology, Germany and PhD degree from Cardiff University, UK. He is now an adjunct researcher at the iRadio Lab, University of Calgary, Canada and Assistant Professor at IIIT Delhi, India. He was previously associated with Philips Semiconductors and Thales Electronics in Germany during which time he was involved in the field of RF circuits and systems. His current research interests are related to nonlinear microwave instrumentation, microwave device characterization, and linearization of power amplifiers for mobile and satellite applications. He was the recipient of 2008 Automatic Radio Frequency Techniques Group (ARFTG) Microwave Measurement Fellowship, and 3rd place winner in the novel and creative instrument design competition organized by IEEE MTT-11 for the year 2008. His research has led to over 40 publications and 3 US patents (pending).
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