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E-raamat: Lubrication of Electrical and Mechanical Components in Electric Power Equipment

  • Formaat: 166 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 24-Apr-2019
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780429512759
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Lubrication of Electrical and Mechanical Components in Electric Power EquipmentSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 166 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 24-Apr-2019
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780429512759
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Lubrication of Electrical and Mechanical Components in Electric Power Equipment presents an analysis of multiple applications of lubricants in the power industry for both electrical and mechanical parts. One of the key features of this book includes a look at the use of lubricants for surfaces of electrical and mechanical parts protection from mechanical wear and friction. Also included are examples of degradation due to fretting, as well as corrosion protection when lubricant is a barrier between metallic surfaces and atmospheric pollutants.

This book analyzes the effects of chemical composition and consistency (fluids, greases, solid lubricants) and the durability of lubricants in regard to various types of contacts and mechanical parts material, design and load. Focused on the importance of carefully choosing the lubricants to maintain a stable contact resistance; preserve the physical integrity of the contact surface; and extend the useful life of mechanical parts, such as bearings, the author presents an exhaustive list of lubricants manufacturers and products recommended for use in the electrical industry.

Arvustused

This is an excellent, well-written text that electrical contact engineers will find exceptionally useful since it presents a set of diverse technical materials in one place.

-Professor Ronald A. Coutu, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI

Dr Chudnovsky has written an excellent review of the application of lubrication to electrical power and electronic equipment. It provides a useful reference by examining the pros and cons of the vast range of available lubricants that are available that cannot be found in one lace anywhere else. I would expect that it will be extensively referenced.

- Dr. Paul Slade, Consultant

This book presents examples of vari­ous lubricants used by industry for the need of lubricating electrical equipment and wind turbine gear boxes. The effect of chemical composition and consistency on the lifetime of a lubricant in regards to various types of equipment, designs, and load conditions are discussed with a focus on choosing lubricants to maintain a stable contact resistance, preserve the contact surface, and extend the life of mechanical parts. Power engineers who design and/or test switchgear or wind turbine gearbox­es as well as those who maintain this type of equipment, would find this book to be a very handy guidebook for selecting the proper lubricant for a given application and knowing what lubricants are available. - IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, March/April 2020 This is an excellent, well-written text that electrical contact engineers will find exceptionally useful since it presents a set of diverse technical materials in one place.

-Professor Ronald A. Coutu, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI

Dr Chudnovsky has written an excellent review of the application of lubrication to electrical power and electronic equipment. It provides a useful reference by examining the pros and cons of the vast range of available lubricants that are available that cannot be found in one lace anywhere else. I would expect that it will be extensively referenced.

- Dr. Paul Slade, Consultant

This book presents examples of various lubricants used by industry for the need of lubricating electrical equipment and wind turbine gear boxes. The effect of chemical composition and consistency on the lifetime of a lubricant in regards to various types of equipment, designs, and load conditions are discussed with a focus on choosing lubricants to maintain a stable contact resistance, preserve the contact surface, and extend the life of mechanical parts. Power engineers who design and/or test switchgear or wind turbine gearboxes as well as those who maintain this type of equipment, would find this book to be a very handy guidebook for selecting the proper lubricant for a given application and knowing what lubricants are available. - IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, March/April 2020

Preface xi
About the Author xiii
1 Lubrication of Electrical Components 1(36)
1.1 Electrical Contacts in Circuit Breaking and Switching Equipment
1(14)
1.1.1 Factors Affecting Choice of Contact Lubricants
2(2)
1.1.2 Roles of Electrical Contacts Lubrication
4(5)
1.1.2.1 Protection from mechanical wear, friction, and fretting corrosion
6(1)
1.1.2.2 Shield from environmental corrosion
7(1)
1.1.2.3 Inhibiting galvanic corrosion
8(1)
1.1.3 Lubrication Failure Modes in Contact Applications
9(4)
1.1.3.1 Thermal failures
10(1)
1.1.3.2 Degradation of contact lubricants
11(1)
1.1.3.3 Effect of surface reactivity of lubricants on contact resistance
12(1)
1.1.3.4 Lubricant inducing contact corrosion
13(1)
1.1.4 Lubrication of Contacts in Circuit Breakers
13(2)
1.2 Lubrication of Electrical Connectors
15(10)
1.2.1 Electrical Connectors
15(1)
1.2.2 Failure Causes of Connectors
15(2)
1.2.3 Protecting Connectors from Failure with Lubricant
17(5)
1.2.3.1 Purposes and forms of connector lubricants
17(2)
1.2.3.2 Lubrication reducing wear, friction, and fretting corrosion of connectors
19(1)
1.2.3.3 Lubrication minimizes environmental contamination of connectors
20(1)
1.2.3.4 Connectors protected from abrasion and corrosion with polyphenyl ethers
21(1)
1.2.3.5 Application of lubricants to the connectors
22(1)
1.2.4 Lubricants for Automotive Electrical Connectors
22(2)
1.2.4.1 Automotive connectors' challenges
22(1)
1.2.4.2 Lubrication of high-temperature terminals
23(1)
1.2.4.3 Lubricant compatibility with plastics
23(1)
1.2.5 Use of Connector Lubricants in Avionics
24(1)
1.2.5.1 Connectors' challenges in avionics
24(1)
1.2.5.2 Use of corrosion inhibitive lubricants (CILs)
24(1)
1.3 Lubricants in Specific Electrical Contact Applications
25(5)
1.3.1 Using Lubricants in Electronics
25(2)
1.3.1.1 Contamination of PCB electronic connectors by lubricants
25(1)
1.3.1.2 Effect of lubricants on PCB sliding contacts wear
26(1)
1.3.1.3 Lubrication of micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS)
26(1)
1.3.2 Graphene as a Lubricant and an Additive in Sliding Electrical Contacts
27(1)
1.3.3 Challenge in Lubrication of Rolling and Sliding Electrical Contacts in Vacuum
28(1)
1.3.4 Graphite as a Lubricant for Monolithic Silver Brushes
28(1)
1.3.5 Lubrication of Electrical Contacts of Overhead Lines
29(1)
References
30(7)
2 Lubrication of Mechanical Components in Electrical Equipment 37(18)
2.1 Role of Mechanism Lubrication in Circuit Breaking Equipment
37(10)
2.1.1 High-Voltage Circuit Breakers
37(1)
2.1.2 Low- and Medium-Voltage Circuit Breakers
38(1)
2.1.3 Types of Lubricants Used in Mechanisms
39(1)
2.1.4 Thickeners in Greases Used in Mechanisms
40(2)
2.1.5 Greases for Industrial Circuit Breakers
42(2)
2.1.6 Mechanism Bearings Failures Caused by Lubrication
44(3)
2.1.6.1 Cake-lock bearing failures
45(1)
2.1.6.2 Hardened and oxidized lubricant in bearings
46(1)
2.1.6.3 Lubricant water contamination in bearings
47(1)
2.2 Factors Causing Lubrication Failures in Mechanisms
47(5)
2.2.1 Oxidation and Gelling
48(1)
2.2.2 Environmental Factors
49(1)
2.2.3 Contaminants and Corrosives
49(2)
2.2.4 Lubricant Incompatibility
51(1)
2.2.5 Preventative Measures
51(1)
References
52(3)
3 Lubrication of Mechanical Components in Wind Turbines 55(32)
3.1 Lubrication of Wind Turbines
56(7)
3.1.1 Lubrication of Wind Turbine Bearings
56(2)
3.1.2 Lubrication of Threaded Connections
58(1)
3.1.3 Lubrication and Corrosion Protection of Brakes, Shrink Discs, and Service Parts
59(1)
3.1.4 Lubrication of Wind Turbine Blades
59(1)
3.1.5 Environmental Factors in Lubricant Selection
60(3)
3.1.5.1 Wet and corrosive environment
60(1)
3.1.5.2 Thermal effect
60(2)
3.1.5.3 Desert climate
62(1)
3.2 Lubricating Oils for Wind Turbine Application
63(8)
3.2.1 Basic Requirements for Gearbox Oil Qualities
63(1)
3.2.2 Wind Turbine Gearbox Oils Meeting Requirements
64(1)
3.2.3 Automatic Greasing Systems for Wind Turbines
65(3)
3.2.4 Biodegradable Lubricants for Use in Wind Turbines
68(1)
3.2.5 Lubrication Maintenance
69(2)
3.2.5.1 Maintenance procedures and time frames
69(1)
3.2.5.2 Education and skill standards of maintenance personnel
69(1)
3.2.5.3 Post warranty maintenance lubrication
70(1)
3.3 Oil Contamination in Wind Turbine Gearboxes
71(5)
3.3.1 Built-in Contamination
71(1)
3.3.2 Internally Generated Contamination
72(1)
3.3.3 Required Oil Cleanliness for Wind Turbine Gearboxes
73(1)
3.3.4 Water Contamination of Oil
74(1)
3.3.5 Oil Filtration in Wind Turbines
74(1)
3.3.6 Gear Oil Contamination Control
75(1)
3.4 Wind Turbine Bearing and Gearbox Failures Caused by Lubrication
76(5)
3.4.1 Lubricant Roles in Triggering Bearing Failures
76(3)
3.4.2 Techniques to Mitigate a Negative Lubricant Role in Gearboxes and Bearing Failures
79(1)
3.4.3 Oil Analysis Identifying the Cause of the Failure
80(1)
3.4.4 Practice of Top-Treating Oil with Additives
80(1)
References
81(6)
4 Lubrication Products in Electrical Industry 87(34)
4.1 Lubricants for Power Electrical Equipment
87(22)
4.1.1 Dow Corning Corporation (USA)
87(4)
4.1.1.1 Proper lubricant selection
87(1)
4.1.1.2 Lubrication of outdoor electrical equipment
88(1)
4.1.1.3 Molykote® and Dow Corning brand lubricants for power equipment
89(2)
4.1.2 Nye Lubricants (USA)
91(10)
4.1.2.1 Nye lubricants for separable electrical connectors
93(4)
4.1.2.2 Nye lubricants for sliding contacts in electric switches
97(1)
4.1.2.3 Nye lubricants for arcing contacts
97(1)
4.1.2.4 Lubricants for distribution switchgear and other applications
98(1)
4.1.2.5 Anderol lubricants for contacts and switches manufactured by Nye Lubricants
99(2)
4.1.3 ExxonMobil (USA)
101(1)
4.1.4 Cool-Amp (USA)
102(1)
4.1.5 Chemtronics (USA)
102(1)
4.1.6 Sanchem (USA)
103(1)
4.1.7 Tyco Electronics (USA)
103(2)
4.1.8 Hubbel/Burndy (USA)
105(1)
4.1.9 Contralube (UK)
105(1)
4.1.10 Electrolube (UK)
106(1)
4.1.11 Kluber (Germany)
106(3)
4.2 Lubricants for Wind Turbines
109(9)
4.2.1 Dow Corning Corporation (USA)
109(1)
4.2.2 ExxonMobil (USA)
110(2)
4.2.3 Shell (Netherlands, UK)
112(1)
4.2.4 Fuchs Petrolub AG (Germany)
112(2)
4.2.5 Kluber (Germany)
114(1)
4.2.6 Total S.A (France)
114(1)
4.2.7 Castrol (UK)
114(4)
References
118(3)
Addendum 1: Grease Composition and Properties 121(5)
Addendum 2: Grease Compatibility 126(3)
Addendum 3: Storage and Shelf Life of the Lubricants 129(2)
Addendum 4: Lubrication Glossary 131(18)
Index 149
Bella Chudnovsky earned her PhD in the fields of Applied Physics and Material Science at Rostov State University (RSU) in Russia. For the first 25 years of her career, she worked as a successful scientist for the Institute of Physics at RSU and at the University of Cincinnati since 1992.

During the last 12 years of her career, she worked as an R&D engineer for Schneider Electric-Square D Company, where her principal areas of activities were aimed at resolving multiple aging problems and developing means of mitigating deteriorating processes in power distribution equipment. In this field, she has published 40 papers in both national and international technical journals and conferences proceedings.

After her retirement in 2009, she worked on the book summarizing all what was previously investigated and studied on multiple topics of aging and life extension techniques in electrical industry. First edition of the book was published in December 2012 by CRC Press (Taylor and Francis Group). In the second edition of the book, published in February 2017, she updated the book and included the review of the issues of aging and means of life extension techniques for renewable energy power equipment. She is currently working on the third book focused on lubrication of electrical power equipment.
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