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E-raamat: Machine Tools Production Systems 3: Mechatronic Systems, Control and Automation

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Machine Tools Production Systems 3: Mechatronic Systems, Control and AutomationSuurem pilt
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The first part of this third volume focuses on the design of mechatronic components, in particular the feed drives of machine tools used to generate highly dynamic drive movements. Engineering guides for the selection and design of important machine components, the control technology of feed drives, and the measuring systems required for position capture are presented. Another focus is on process and diagnostic equipment for manufacturing machines and systems. The second part describes control concepts including programming methods for various applications of modern production systems. Programmable logic controllers (PLC), numerical controllers (NC) and robot controllers (RC) are part of these presentations. In the context of automated manufacturing systems, the various levels of the automation pyramid and the importance of control systems are also outlined. Finally, the volume deals with the engineering of machines and plants.

The German Machine Tools and Production Systems Compendium has been completely revised. The previous five-volume series has been condensed into three volumes in the new ninth edition with colored technical illustrations throughout. This first English edition is a translation of the German ninth edition.

 
 

 

1 Introduction
1(6)
1.1 The Machine Tool as a Mechatronic System
3(1)
1.2 Engineering
4(1)
1.3 Current Trends
5(1)
References
6(1)
2 Feed Axes in Machine Tools
7(100)
2.1 Converters for machine tool feed axes
11(11)
2.1.1 Design of converter systems
11(2)
2.1.2 Control electronics in converters
13(1)
2.1.2.1 Analog control
13(1)
2.1.2.2 Digital control
14(1)
2.1.2.3 Additional functions of digital drive controllers
14(1)
2.1.3 Interfaces to the control system
15(1)
2.1.3.1 Analog interface
16(2)
2.1.3.2 Digital interface
18(4)
2.2 Motors in feed axes
22(33)
2.2.1 Requirements on drive units
22(2)
2.2.2 Direct current motors
24(5)
2.2.3 Synchronous motors
29(5)
2.2.4 Asynchronous motors
34(7)
2.2.5 Design and calculation of electric drives
41(1)
2.2.5.1 Ramp-up without a current limit
42(1)
2.2.5.2 Ramp-up with a current limit
42(3)
2.2.5.3 Numeric determination of the ramp-up for non-linear and discontinuous characteristics
45(1)
2.2.5.4 Selection of motors according to static considerations
45(1)
2.2.6 Designs based on direct current and 3-phase servo drives
46(1)
2.2.6.1 Stepper motors
47(2)
2.2.6.2 Linear motors
49(4)
2.2.7 Current and power measurements on electric motors
53(2)
2.3 Position measuring systems for NC machines
55(28)
2.3.1 Basics of path and angle measurement
56(1)
2.3.1.1 Basic terms
56(1)
2.3.1.2 Measuring principles and measuring methods
56(2)
2.3.2 Measuring systems
58(1)
2.3.2.1 Photoelectric measuring methods
58(11)
2.3.2.2 Interferometers
69(1)
2.3.2.3 Electromagnetic sensors
69(4)
2.3.2.4 Magnetic sensors
73(2)
2.3.3 Interpolation methods and direction detection
75(1)
2.3.3.1 Interpolation with auxiliary phases
76(2)
2.3.3.2 Digital interpolation
78(1)
2.3.3.3 Amplitude analysis
79(1)
2.3.3.4 Direction detection
79(1)
2.3.4 Selecting and installing measuring devices
79(1)
2.3.4.1 Selecting a measuring device
79(2)
2.3.4.2 Place of installation in a system or machine
81(1)
2.3.4.3 Installation notes
81(1)
2.3.4.4 Electrical connection
81(2)
2.4 Mechanical transmission elements
83(22)
2.4.1 Components for converting rotation motion to translation motion
83(1)
2.4.1.1 Ball screw/nut drives
83(7)
2.4.1.2 Rack and pinion drives
90(1)
2.4.1.3 Worm and rack drives
90(2)
2.4.1.4 Toothed belt drives
92(1)
2.4.1.5 Chain drive
92(1)
2.4.2 Feed gear units
93(1)
2.4.2.1 Gear drives
93(2)
2.4.2.2 Toothed belt drives
95(1)
2.4.2.3 Custom feed gear units
96(4)
2.4.3 Couplings
100(1)
2.4.3.1 Self-aligning couplings
100(5)
References
105(2)
3 Dynamic Behavior of Feed Axes
107(48)
3.1 Control Engineering Principles
110(19)
3.1.1 Linear, Continuous Transfer Systems
112(1)
3.1.1.1 Time Behavior of Control Loop Elements
112(2)
3.1.1.2 Basic Systems of Control Loop Elements and Their Representation
114(1)
3.1.1.3 Structure of a Control Loop
115(2)
3.1.1.4 Signal Flow (Block) Diagram
117(1)
3.1.1.5 Stability of Control Loops
118(1)
3.1.1.6 Rules for Setting Analog Controllers
119(1)
3.1.2 Linear Discrete-Time Transfer Systems
120(1)
3.1.2.1 Representation of Discrete-Time Systems
121(1)
3.1.2.2 Z-Transform
122(1)
3.1.2.3 Linear Difference Equations
122(1)
3.1.2.4 Rules for Setting Discrete-Time Controllers
123(1)
3.1.2.5 Transfer Function in the Z-Domain
123(2)
3.1.3 Feedforward Controller for Tracking Error Correction
125(1)
3.1.4 State Control
126(1)
3.1.4.1 Representation in the State Space
126(2)
3.1.4.2 Design of a State Controller
128(1)
3.2 Closed-Loop Control of Feed Drives
129(6)
3.2.1 Feed Drive as Control Loop
129(2)
3.2.2 Calculation of Continuous Position Control Loops
131(1)
3.2.3 Transmission Behavior of the Linear Position Control Loop
132(2)
3.2.4 Simulation of Feed Drives
134(1)
3.3 Transmission Behavior of the Mechanics
135(6)
3.3.1 Physical Boundaries of the Mechanical and Electrical Systems
136(1)
3.3.2 Transmission Behavior of Electromechanical Drive Systems
137(1)
3.3.2.1 Kinematic Transmission Behavior
137(1)
3.3.2.2 Static Transmission Behavior
137(1)
3.3.2.3 Dynamic Transmission Behavior
138(2)
3.3.3 Transmission Behavior of Linear Motor Drives
140(1)
3.4 Influences of the Measuring System on the Closed-Loop Feed Control
141(6)
3.4.1 Behavior of Electromechanical Axes for Closed-Loop Control via Indirect and Direct Measuring Systems
142(1)
3.4.2 Effect of the Measuring System for Linear Motor Drives
142(2)
3.4.3 Improvement of Closed-Loop Feed Control Using a Ferraris Sensor
144(2)
3.4.4 Shortest Traversable Increment
146(1)
3.5 Static and Dynamic Stiffnesses of Feed Axes
147(6)
3.5.1 Static Stiffness
148(1)
3.5.1.1 Static Stiffness of Electromechanical Drives (Ball Screw Drives)
148(1)
3.5.1.2 Static Stiffness for an Electric Linear Motor Drive
149(1)
3.5.2 Dynamic Stiffness
149(1)
3.5.2.1 Dynamic Stiffness of Electromechanical Feed Axes
149(1)
3.5.2.2 Electric Linear Motor Drive
150(3)
References
153(2)
4 Feed Drives for Path Generation
155(12)
4.1 Design of Path Controllers
158(1)
4.2 Path Errors on Machine Tools
158(7)
4.2.1 Path Errors in the Interpolator
158(1)
4.2.2 Typical Path Errors of Position Control
158(2)
4.2.3 Effectsof Mechanical Transmission Elements
160(1)
4.2.4 Determination of Dynamic Path Deviations
161(1)
4.2.4.1 Corner Smoothing
161(1)
4.2.4.2 Circularity and Diameter Deviations
161(2)
4.2.5 Influence of the Kv Factor on the Path Deviations
163(2)
4.3 Measures to Reduce Path Deviations
165(1)
References
165(2)
5 Design of Feed Drives
167(14)
5.1 Design of the Motor and Mechanical Components
170(5)
5.1.1 Determining the Requirements and Selecting the Drive Principle
171(1)
5.1.2 Selection and Design of the Mechanical Components
171(1)
5.1.3 Selection and Design of the Drive Motor
172(2)
5.1.3.1 Design in Accordance with Static Parameters
174(1)
5.1.3.2 Dynamic Design
174(1)
5.1.3.3 Optimum Gear Ratio
175(1)
5.2 Design of the Measuring System
175(1)
5.3 Commissioning of the Controller
176(4)
5.3.1 Manual Commissioning
176(1)
5.3.1.1 Adjusting the Rotational Speed Controller
177(2)
5.3.1.2 Adjustment of the Position Controller
179(1)
5.3.2 Automatic Commissioning
180(1)
References
180(1)
6 Process Monitoring
181(84)
6.1 Introduction
184(9)
6.1.1 Background, Terminology and Objectives
184(2)
6.1.2 Economic Significance of Process Monitoring, Process Control, Diagnostics, and Maintenance Measures
186(1)
6.1.3 Factors Affecting the Function of the Means of Production and Product Quality
187(1)
6.1.4 Strategies and Structure of Monitoring Systems
187(1)
6.1.4.1 Strategies for Monitoring Systems
188(1)
6.1.4.2 The Structure of Monitoring Systems
189(1)
6.1.4.3 Connection and Delimitation Between Process Monitoring and Machine Diagnosis
190(1)
6.1.4.4 Mechanical and Optical Sensors
190(1)
6.1.4.5 Control-Internal Information
190(2)
6.1.5 Principles of Process Control
192(1)
6.2 Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition
193(9)
6.2.1 Analog Signal Processing
194(4)
6.2.2 Digital Pre-Processing
198(1)
6.2.3 Feature Extraction
198(1)
6.2.4 Classification
199(1)
6.2.4.1 Fixed Limits
199(1)
6.2.4.2 Moving Thresholds
200(1)
6.2.4.3 Multi-Dimensional Classification
200(2)
6.3 Technological Process Monitoring and Process Control in Different Manufacturing Processes
202(43)
6.3.1 Turning
202(1)
6.3.1.1 Sensor Systems for Measuring Torque and Cutting Force
202(2)
6.3.1.2 Controlling Force, Torque and Power During Turning
204(4)
6.3.1.3 Automatic Cut Distribution for Turning
208(2)
6.3.1.4 Process Monitoring During Turning
210(3)
6.3.2 Milling
213(1)
6.3.2.1 Sensor Systems and Processes for Process Monitoring During Milling
213(1)
6.3.2.2 Process Monitoring for Milling
214(5)
6.3.2.3 Process Control for Milling
219(5)
6.3.2.4 Process Control When Fettling
224(1)
6.3.2.5 Automatic Chatter Elimination
225(6)
6.3.3 Drilling
231(1)
6.3.3.1 Process Monitoring When Drilling and Deep Drilling
231(3)
6.3.3.2 Process Control for Deep Drilling
234(1)
6.3.4 Grinding
235(1)
6.3.4.1 Process Control
235(2)
6.3.4.2 Dressing Monitoring
237(1)
6.3.5 Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM)
238(4)
6.3.6 Collision Monitoring
242(3)
6.4 Statistical Process Control
245(2)
6.5 Machine Condition Monitoring
247(15)
6.5.1 Service and Maintenance Procedures
247(1)
6.5.1.1 Reactive Maintenance
247(1)
6.5.1.2 Time-Dependent (Preventive) Maintenance
248(2)
6.5.1.3 State-Oriented Maintenance
250(1)
6.5.2 Machine Condition Monitoring
250(1)
6.5.2.1 Parameters
250(1)
6.5.2.2 Sensor-Based State Detection
251(2)
6.5.3 Measured Value Analysis
253(1)
6.5.3.1 Conventional Diagnostic Functions
254(3)
6.5.3.2 Model-Based
257(1)
6.5.3.3 Behavior-Based
257(1)
6.5.3.4 Areas of Application
258(4)
References
262(3)
7 Automation of Machines and Plants
265(20)
7.1 Definitions
268(1)
7.2 Historical Developments and Reasons for Automating Machine Tools
268(2)
7.3 Control and Automation Technology as a Subtask of Machine Development
270(1)
7.4 Control of Operating Sequences
271(3)
7.4.1 Production Facility Functions that Can be Automated
271(1)
7.4.2 Functional Sequences
271(2)
7.4.3 Control, Programming and Storage Elements
273(1)
7.5 Examples of Automated Functions
274(9)
7.5.1 Path and Switching Information
274(1)
7.5.1.1 Linear Displacement Transducers
274(1)
7.5.1.2 Cam Strips and Switch Panels
275(1)
7.5.1.3 Absolute and Incremental Rotary Encoders for Measuring the Actual Position of a Machine Assembly and for Controlling Rotational Speed
276(1)
7.5.2 Workpiece Transportation and Handling
276(3)
7.5.3 Tool Handling and Storage
279(1)
7.5.4 Process Monitoring, Process Control, Diagnostics and Safety
280(2)
7.5.5 Control Technology
282(1)
7.5.6 Disposal
282(1)
References
283(2)
8 Mechanical Control Systems
285(26)
8.1 Single-Spindle Automatic Lathe
288(7)
8.2 Multi-Spindle Automatic Lathe
295(9)
8.3 Further Development of the Mechanically Controlled Multi-Spindle Machine
304(1)
8.4 Electronic Line Shaft
305(4)
8.4.1 Operating Principle
306(2)
8.4.2 Application
308(1)
References
309(2)
9 Basics of Information Processing
311(38)
9.1 Basics
314(9)
9.1.1 Number Systems
314(2)
9.1.2 Data Codes
316(1)
9.1.3 Boolean Algebra
317(4)
9.1.4 Karnaugh Map
321(2)
9.2 Modules
323(16)
9.2.1 Implementing the Basic Functions
323(2)
9.2.2 Extended Functions
325(1)
9.2.2.1 Flip-flop
325(1)
9.2.2.2 Edge-triggered Flip-flops
326(1)
9.2.2.3 1:2 Divider
326(1)
9.2.2.4 Binary Counters
327(1)
9.2.2.5 Half Adder
327(1)
9.2.2.6 Full Adders and Accumulators
328(1)
9.2.2.7 Comparator
329(1)
9.2.2.8 Decoder
330(1)
9.2.2.9 Parity Checker
330(2)
9.2.2.10 A/D Converter
332(1)
9.2.2.11 D/A Converter
333(2)
9.2.3 Integrated Circuits
335(1)
9.2.4 Controls and Displays
336(1)
9.2.5 Computers
337(2)
9.3 Communication in Automation Technology
339(8)
9.3.1 Communication Technology Requirements
339(1)
9.3.2 OSI Reference Model
339(2)
9.3.3 Bus Architectures and Access Methods
341(1)
9.3.4 Bus Systems
342(1)
9.3.5 Industrial Ethernet
343(1)
9.3.6 Wireless Communication
344(1)
9.3.7 Near Field Communication
345(1)
9.3.8 Middleware Protocols
346(1)
References
347(2)
10 Electrical Controls
349(42)
10.1 Design and Categorization of Electrical Controls
351(4)
10.1.1 Logic Controllers
353(1)
10.1.2 Sequential Controls
353(2)
10.2 Hard-wired Controls
355(2)
10.2.1 Application Areas and Tasks
355(1)
10.2.2 Application Examples
355(2)
10.3 Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs)
357(20)
10.3.1 Application Areas and Functions
357(2)
10.3.2 Design and Function
359(1)
10.3.2.1 Design
359(2)
10.3.2.2 Operating Principle
361(2)
10.3.3 PLC Programming
363(1)
10.3.3.1 Ladder Diagram Programming
364(1)
10.3.3.2 Continuous Function Chart Programming
365(1)
10.3.3.3 Programming with Instruction List
366(1)
10.3.3.4 Examples of More Complex Program Instructions
366(4)
10.3.3.5 Structured Text (High-level Language Programming)
370(1)
10.3.3.6 Sequential Function Chart
371(1)
10.3.4 Procedure for Systematic Development of Complex PLC Programs
372(1)
10.3.4.1 Specification of the Control Task
373(1)
10.3.4.2 Program Design and Programming
374(1)
10.3.4.3 Program Testing
375(2)
10.4 Safety Controllers
377(7)
10.4.1 Machinery Directive
378(1)
10.4.2 Performance Levels
378(1)
10.4.3 Two-channel, Fault-Detecting Control Structure
379(1)
10.4.4 Three-channel, Fault-tolerant Control Structure
379(1)
10.4.5 Conventional Safety Circuits Using Relay Technology
380(1)
10.4.6 Fail-Safe Process Coupling
380(1)
10.4.6.1 Reliable Evaluation of Process Inputs
380(2)
10.4.6.2 Fail-safe and Fault-Tolerant Process Outputs
382(2)
10.5 Motion Control
384(4)
10.5.1 Basics and Application
384(1)
10.5.2 Design and Operating Principle of MC Systems
385(1)
10.5.2.1 System Architecture of MC Systems
385(1)
10.5.2.2 Fieldbus Systems for Motion Control
385(1)
10.5.3 Programming
386(1)
10.5.3.1 Project Planning of Motion Control Systems
387(1)
References
388(3)
11 Numerical Controllers
391(96)
11.1 Historical Development of Numerical Controllers
394(1)
11.2 Design and Functional Description of Numerical Controllers
395(23)
11.2.1 General Functional Description
395(2)
11.2.2 Hardware and Interfaces of a Numerical Controller
397(1)
11.2.2.1 Internal Structure
398(2)
11.2.2.2 External Interfaces
400(1)
11.2.3 Numerical Controller Software
401(2)
11.2.4 How a Numerical Controller Works
403(1)
11.2.4.1 NC Interpreter
403(1)
11.2.4.2 Geometrical Data Processing
404(1)
11.2.4.3 Interpolation
404(1)
11.2.4.4 Axis Control
405(1)
11.2.5 Functional Scope of Modern Numerical Controllers
405(1)
11.2.5.1 Standard Functions
405(4)
11.2.5.2 Functions for Controlling Automated Production Cells
409(3)
11.2.6 Openness of Controller Systems
412(1)
11.2.6.1 Motivation and Objectives of Open Controller Systems
412(1)
11.2.6.2 Variants of Open Controller Systems
413(1)
11.2.6.3 Realization of Open Controllers
414(2)
11.2.6.4 Cross-Manufacturer Standards for Open Controllers
416(2)
11.3 Workpiece Programming in NC Production
418(7)
11.3.1 Format of Line-Based NC Program
418(2)
11.3.2 Structure of an Object-Oriented NC Program
420(2)
11.3.3 Coordinate Systems and Reference Points
422(1)
11.3.3.1 Machine Zero Point M
422(1)
11.3.3.2 Reference Point R
422(1)
11.3.3.3 Workpiece Zero Point
423(1)
11.3.3.4 Tool Reference Point E
423(2)
11.3.3.5 Tool Holder N and Carriage Reference Point
425(1)
11.3.3.6 Start Point
425(1)
11.3.3.7 Tool Geometry
425(1)
11.4 NC Programming Methods
425(47)
11.4.1 Manual NC Programming Methods
425(1)
11.4.1.1 Fundamentals and Procedure
425(3)
11.4.1.2 Programming Example (DIN 66025)
428(1)
11.4.1.3 Additional Commands for Program Entry
429(4)
11.4.1.4 Limits of Programming in Accordance with DIN 66025
433(1)
11.4.2 Automatic NC Programming Methods
433(4)
11.4.2.1 CAD/CAP/CAM Coupling
437(11)
11.4.2.2 Programming Example Using the EXAPT System
448(7)
11.4.2.3 Programming Example for an Object-Oriented NC Program (STEP-NC)
455(1)
11.4.2.4 Workshop-Oriented NC Programming
455(3)
11.4.2.5 Workshop-Level Programming with Manual Process Control
458(1)
11.4.2.6 Cost Comparison of Programming Methods
458(2)
11.4.3 Digitization of Workpiece Geometries for NC Data Generation
460(1)
11.4.3.1 Measuring Devices for Digitizing Workpieces
461(2)
11.4.3.2 Sampling Strategies
463(2)
11.4.3.3 Sampling Systems
465(5)
11.4.3.4 Preparation and Processing of Measurement Data
470(2)
11.5 User Interfaces on Machine Tools
472(12)
11.5.1 Control Panels on Machine Tools
472(2)
11.5.2 Manual Process Control
474(1)
11.5.2.1 General Overview
474(1)
11.5.2.2 Controls Required for Process Control
474(2)
11.5.2.3 Alternatives for Realizing a User-Oriented Process Control
476(3)
11.5.2.4 Development Trends
479(1)
11.5.3 User-Oriented Depiction of Process-Related and System-Related Parameters
480(1)
11.5.3.1 Initial Situation
480(1)
11.5.3.2 User-Oriented Communication of Parameters
480(1)
11.5.3.3 Technical Realization and Application Examples
481(3)
References
484(3)
12 Command Variable Generation and Interpolation
487(46)
12.1 Interpolation
491(21)
12.1.1 Functions for the Velocity and Acceleration Control of Simple Paths Based on NC Lines
491(2)
12.1.1.1 Acceleration and Deceleration Phase
493(3)
12.1.1.2 Constant Velocity Phase
496(1)
12.1.1.3 Brake Application Point Recognition
497(1)
12.1.2 Functions for the Velocity and Acceleration Control of Simple Paths Across NC Lines
498(1)
12.1.2.1 NC Line Transitions
498(1)
12.1.2.2 Proactive Velocity Control
498(1)
12.1.3 Interpolation of Simple Paths
499(2)
12.1.3.1 Linear Interpolation
501(1)
12.1.3.2 Circular Interpolation
502(1)
12.1.4 Spline Interpolation
503(1)
12.1.4.1 Polynomial Splines
504(3)
12.1.4.2 B-splines
507(2)
12.1.4.3 NURBS
509(1)
12.1.4.4 Evaluation of Splines
510(2)
12.1.5 Other Methods
512(1)
12.2 Geometrical Transformations
512(7)
12.2.1 Zero Offsets
513(1)
12.2.2 Tool Corrections
514(1)
12.2.3 Kinematic Transformation for 5-axis Milling
514(3)
12.2.3.1 Serial Kinematics
517(1)
12.2.3.2 Parallel Kinematics
517(2)
12.3 External Position and Velocity Influencing
519(12)
12.3.1 Compensation of Geometrical Errors
519(1)
12.3.1.1 Compensation of Geometrical Feed Drive Errors
519(1)
12.3.1.2 Compensation of Thermal Displacements
520(4)
12.3.1.3 Compensation of Static Process Loads
524(5)
12.3.1.4 Measurement Control for Grinding Processes
529(1)
12.3.2 Feed Override and External Velocity Influencing
529(1)
12.3.2.1 Override
529(1)
12.3.2.2 External Velocity Influencing
530(1)
12.3.2.3 Look-ahead Function
530(1)
12.3.3 Reference Point Run
531(1)
References
531(2)
13 Robots and Robot Controllers
533(72)
13.1 General Functional Description
535(2)
13.2 Robot kinematics and Placement Devices
537(11)
13.2.1 Vertical Articulated Arm Robot
539(3)
13.2.2 Horizontal Articulated Arm Robot
542(1)
13.2.3 Cartesian Line Gantry Robots
543(2)
13.2.4 Cartesian Area Gantry and Line Gantry with Girder
545(1)
13.2.5 Parallel Kinematics
545(1)
13.2.5.1 Combined Kinematics
545(1)
13.2.5.2 Fully Parallel Kinematics
546(1)
13.2.6 Custom Designs
546(1)
13.2.6.1 Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinate Robots
546(1)
13.2.6.2 Hybrid Kinematics
547(1)
13.2.6.3 Collaborative Robot Designs
547(1)
13.3 Coordinate Systems and Reference Points
548(2)
13.4 Coordinate Transformation and Path Generation
550(13)
13.5 Operating and Programming Robots
563(19)
13.5.1 Online Programming Methods
564(5)
13.5.2 Offline Programming Systems
569(5)
13.5.3 Industrial Robot Language (IRL) as an Example of a Robot Programming Language
574(8)
13.6 Communication Interfaces for Robot Controllers
582(2)
13.7 Sensor Data Acquisition and Processing
584(3)
13.8 Gripper Technology in Robotics
587(11)
13.8.1 Process Definitions
587(1)
13.8.2 Gripping Principles
588(1)
13.8.3 Gripper Types
588(1)
13.8.3.1 Mechanical Grippers
588(3)
13.8.3.2 Pneumatic Grippers
591(3)
13.8.3.3 Custom Designs
594(2)
13.8.4 Gripper Systems
596(2)
13.9 Development Trends
598(4)
References
602(3)
14 Production Control Technology
605(34)
14.1 Corporate Structure in the CIM Environment
608(5)
14.1.1 CIM Components
608(1)
14.1.1.1 ERP
609(1)
14.1.1.2 CAD
610(1)
14.1.1.3 CAPandCAM
611(1)
14.1.1.4 CAQ
611(1)
14.1.2 Automated Production
611(1)
14.1.3 Level Model of an Industrial Manufacturing Business
611(2)
14.2 Corporate Level
613(3)
14.2.1 ERP Systems
613(1)
14.2.1.1 Functionalities of an ERP System
614(1)
14.2.1.2 Modularity of ERP Systems
615(1)
14.2.1.3 Introducing an ERP System
615(1)
14.2.1.4 Current Developments in ERP Systems
616(1)
14.3 Operations Command Level
616(14)
14.3.1 Manufacturing Execution Systems
616(1)
14.3.1.1 MES Tasks
617(1)
14.3.1.2 Variants and Types of Systems
617(1)
14.3.2 Manufacturing Control Systems
618(1)
14.3.2.1 Technical System Concepts
618(1)
14.3.2.2 DNC (Distributed Numerical Control)
619(1)
14.3.2.3 Material Flow Control
620(1)
14.3.2.4 Organization of Production Resources
621(2)
14.3.2.5 Production Data Acquisition and Processing
623(5)
14.3.3 Communication in Control Technology
628(1)
14.3.3.1 Communication Segments in the Manufacturing Sector
628(2)
14.3.3.2 Software Interfaces
630(1)
14.4 Process Command Level
630(3)
14.4.1 Electronic Control Station
630(1)
14.4.1.1 Tasks of Shop Floor Control Systems
630(1)
14.4.2 Production Control Computers
631(1)
14.4.2.1 Functional Scope of Production Control Computers
631(2)
14.4.3 SCADA Systems
633(1)
14.4.3.1 Tasks
633(1)
14.4.3.2 Concepts
633(1)
14.5 Smart Automation Lab: Industry 4.0 Research Laboratory
633(4)
14.5.1 Product-Centric Control
634(1)
14.5.2 Plug & Produce
635(1)
14.5.3 Cognitive Assembly
635(2)
References
637(2)
15 Engineering
639(41)
15.1 Software development
641(7)
15.1.1 Development models
641(1)
15.1.1.1 Waterfall model
641(1)
15.1.1.2 V-model
642(1)
15.1.1.3 Agile software development
642(2)
15.1.2 Development phases
644(1)
15.1.2.1 Planning phase
644(1)
15.1.2.2 Definition phase
644(1)
15.1.2.3 Design phase
644(1)
15.1.2.4 Implementation phase
644(3)
15.1.2.5 Acceptance and introduction phase
647(1)
15.1.2.6 Maintenance and support phase
648(1)
15.1.3 Model-driven software development
648(1)
15.2 Electrical design on machine tools
648(28)
15.2.1 Introduction
648(2)
15.2.2 Functions of electrical design in machine tools
650(1)
15.2.2.1 Provision of power
650(1)
15.2.2.2 Realization of control functions
650(1)
15.2.2.3 Protective functions for personnel and the system
650(2)
15.2.3 Interaction between the electrical and mechanical designs
652(1)
15.2.3.1 Interface between the electrical and mechanical designs
652(1)
15.2.3.2 Communication tool for specifying the functions of a machine tool
653(2)
15.2.4 Components and methods in electrical design
655(1)
15.2.4.1 Standards and regulations for the electrical design of machine tools
655(1)
15.2.4.2 Criteria for selecting components
656(1)
15.2.4.3 Circuitry documents
657(2)
15.2.4.4 Circuitry documents for a lathe as an example
659(2)
15.2.4.5 Methods in electrical design
661(2)
15.2.5 Practicable integration of electrical components into machine tools
663(1)
15.2.5.1 Energy supply
663(1)
15.2.5.2 Electrical components in machine tools
664(3)
15.2.5.3 Operator interface
667(2)
15.2.5.4 Safety devices
669(1)
15.2.5.5 Electrical cabinet design
670(6)
References
676(4)
Supplementary Information
Formelzeichenverzeichnis 680(11)
Index 691
Prof. Christian Brecher was elected as university professor for the Chair of Machine Tools at the Laboratory for Machine Tools and Production Engineering (WZL) of the RWTH Aachen University in 2004. He is also a member of the board of directors of the Laboratory for Machine Tools and Production Engineering (WZL) and of the Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology (IPT), Aachen. He focuses on machine, transmission and control technology. Since 2012, as a co-founding member together with Prof. Hopmann, Prof. Brecher is head of the Aachen Center for Integrative Lightweight Production (AZL) of the RWTH Aachen University. Since 2018, Prof. Brecher has been head of the Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology (IPT). Since 2019, he has been the spokesperson for the Internet of Production Cluster of Excellence at the RWTH Aachen University.



Prof. em. Dr.-Ing. Dr.-Ing. E. h. Dr.-Ing. E.h. Manfred Weck was head of the Chair of Machine Tools at the Laboratory for Machine Tools and Production Engineering (WZL) of the RWTH Aachen University from 1973 to 2004. Since its foundation in 1980 until 2004, he was also Director and Head of the Department for Production Machines of the Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology (IPT), Aachen. He founded the AiF Research Community Ultrapräzisionstechnik e.V. (Ultraprecision technology) in 1988. Over the years, Prof. Weck received various honors and awards, amongst them the SME Frederick W. Taylor Research Medal in 2007 and the Acceptance into the Hall of Fame of the Manager Magazine in 2015. Furthermore, Prof. Weck received the Aachen Engineering Prize in 2017, honoring him for his lifes work.
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