Introduction |
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vii | |
Contributors |
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ix | |
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Section I Production of Macroporous Polymers |
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Production of Macroporous Polymeric Materials by Phase Separation Polymerization |
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3 | (20) |
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3 | (1) |
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Formation Mechanism of Macroporous Structures |
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4 | (5) |
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Properties versus Preparation Conditions of Macroporous Materials |
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9 | (9) |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (4) |
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Production and Properties of Cryogels by Radical Polymerization |
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23 | (26) |
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23 | (1) |
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Concept of Cryogel Formation via Free-Radical Polymerization at Subzero Temperatures |
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24 | (12) |
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Freezing Rate and Freezing Temperature |
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25 | (4) |
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Concentration and Composition of Gel Precursors in the Initial Reaction Mixture |
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29 | (4) |
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The Effect of Initiator Content on Cryogel Porous Structure |
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33 | (2) |
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Influence of Solvent on Porous Structure of Cryogels |
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35 | (1) |
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Control over the Free-Radical Polymerization at Subzero Temperatures |
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36 | (3) |
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Preparation of Macroporous Cryogels with Controlled Degradability via Free-Radical Polymerization |
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39 | (2) |
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Preparation of Functionalized Cryogels via Free-Radical Polymerization |
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41 | (1) |
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Main Applications for Macroporous Cryogels Prepared via Free-Radical Polymerization |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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43 | (6) |
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Macroporous Polymer Scaffolds through Leaching Processes |
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49 | (34) |
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50 | (2) |
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Leaching Processes for the Fabrication of Macroporous Solids |
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52 | (1) |
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Porogen Embedding-Composite Leaching (PE/CL) Techniques |
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53 | (10) |
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Solvent Casting-Particulate Leaching (SC/PL) and Derived Techniques |
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53 | (5) |
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PE/CL with Controlled Porogen Assembly or Porogen Fusion |
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58 | (4) |
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Compression-Melt Molding: Porogen Embedding without Organic Solvents |
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62 | (1) |
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Porogen Dispersion-Composite Leaching and Solidification (PD/CLS) Techniques |
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63 | (3) |
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Combined Techniques Involving Leaching Processes |
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66 | (3) |
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Combinations of Leaching with Freeze-Drying or Phase Separation Processes |
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66 | (1) |
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Combinations of Porogen Bonding, Freeze-Drying and Porogen Leaching |
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67 | (1) |
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Combinations of Gas Foaming and Particulate Leaching |
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67 | (1) |
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Combinations of Gas Foaming and Particulate Leaching |
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67 | (1) |
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Anisotropic Macroporous Solids through Leaching Processes |
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68 | (1) |
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Polymeric Materials Processed by Leaching Techniques |
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69 | (2) |
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Synthetic Linear Polymers |
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69 | (1) |
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Synthetic Cross-Linked Polymer Networks |
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70 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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Trends in Macroporous Solid Fabrication by Leaching Processes |
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71 | (2) |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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74 | (9) |
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Production and Properties of Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) Cryogels: Recent Developments |
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83 | (34) |
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83 | (2) |
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Extending the Compositional Nature of PVA Cryogels |
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85 | (12) |
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Cryogels from PVA Solutions Containing Organic Additives |
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85 | (1) |
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Cryogels from PVA-Based Blend Solutions |
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86 | (2) |
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Cryogels from PVA-Based Hybrids and Composites Colloidal Suspensions |
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88 | (3) |
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Cryogels from PVA Solutions Containing Biological Entities (Proteins, Enzymes and Microorganisms) |
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91 | (3) |
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Functionalized PVA Cryogels |
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94 | (3) |
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Morphology Control in Ice-Templating Processes |
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97 | (10) |
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PVA Cryogels Obtained by Unidirectional Freezing and Freeze-Drying |
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101 | (2) |
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Applications in Biotechnology and Drug Delivery |
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103 | (4) |
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107 | (3) |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (7) |
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Preparation of Polylactide Scaffolds |
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117 | (14) |
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Tissue Engineering and Biodegradable Polymer Scaffolds |
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117 | (2) |
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Introduction to Polylactide |
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119 | (1) |
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The Preparation of PLA Scaffolds |
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120 | (6) |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (3) |
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126 | (1) |
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Scaffold Fabrication with Computer-Aided Design |
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126 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (4) |
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Macroporous Polysaccharide Gels |
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131 | (24) |
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131 | (3) |
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Preparation of Macroporous Polysaccharide Gels via Chemical Cross-Linking |
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134 | (1) |
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Preparation of Macroporous Polysaccharide Gels via Freeze-Drying |
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134 | (3) |
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Preparation of Macroporous Polysaccharide Gels via Freeze-Extraction (Solvent-Exchange Phase Separation, SEPS) |
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137 | (1) |
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Macroporous Polysaccharide Gels Prepared via Compression Molding/Solvent Casting---Particle Leaching |
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137 | (2) |
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Preparation of Macroporous Polysaccharides via Double Emulsification Procedure |
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139 | (1) |
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In Silu Forming Gels of Polysaccharides |
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139 | (1) |
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Preparation of Polysaccharide Macroporous Gels via Cryogelation (Polysaccharide Cryogels) |
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140 | (10) |
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Physically Cross-Linked Polysaccharide Cryogels |
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141 | (3) |
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Chemically Cross-Linked Polysaccharide Cryogels |
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144 | (1) |
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Macroporous Polysaccharide Cryogels with Pores up to 200 um in Size |
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144 | (1) |
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Agarose Macroporous Cryogels |
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145 | (2) |
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Alginate Macroporous Cryogels |
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147 | (1) |
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Chitosan Macroporous Cryogels |
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148 | (1) |
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Dextran Macroporous Cryogels |
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148 | (2) |
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Conclusion and Future Perspectives |
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150 | (1) |
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150 | (5) |
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Superporous Agarose Gels: Production, Properties, and Applications |
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155 | (24) |
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155 | (2) |
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Preparation of Superporous Gels |
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157 | (4) |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (2) |
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Superporous Composite Gels |
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160 | (1) |
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Characterization of Superporous Gels |
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161 | (5) |
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Microscopy Characterization |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (3) |
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Chromatographic Characterization Height Equivalent to a Theoretical Plate (HETP) |
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165 | (1) |
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Derivatization of Superporous Gels |
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166 | (1) |
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Applications of Superporous Agarose |
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166 | (10) |
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Superporous Agarose for Protein Separation |
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168 | (2) |
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Superporous Agarose for Plasmid Isolation |
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170 | (2) |
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172 | (1) |
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Superporous Agarose Applications in Bioanalysis and Biosensors |
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172 | (3) |
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Superporous Agarose Employed as Internally Cooled Electrophoresis Gels |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (2) |
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Fast-Responsive Macroporous Hydrogels |
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179 | (32) |
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179 | (2) |
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Super Water-Absorbent Polymers (SAPs) |
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181 | (1) |
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182 | (2) |
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Responsive Macroporous Hydrogels |
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184 | (1) |
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Development of Superporous Hydrogels (SPHs) |
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185 | (1) |
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The First Generation SPHs: Conventional SPHs |
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186 | (2) |
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The Second Generation SPHs: SPH Composites |
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188 | (1) |
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The Third Generation SPHs: SPH Hybrids |
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189 | (3) |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (2) |
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195 | (1) |
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SPH Safety and Nontoxicity |
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195 | (1) |
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Hydrogel Characterization |
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196 | (1) |
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196 | (4) |
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200 | (2) |
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202 | (1) |
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202 | (9) |
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Section II Characterization of Macroporous Polymers |
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Characterization of Macroporous Gels |
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211 | (26) |
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211 | (3) |
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Determination of the Porosity by Gravimetric Methods |
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214 | (12) |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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Scanning Electron Microscopy |
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218 | (3) |
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X-Ray Microcomputer Tomography |
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221 | (1) |
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) |
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222 | (1) |
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Light Microscopy and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy |
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222 | (2) |
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224 | (2) |
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Determination of the Nanoporous Structure of Hydrogels using 1H NMR Spectroscopy and Thermally Stimulated Depolarization (TSD) |
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226 | (3) |
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228 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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230 | (7) |
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Macroporous Polymeric Materials: Synthetic Strategies and Morphological Characterizations |
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237 | (30) |
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237 | (1) |
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Applications of Macroporous Materials |
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238 | (2) |
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238 | (1) |
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239 | (1) |
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Chromatographic Support Materials |
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239 | (1) |
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239 | (1) |
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Desired Characteristics of Macroporous Materials |
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240 | (2) |
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Synthesis of Macroporous Polymers |
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242 | (8) |
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Macroporous Polymer Foams Produced by Hydrocarbon Templating |
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242 | (1) |
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Macroporous Polymers Produced by Radiation |
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243 | (1) |
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Surfactant Reverse Micelles Swelling Method |
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244 | (1) |
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Solid Freeform Fabrication (SFF) Technique |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (2) |
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247 | (1) |
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Comparative Limitations of SFF Techniques |
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248 | (1) |
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Thermally Induced Phase Separation Method |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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Morphology of Macroporous Polymers |
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250 | (8) |
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Current Challenges and Future Prospects |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (8) |
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Section III Application of Macroporous Polymers |
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Macroporous Gels for Isolation of Small Molecules from the Solutions Containing Suspended Material |
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267 | (24) |
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267 | (14) |
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Supermacroporous Cryogel Media |
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268 | (1) |
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Cryogels with Decreased Pore Sizes |
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269 | (4) |
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Grafting Polymer Chains to the Pore Surface of Cryogel Monoliths |
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273 | (3) |
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Double-Freezing Approach to Form the Macroporous Systems with Controlled Porosity and Increased Capacity |
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276 | (2) |
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Macroporous Composites Systems |
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278 | (3) |
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Macroporous Cryogels in Protective Shells |
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281 | (5) |
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286 | (1) |
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286 | (5) |
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Monolithic Macroporous Polymers as Chromatographic Matrices |
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291 | (44) |
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291 | (3) |
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294 | (6) |
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294 | (3) |
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297 | (3) |
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Oligo and Polynucleotides |
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300 | (4) |
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304 | (7) |
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311 | (5) |
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Monolith Characterization |
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316 | (9) |
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325 | (1) |
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326 | (9) |
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Chromatographic Separation of Plasmid DNA Using Macroporous Beads |
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335 | (28) |
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Duarte M. de Franca Prazeres |
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335 | (2) |
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Plasmid Biopharmaceuticals |
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335 | (2) |
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Downstream Processing of Plasmids |
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337 | (1) |
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337 | (1) |
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337 | (1) |
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Intermediate Purification |
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338 | (1) |
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338 | (1) |
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338 | (5) |
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338 | (1) |
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339 | (2) |
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Plasmid Diffusion Coefficients |
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341 | (2) |
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343 | (14) |
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343 | (1) |
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344 | (5) |
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349 | (1) |
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349 | (4) |
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Diffusion and Convection in Superpores |
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353 | (2) |
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355 | (2) |
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357 | (1) |
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357 | (1) |
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358 | (5) |
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Cryogels as Matrices for Cell Separation and Cell Cultivation |
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363 | (42) |
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363 | (2) |
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Affinity Cryogels for Cell Separation |
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365 | (11) |
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Recovery of Bound Cells by Mechanical Compression of a Cryogel |
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376 | (4) |
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Cryogel Scaffolds: Tissue Engineering Applications |
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380 | (8) |
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Cryogels in a High Throughput Screening Format for Cell-Based Assays |
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388 | (5) |
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Extracorporeal Medical Devices |
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393 | (1) |
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Cryogel Bioreactors for Production of Therapeutic Proteins |
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393 | (5) |
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398 | (1) |
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398 | (7) |
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Macroporous Polymeric Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications |
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405 | (62) |
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405 | (5) |
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3-D Macroporous Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering |
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410 | (18) |
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Cartilage Tissue Engineering |
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410 | (6) |
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416 | (7) |
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423 | (5) |
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Skin Substitutes under Development |
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428 | (1) |
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429 | (1) |
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430 | (4) |
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Neural Tissue Engineering |
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432 | (2) |
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Peripheral Nerve Regeneration |
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434 | (4) |
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Central Nervous System (CNS) |
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438 | (3) |
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441 | (4) |
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Extracorporeal Artificial Organs (EAO) |
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444 | (1) |
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Bioartificial Liver Devices |
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445 | (2) |
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447 | (1) |
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448 | (1) |
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448 | (19) |
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Polymeric Scaffolds for Regenerative Medicine |
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467 | (30) |
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468 | (1) |
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Biomaterials in Tissue Engineering |
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468 | (1) |
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468 | (6) |
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Ring Opening Polymerization (ROP) |
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468 | (2) |
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The Coordination-Insertion Mechansism |
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470 | (1) |
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The Importance and Control of Stereochemistry |
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471 | (1) |
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Selection of the Initiator |
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472 | (2) |
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474 | (1) |
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474 | (8) |
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Scaffold Fabrication Techniques |
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475 | (1) |
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475 | (5) |
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480 | (1) |
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480 | (2) |
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Scaffold Surface Modification |
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482 | (4) |
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Improving Cell Culture on Polymers |
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482 | (1) |
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Adsorption of Serum Proteins |
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482 | (1) |
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Methods of Scaffold Modification |
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483 | (1) |
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483 | (1) |
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483 | (1) |
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Hydrolysis and Aminolysis |
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484 | (1) |
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Electrostatic Self-Assembly |
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484 | (1) |
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485 | (1) |
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Adsorption of Bioactive Molecules |
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486 | (1) |
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Covalent Attachment of Bioactive Molecules |
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486 | (1) |
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Bioreactors for Polymeric Scaffolds |
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486 | (2) |
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488 | (1) |
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489 | (8) |
Index |
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497 | |