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E-raamat: Malayalam

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(University of Edinburgh, UK)
  • Formaat: 520 pages
  • Sari: Descriptive Grammars
  • Ilmumisaeg: 11-Oct-2013
  • Kirjastus: Routledge
  • ISBN-13: 9781136100840
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MalayalamSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 520 pages
  • Sari: Descriptive Grammars
  • Ilmumisaeg: 11-Oct-2013
  • Kirjastus: Routledge
  • ISBN-13: 9781136100840
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Malayalam is one of the four major Dravidian languages spoken principally in the southern part of India. It has a recorded history of eight centuries and is spoken by more than thirty million people on the Malabar coast of southern India
This is the first detailed description of Malayalam, providing an in-depth analysis of the linguistic richness of this language.
Preface xv
Abbreviations xvii
Transcription xix
Map of India xx
Map of Kerala xxi
Introduction xxiii
Chapter 1 Syntax 1(190)
1.1 General questions
1(95)
1.1.1 Sentence types
2(38)
1.1.1.1 Direct and indirect speech
2(5)
1.1.1.2 Interrogative sentences
7(25)
1.1.1.2.1 Yes-no questions
7(5)
1.1.1.2.2 Question word questions
12(10)
1.1.1.2.3 Echo questions
22(4)
1.1.1.2.4 Answers
26(6)
1.1.1.3 Imperative sentences
32(4)
1.1.1.4 Other sentence-types
36(1)
1.1.1.5 Indirect speech acts
37(3)
1.1.2 Subordination
40(56)
1.1.2.1 General markers of subordination
40(1)
1.1.2.2 Noun clauses
41(11)
1.1.2.3 Adjective clauses (relative clauses)
52(23)
1.1.2.4 Adverb clauses
75(21)
1.1.2.5 Sequence of tenses
96(1)
1.2 Structural questions
96(37)
1.2.1 Internal structure of the sentence
96(20)
1.2.1.1 Copular sentences
96(9)
1.2.1.2 Verbal sentences
105(4)
1.2.1.3 Adverbials
109(7)
1.2.2 Adjective phrase
116(3)
1.2.2.1 Definition
116(1)
1.2.2.2 Adjectivals with arguments
117(1)
1.2.2.3 Adverbial modification of adjectives
117(2)
1.2.3 Adverbial phrase
119(1)
1.2.3.1 Definition
119(1)
1.2.3.2 Modifiers of adverbs
119(1)
1.2.4 Postpositional phrase
120(3)
1.2.4.1 Definition
120(1)
1.2.4.2 Arguments of postpositions
121(1)
1.2.4.3 Modifiers of postpositions
122(1)
1.2.4.4 Cases governed by postpositions
122(1)
1.2.5 Noun phrase
123(10)
1.2.5.1 Definition
123(1)
1.2.5.2 Modifiers in noun phrases
123(5)
1.2.5.3 Co-occurrence of modifiers
128(2)
1.2.5.4 Combinations of types of modifier
130(1)
1.2.5.5 Order of constituents of noun phrase
131(2)
1.3 Coordination
133(18)
1.3.1.1 Coordination of sentences
133(8)
1.3.1.2 Number of coordinators in relation to number of elements coordinated
141(1)
1.3.1.3 Coordination of major categories of sentence
142(1)
1.3.1.4 Coordination and accompaniment
143(5)
1.3.1.5 Structural parallelism and coordination
148(2)
1.3.2 Omission of elements of sentence under coordination
150(1)
1.4 Negation
151(5)
1.4.1 Sentence negation
151(2)
1.4.1.1 Negation of copular sentences
151(1)
1.4.1.2 Negation of verbal sentences
152(1)
1.4.2 Constituent negation
153(1)
1.4.3 Multiple negatives
154(1)
1.4.4 Negation in coordinated structures
155(1)
1.4.5 Negation in subordinate and higher clauses
155(1)
1.4.6 Universal negation
156(1)
1.5 Anaphora
156(6)
1.5.1 Means of expressing anaphora
156(4)
1.5.1.1-2 Deletion
156(1)
1.5.1.3 Personal pronoun
157(1)
1.5.1.4 Reflexive pronoun
158(1)
1.5.1.5 Nonpronominal reflexives
159(1)
1.5.2 Domains of anaphora
160(2)
1.5.2.1 Within the clause
160(1)
1.5.2.2 Between coordinate structures
160(1)
1.5.2.3 Between superordinate and subordinate clauses
161(1)
1.6 Reflexives
162(6)
1.6.1 Means of expressing reflexivity
162(4)
1.6.1.1 Invariable forms
162(1)
1.6.1.2 Variable reflexive pronoun
163(2)
1.6.1.3 Verbal affix
165(1)
1.6.1.4 Other means
166(1)
1.6.2-3 Scope of reflexivity
166(1)
1.6.4 Position of the reflexive
166(1)
1.6.5 Relations between antecedent and reflexive
166(1)
1.6.6 Reflexive relations within nominalised clauses
167(1)
1.6.7 Reflexive relations within noun phrases
167(1)
1.6.8 Reflexive structures without antecedent
167(1)
1.6.9 Other uses of reflexive forms
167(1)
1.7 Reciprocals
168(1)
1.8 Comparison
169(3)
1.8.1 Means of expressing comparison
169(1)
1.8.1.1-2 Comparative element
169(1)
1.8.1.3 Comparative postposition associated with standard of comparison
169(1)
1.8.1.4 Other means of expressing comparison
170(1)
1.8.2-4 Omission of identical elements in comparative structures
170(1)
1.8.6 Correlative structures
171(1)
1.8.7 Superlatives
171(1)
1.9 Equatives
172(1)
1.10 Possession
173(3)
1.10.1 Sentence types expressing possession
173(2)
1.10.1.1 Possessive noun phrases
173(1)
1.10.1.2 Y is X's
174(1)
1.10.1.3 X has Y
174(1)
1.10.2 Alienable and inalienable possession
175(1)
1.10.3 Temporary and permanent possession
175(1)
1.10.4 Possession relative to different types of entity
176(1)
1.10.5 Present and past possession
176(1)
1.11 Emphasis
176(7)
1.11.1 Sentence emphasis
176(1)
1.11.2 Constituent emphasis
177(5)
1.11.3 Focus of yes-no questions
182(1)
1.12 Topic
183(2)
1.13-14 Heavy shift and other movement rules
185(1)
1.15 Minor sentence types
186(3)
1.16 Operational definitions for word classes
189(2)
1.16.1 Noun
189(1)
1.16.2 Pronoun
189(1)
1.16.3 Verb
189(1)
1.16.4 Adjective
189(1)
1.16.5 Postposition
190(1)
1.16.6 Numeral/quantifier
190(1)
1.16.7 Particle
190(1)
Chapter 2 Morphology 191(214)
2.1 Inflection
191(191)
2.1.1 Noun inflection
191(64)
2.1.1.1 Means use to express functions of noun phrases
191(6)
2.1.1.2 Expression of syntactic functions
197(12)
2.1.1.3 Syntactic functions in nonfinite constructions
209(1)
2.1.1.4 Nonlocal semantic functions
209(16)
2.1.1.5 Location in space
225(12)
2.1.1.6 Location in time
237(11)
2.1.1.7 Double case marking
248(1)
2.1.1.8 Number marking
248(3)
2.1.1.9 Noun classes
251(2)
2.1.1.10 Definiteness in noun phrase
253(1)
2.1.1.11 Indefiniteness in noun phrase
254(1)
2.1.1.12 Referential and nonreferential indefiniteness
254(1)
2.1.1.13 Genericness
255(1)
2.1.1.14 Degree of importance of actors
255(1)
2.1.2 Pronouns
255(13)
2.1.2.1 Personal pronouns
255(9)
2.1.2.2 Reflexive pronouns
264(1)
2.1.2.3 Reciprocal pronouns
265(1)
2.1.2.4 Possessive pronouns
265(1)
2.1.2.5 Demonstrative pronouns
266(1)
2.1.2.6 Interrogative pronouns and other questions words
267(1)
2.1.2.7 Relative pronouns
268(1)
2.1.3 Verb morphology
268(81)
2.1.3.1 Voice
268(18)
2.1.3.2 Tense
286(5)
2.1.3.3 Aspect
291(13)
2.1.3.4 Mood
304(10)
2.1.3.5 Finite and nonfinite forms
314(34)
2.1.3.6 Features coded in the verb
348(1)
2.1.3.7 Strings of verbs
349(1)
2.1.4 Adjectives
349(11)
2.1.4.1 Attributive and predicative
350(5)
2.1.4.2 Absolute and contingent state
355(1)
2.1.4.3 Agreement of adjectives
356(1)
2.1.4.4 Comparison of adjectives
356(2)
2.1.4.5 Degrees of a quality
358(2)
2.1.4.6 Predicative adjectives and verbal categories
360(1)
2.1.5 Postpositions
360(1)
2.1.6 Numerals and quantifiers
361(15)
2.1.6.1 Forms of numerals
361(3)
2.1.6.2 Cardinal numbers as attributes
364(1)
2.1.6.3 Counting different kinds of objects
364(1)
2.1.6.4 Ordinal numbers
364(1)
2.1.6.5 Derivatives of numerals
365(2)
2.1.6.6 Quantifiers
367(9)
2.1.7 Adverbs
376(3)
2.1.7.1 Comparison
376(2)
2.1.7.2 Degrees of a quality
378(1)
2.1.8 Clitics
379(3)
2.1.8.1 Types of clitic elements
379(2)
2.1.8.2 Positions occupied by clitics
381(1)
2.1.8.3 Relative order of clitics
382(1)
2.2 Derivational morphology
382(23)
2.2.1 Derived nouns
383(5)
2.2.1.1 Nouns from nouns
383(1)
2.2.1.2 Nouns from verbs
384(3)
2.2.1.3 Nouns from adjectives
387(1)
2.2.1.4 Nouns from adverbs and other categories
388(1)
2.2.2 Derived verbs
388(2)
2.2.2.1 Verbs from nouns
389(1)
2.2.2.2 Verbs from verbs
389(1)
2.2.2.3-5 Verbs from other categories
389(1)
2.2.3 Derived adjectives
390(1)
2.2.3.1 Adjectives from nouns
390(1)
2.2.3.2 Adjectives from verbs
390(1)
2.2.3.3 Adjectives from adjectives
391(1)
2.2.3.4 Adjectives from other categories
391(1)
2.2.4 Derived adverbs
391(1)
2.2.4.1 Adverbs from nouns
391(1)
2.2.4.2-4 Adverbs from verbs, adjectives or adverbs
391(1)
2.2.4.5 Adverbs from other categories
392(1)
2.2.6 Compounding
392(14)
2.2.6.1 Complex postpositions
392(1)
2.2.6.2 Simple derived postpositions
393(2)
2.2.6.3 Compound morphology
395(10)
Chapter 3 Phonology 405(42)
3.1 Phonological units (segmental)
406(16)
3.1.1 Distinctive segments
406(1)
3.1.1.1 Consonants
406(1)
3.1.1.3 Vowels
406(1)
3.1.2 Realisation of segmental elements
407(15)
3.1.2.1 Nonsyllabics
407(13)
3.1.2.2 Syllabics
420(1)
3.1.2.3 Restriction of phonological segments to loanwords
421(1)
3.1.2.4 Restriction of phonological segments by word classes
422(1)
3.2 Phonotactics
422(10)
3.2.1 Occurrence of simple nonsyllabic segments
422(1)
3.2.1.1 Word-final consonants
422(1)
3.2.1.2 Word-initial consonants
423(1)
3.2.2 Consonant clusters
423(4)
3.2.2.1 Occurrence of consonant clusters
423(1)
3.2.2.2 Possible consonant clusters
424(3)
3.2.3 Distribution of vowels
427(1)
3.2.3.1 Word-final vowels
427(1)
3.2.3.2 Word-initial and word-medial vowels
427(1)
3.2.3.3 Sequences of vowels
428(1)
3.2.4 The structure of lexical morphemes
428(1)
3.2.5 Syllable structure
428(3)
3.2.5.1 Assignment of medial units to syllables
428(2)
3.2.5.2 Canonical syllable type
430(1)
3.2.6 Restrictions between adjacent consonants and vowels
431(1)
3.2.6.1 Word-initial consonants and following vowel
431(1)
3.2.6.2 Word/syllable-final units and preceding vowels
431(1)
3.2.6.3 Syllable-initial and syllable-final units
431(1)
3.2.6.4 Vowel harmony
431(1)
3.2.6.5 Consonant harmony
431(1)
3.2.6.6 Other restrictions
432(1)
3.2.6.7 Phonotactic patterns in different word classes
432(1)
3.3 Suprasegmentals
432(6)
3.3.1 Degrees of length in segments
432(3)
3.3.1.1 Vowels
432(1)
3.3.1.2 Other syllabics
433(1)
3.3.1.3 Glides/semivowels
433(1)
3.3.1.4 Liquids
433(1)
3.3.1.5 Nasals
433(1)
3.3.1.6 Fricatives
434(1)
3.3.1.7 Stops and affricates
435(1)
3.3.2 Stress
435(1)
3.3.2.1 The role played by stress
436(1)
3.3.2.2 The nature of stress
436(1)
3.3.3 Pitch
436(1)
3.3.4 Intonation
436(2)
3.3.4.1 Main types of intonation pattern
437(1)
3.3.4.2 Intonation peaks
437(1)
3.3.4.3 Emphatic intonation
437(1)
3.4 Morphophonology (segmental)
438(7)
3.4.1.1 Assimilatory processes
438(2)
3.4.1.2 Dissimilation
440(1)
3.4.1.3 Alternation between segments
440(1)
3.4.2 Metathesis
440(1)
3.4.3 Coalescence and split
440(1)
3.4.4 Deletion and insertion
440(3)
3.4.4.1 Deletion
440(2)
3.4.4.2 Insertion
442(1)
3.4.5 Reduplication
443(1)
3.4.6 Reduced forms in casual speech
443(2)
3.5 Morphonology (suprasegmental)
445(2)
3.5.1 Stress
445(1)
3.5.2 Tonal structure
446(1)
Chapter 4 Ideophones And Interjections 447(4)
4.1 Ideophones
447(2)
4.2 Interjections
449(2)
Chapter 5 Lexicon 451(20)
5.1 Structured semantic fields
451(14)
5.1.1 Kinship
451(3)
5.1.2 Colour terminology
454(2)
5.1.3 Body parts
456(2)
5.1.4 Cooking terminology
458(6)
5.1.5 Clothing
464(1)
5.2 Basic vocabulary
465(6)
Bibliography 471(10)
General Index 481(6)
Malayalam Index 487
R.E. Asher was Vice-Principal of the University of Edinburgh, where he held the Chair of Linguistics. In 1983 Fellowship of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi was conferred on him for services to Malayalam language and literature.



T. C. Kumari was Professor and Head of the Department of English, Little Flower College, Guruvayoor, Kerala.
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