Foreword |
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xi | |
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1 The Problem of Marine Plastic Debris |
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1 | (56) |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (7) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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1.2.7 Coastal Areas and Harbors |
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7 | (1) |
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1.2.8 Lakes, Rivers, Waterways |
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8 | (1) |
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1.3 Origin of Marine Plastic Debris |
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9 | (5) |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (3) |
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1.4 Types of Plastic Debris |
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14 | (9) |
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1.4.1 Macroplastic Debris |
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14 | (6) |
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20 | (2) |
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22 | (1) |
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1.5 Condition of Plastic Debris |
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23 | (7) |
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1.5.1 Floating Plastic Debris |
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23 | (2) |
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1.5.2 Submerged Plastic Debris |
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25 | (1) |
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1.5.3 Beach Plastic Debris |
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26 | (4) |
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1.6 Identity of Plastic Debris |
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30 | (27) |
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30 | (6) |
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36 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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1.6.4 Acrylonitrile--Butadiene--Styrene |
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37 | (1) |
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1.6.5 Styrene--Acrylonitrile |
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37 | (1) |
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1.6.6 Poly(vinyl chloride) |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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1.6.8 Aromatic Polyesters |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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1.6.11 Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (12) |
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52 | (5) |
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2 Environmental, Social, and Economic Impacts |
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57 | (70) |
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2.1 Environmental Impacts |
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57 | (18) |
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58 | (2) |
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60 | (5) |
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65 | (1) |
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2.1.4 Loss of Biodiversity and Habitat |
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65 | (2) |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (8) |
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2.2 Social--Economic Impacts |
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75 | (52) |
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75 | (2) |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (17) |
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94 | (1) |
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94 | (16) |
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110 | (17) |
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3 Degradation of Plastics in the Marine Environment |
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127 | (16) |
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3.1 Environmental Degradation Modes |
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127 | (2) |
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3.2 Hydrolytic Degradation |
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129 | (1) |
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3.3 Thermooxidative Degradation |
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130 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (4) |
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134 | (1) |
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3.6 Mechanical Degradation |
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135 | (1) |
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3.7 Combined Degradation Processes |
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136 | (7) |
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138 | (5) |
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143 | (72) |
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4.1 Tracking and Monitoring |
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143 | (13) |
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4.1.1 Floating Plastic Debris |
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144 | (4) |
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4.1.2 Submerged Plastic Debris |
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148 | (2) |
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4.1.3 Beach Plastic Debris |
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150 | (5) |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (5) |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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4.2.6 Differential Scanning Calorimetry |
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159 | (1) |
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4.2.7 Infrared Spectroscopy |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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4.2.10 Solid Phase Microextraction |
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161 | (1) |
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4.3 Collection and Removal |
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161 | (54) |
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4.3.1 Cleaning Shorelines and Beaches |
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161 | (8) |
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4.3.2 Removal of Floating Plastic Debris |
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169 | (21) |
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4.3.3 Removal of Submerged Plastic Debris |
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190 | (7) |
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197 | (10) |
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207 | (8) |
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215 | (102) |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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5.2.1 Enzymatic Decomposition |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (6) |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (5) |
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5.4 Mechanical and/or Physical Treatments |
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223 | (26) |
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224 | (8) |
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232 | (16) |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (19) |
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5.5.1 Monomerization and/or Oligomerization |
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250 | (1) |
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5.5.2 Thermal Decomposition |
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251 | (17) |
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5.6 Treatment of Marine Waste on Board of a Ship |
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268 | (22) |
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5.6.1 Treatment of Recovered Marine Plastic Waste on Board of a Ship |
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268 | (6) |
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5.6.2 Treatment of Plastic Waste Generated on Board of a Ship |
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274 | (12) |
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5.6.3 Treatment of Plastic-Containing Waste Generated in Land on Board of a Ship |
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286 | (4) |
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5.7 Business Opportunities |
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290 | (27) |
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292 | (4) |
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296 | (21) |
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6 Prevention and Mitigation |
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317 | (44) |
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317 | (1) |
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6.2 Debris Capture Technologies |
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318 | (1) |
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318 | (1) |
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6.2.2 In-Line and End-of-Pipe Debris Capture Systems |
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318 | (1) |
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6.2.3 Open-Water Debris-Capture Systems |
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319 | (1) |
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6.3 Debris Reduction Technologies |
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319 | (3) |
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6.3.1 Derelict Fishing Gear |
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319 | (3) |
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6.4 Use of Alternative Materials |
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322 | (16) |
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6.4.1 Water-Soluble Polymers |
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322 | (1) |
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6.4.2 Oxodegradable Polymers |
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322 | (1) |
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6.4.3 Biodegradable Polymers |
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323 | (1) |
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6.4.4 Biodegradable Fishing Gear/Tackle |
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324 | (10) |
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6.4.5 Modification of Nets |
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334 | (2) |
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336 | (2) |
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338 | (6) |
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339 | (1) |
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339 | (2) |
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341 | (2) |
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343 | (1) |
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6.6 Economic Incentives and Disincentives |
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344 | (17) |
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345 | (5) |
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350 | (11) |
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361 | (54) |
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7.1 "Hard Law" Agreements |
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361 | (4) |
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7.2 "Soft Law" Agreements |
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365 | (1) |
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7.3 European Union's Legislation and Policies |
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366 | (3) |
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369 | (10) |
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369 | (1) |
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369 | (4) |
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7.4.3 People's Republic of China |
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373 | (2) |
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375 | (1) |
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376 | (2) |
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378 | (1) |
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378 | (1) |
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7.4.8 United States of America |
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378 | (1) |
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7.5 Specific Marine Plastic Debris |
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379 | (19) |
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379 | (3) |
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382 | (1) |
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383 | (1) |
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384 | (11) |
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7.5.5 Food Plastic Packaging and Tableware |
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395 | (2) |
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397 | (1) |
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7.5.7 Boats of Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Composites |
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398 | (1) |
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398 | (17) |
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399 | (16) |
Index |
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415 | |