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1 | (10) |
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1.1 Background of Research |
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1 | (3) |
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4 | (1) |
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1.3 Research Significance |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (6) |
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8 | (3) |
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11 | (36) |
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2.1 Child Language Study on Mandarin |
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11 | (13) |
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2.1.1 Child Language Study on Mandarin in the International Academia |
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12 | (4) |
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2.1.2 Child Language Study on Mandarin in Singapore |
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16 | (8) |
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2.2 Development of Bilingualism in Children |
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24 | (4) |
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2.2.1 Cognitive Aspect of Bilingual Development |
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24 | (2) |
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2.2.2 Linguistic Aspect of Bilingual Development |
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26 | (1) |
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2.2.3 Communicative Aspect of Bilingual Development |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (4) |
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32 | (4) |
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36 | (4) |
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40 | (7) |
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41 | (6) |
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3 Theoretical Perspectives and Analytical Framework |
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47 | (14) |
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47 | (2) |
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49 | (5) |
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3.2.1 Language Input and Output |
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50 | (2) |
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3.2.2 Dynamic Systems Theory and Language Development |
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52 | (2) |
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3.3 Continuum as a Framework |
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54 | (2) |
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3.4 Hypothetical Framework |
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56 | (5) |
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58 | (3) |
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61 | (22) |
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4.1 Data Source and Sample Demographics |
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61 | (4) |
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65 | (2) |
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4.3 Processing Lexical Diversity |
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67 | (3) |
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4.4 Processing Syntactic Complexity |
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70 | (5) |
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4.5 Processing Code-Switching |
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75 | (2) |
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4.6 Data Description and Analysis |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (5) |
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79 | (4) |
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5 Mandarin Competences Measured by Lexical Diversity |
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83 | (28) |
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5.1 Main Concepts, Approach, and Hypothesis |
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83 | (2) |
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5.2 Number of Different Mandarin Words |
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85 | (3) |
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5.3 Lexical Variation (Root-TTR) |
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88 | (4) |
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5.4 Word-Type Coverage on Parts-of-Speech |
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92 | (3) |
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5.5 Coverage of First 500 Most Frequently Used Words |
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95 | (11) |
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5.5.1 Overview of the First 500 Most Frequently Used Words |
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96 | (3) |
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5.5.2 Home Language Group Comparison of the First 500 Words |
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99 | (7) |
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106 | (5) |
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109 | (2) |
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6 Mandarin Competence Measured by Syntactic Complexity |
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111 | (36) |
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6.1 Main Concepts, Approach, and Hypothesis |
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111 | (3) |
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6.2 Number of Mandarin Utterances |
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114 | (3) |
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6.3 Syntactic Forms of Utterances |
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117 | (5) |
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6.4 Syntactic Features of Utterance |
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122 | (16) |
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6.4.1 Syntactic Features of Single Word Utterance |
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123 | (5) |
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6.4.2 Syntactic Features of Multiple Clause Utterance |
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128 | (10) |
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6.5 Mean Length Utterance (MLU) |
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138 | (4) |
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142 | (5) |
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144 | (3) |
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7 Mandarin Competence Measured by Code-Switching Tendency |
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147 | |
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7.1 Main Concepts, Approach, and Hypothesis |
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147 | (2) |
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7.2 Frequency of Code-Switching |
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149 | (3) |
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7.3 Types of Code-Switching |
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152 | (9) |
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7.3.1 Inter-utterance Code-Switching |
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156 | (3) |
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7.3.2 Intra-utterance Code-Switching |
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159 | (2) |
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7.4 Types of Intra-utterance Code-Switching |
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161 | (7) |
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162 | (2) |
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164 | (3) |
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7.4.3 Congruent Lexicalization |
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167 | (1) |
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7.5 Common Linguistic Categories of Code-Switching |
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168 | (4) |
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172 | |
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174 | (1) |
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8 Conclusions and Implications |
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175 | (1) |
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8.1 Objectives, Hypotheses and Key Findings |
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175 | (4) |
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179 | (4) |
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183 | (3) |
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186 | (2) |
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188 | (2) |
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190 | (5) |
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191 | (4) |
Appendix A Data Collection Tools |
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195 | (8) |
Appendix B Data Processing |
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203 | (20) |
Appendix C Processed Data |
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223 | (32) |
Index |
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255 | |