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E-raamat: Manual on Evaporation and Its Restriction from Free Water Surfaces

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  • ISBN-13: 9781040894798
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Manual on Evaporation and Its Restriction from Free Water SurfacesSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 20-Feb-2026
  • Kirjastus: A A Balkema Publishers
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781040894798
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Many areas of the world are arid or semi-arid. This text looks at the problems caused by the loss of water stored in lakes and reservoirs for irrigation and domestic use by evaporation during the summer months.
Preface iii
Notations ix
1 Natural Evaporation
1(15)
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Factors Affecting Evaporation
1(2)
1.2.1 Vapour Pressure Difference
2(1)
1.2.2 Temperature
2(1)
1.2.3 Wind
2(1)
1.2.4 Atmospheric Pressure
2(1)
1.2.5 Quality of Water
3(1)
1.3 Methods of Determining Evaporation
3(4)
1.3.1 Water Budget or Storage Equation Method
4(2)
1.3.2 Mass Transfer Method
6(1)
1.3.3 Energy Budget Method
6(1)
1.3.4 Pan Measurement
6(1)
1.3.5 Empirical Formulae
7(1)
1.4 Equipments
7(5)
1.4.1 Class A U.S. Weather Bureau Land Pan
7(4)
1.4.2 Colorado Sunken Pan
11(1)
1.4.3 U.S. Bureau of Plant Industry Sunken Pan
11(1)
1.4.4 U.S. Geological Survey Floating Pan
11(1)
1.4.5 Meteorological Instruments
11(1)
1.4.6 Merits and Demerits of Different Pans
11(1)
1.5 Coefficients for Standard Evaporation Pans
12(2)
1.6 Meteorological Station
14(2)
2 Evaporation Control from Reservoirs
16(22)
2.1 Introduction
16(3)
2.1.1 Physical Method
16(2)
2.1.2 Biological Method
18(1)
2.1.3 Chemical Method
19(1)
2.2 Methods of Application
19(2)
2.2.1 In the Form of Suitable Solution
19(1)
2.2.2 In the Form of Fine Powder
20(1)
2.2.3 Emulsion or Suspension
20(1)
2.2.4 Pellets
20(1)
2.3 Comparison of Different Methods
21(1)
2.4 Preparation of N-Long Chain Alcohols
21(1)
2.4.1 Quality of the Materials
22(1)
2.5 Alkoxy Ethanols
22(1)
2.6 Monolayer Properties of Alcohols and Alkoxy Ethanols
23(2)
2.6.1 Film Pressure-area Isotherns (r-A) Isotherms
23(1)
2.6.2 Rate of Spreading and Equilibrium Spreading Pressure
24(1)
2.6.3 Collapse Pressure
24(1)
2.6.4 Mixed Monolayer
25(1)
2.6.5 Formation of Monolayer
25(1)
2.7 Polymorphism
25(1)
2.8 Film Pressure
26(1)
2.9 Effect of Impurities
26(1)
2.10 Effect of Wind
26(1)
2.11 Indicator Oil
27(1)
2.12 Equipments
27(1)
2.12.1 Floating Rafts
27(1)
2.12.2 Shore Dispensing Unit
28(1)
2.12.3 Boat
28(1)
2.12.4 Meteorological Equipment
28(1)
2.13 Survey Instruments
28(1)
2.14 Methods of Evaluating Evaporation Reduction
29(9)
2.14.1 Energy Budget and Mass Transfer Method
29(3)
2.14.2 Water Budget and Pan to Lake Method
32(1)
2.14.3 Simplified USBR Method
33(5)
3 Studies on Evaporation Control in India
38(30)
3.1 Introduction
38(3)
3.1.1 Gorewada Lake and Vihar Lake
38(1)
3.1.2 Bunderi Tank
38(1)
3.1.3 Badkhal Tank
39(1)
3.1.4 Kukkarhalli Tank
39(1)
3.1.5 Irrigation Development Division, PWD, Bombay
39(1)
3.1.6 Central Soil and Materials Research Station
39(1)
3.1.7 Institute of Hydraulics and Hydrology, Poondi, Madras
40(1)
3.1.8 Karnataka Engineering Research Station, Krishnarajsagar
40(1)
3.1.9 Central Public Health Engineering Institute, Nagpur
40(1)
3.1.10 Central Salt Marine Chemical Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat
41(1)
3.2 National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra
41(27)
3.2.1 Indira Tank
41(1)
3.2.2 Baradari Tank
41(1)
3.2.3 Evaluation of Different Methods
42(26)
4 Studies on Evaporation Retardation in Foreign Countries
68(9)
4.1 Stephens Creek Reservoir at Broken Hill, Australia
68(1)
4.2 Malya Reservoir and Other Lakes in Africa
68(1)
4.3 Spain
68(1)
4.4 Burma
69(1)
4.5 USA
69(1)
4.6 Lake Hefner, USA
69(1)
4.7 Umberumerks Reservoir, Australia
69(1)
4.8 Lake Corella in Australia
70(1)
4.9 Rattlesnake Reservoir, USA
70(1)
4.10 Ralston Creek Reservoir, USA
70(1)
4.11 Carter Lake, USA
71(1)
4.12 Sahurao Lake, USA
71(1)
4.13 Boulder Basin of Lake Mead, USA
71(1)
4.14 Cachuma Lake, USA
71(1)
4.15 Pactola Reservoir, USA
72(1)
4.16 Elephant Butte Reservoir, Utah Lake, and Hyrum Reservoir, USA
72(1)
4.17 Scofield Reservior, (Utah) and Salmon Creek Reservior, USA
73(1)
4.18 Kishon Lake, Israel
73(1)
4.19 The Evaporation Retardation Work Done in Various, Foreign Countries
74(3)
5 Recommendations for Further Studies
77(2)
Bibliography
79(4)
Annexures
I Evaporation Formulae
83(2)
II Surface Pressure of Certain Indicator Oils at 21°C
85
C.V.J. Varma, Member Secretary, Central Board of Irrigation & Power, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi, India.
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