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E-raamat: Manual of Infection Prevention and Control

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(Clinical Director, Infection Prevention and Control; and Honorary Lecturer, Craigavon Area Hospital, UK; and Department of Medical Microbiology, Queens University, Belfast, UK)
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 14-Feb-2019
  • Kirjastus: Oxford University Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780192547941
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Manual of Infection Prevention and ControlSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 14-Feb-2019
  • Kirjastus: Oxford University Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780192547941
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In recent years, we have begun to recognise the rising threat of Multidrug Resistant Organisms (MDORs), and the profound impact that healthcare associated infections (HCAIs), such as MRSA, can have on both patient safety and quality of care. HCAIs prolong patients' hospital stays, and increase morbidity as well as mortality rates, yet diagnosing and treating these infections is a costly process that can place intense pressure on already limited healthcare resources.

The updated and significantly expanded new edition of Manual of Infection Prevention and Control is a practical handbook that provides a comprehensive overview of HCAI control and prevention in all healthcare facilities. Clear diagrams and quick-access tables give step-by-step instructions to guide the reader through real-life prevention strategies such as hand wash, disinfection, and sterilisation. A truly current and global source, this book also includes information regarding infection outbreak management, and detailed sections on specific pathogens such as swine flu, C Difficile, ESBL, MRSA, E.coli 0157, XDR-TB, and Ebola.

Manual of Infection Prevention and Control is a fully illustrated, evidence based guide for doctors, nurses, and public health physicians working to prevent the spreading of infectious diseases - most particularly HCAIs. It is also a valuable reference for environmental health officers, health educators, practice managers in GP surgeries, and health service managers.
List of abbreviations xxiii
Glossary of infection control terms xxvii
1 Basic concepts and prevention strategies 1(25)
1.1 Basic microbiology
1(4)
1.1.1 Types of microbes
1(4)
1.2 Transmission of infections
5(8)
1.2.1 Factors necessary for transmission
7(6)
1.3 Prevention and control strategies
13(6)
1.3.1 Multimodal prevention strategies
14(5)
1.4 Implementation and sustainability
19(2)
1.5 Risk management
21(3)
1.5.1 Risk control
23(1)
1.5.2 Risk monitoring
23(1)
Key references and further reading
24(2)
2 Building infection prevention programmes 26(26)
2.1 Burden of healthcare-associated infections
26(1)
2.2 Impact of healthcare-associated infections
27(12)
2.3 Responsibility of the healthcare facility
39(3)
2.4 Organization of IPC programmes
42(7)
2.4.1 Infection prevention and control doctor
42(2)
2.4.2 Infection prevention and control nurse
44(1)
2.4.3 Infection prevention and control team
44(2)
2.4.4 Infection prevention and control committee
46(1)
2.4.5 Infection prevention and control link nurse
46(1)
2.4.6 Policies and procedures manual
47(2)
Key references and further reading
49(3)
3 Epidemiology and biostatistics 52(16)
3.1 Epidemiology
52(10)
3.1.1 Types of studies
53(3)
3.1.2 Measures of disease frequency
56(2)
3.1.3 Measures of association
58(1)
3.1.4 Bias and confounders
59(3)
3.2 Biostatistics
62(5)
3.2.1 Measures of central tendency
62(1)
3.2.2 Measures of dispersion
63(1)
3.2.3 Hypothesis testing
63(1)
3.2.4 Tests of statistical significance
64(1)
3.2.5 Confidence intervals
64(1)
3.2.6 Sensitivity and specificity
65(1)
3.2.7 Statistical process control
66(1)
Key references and further reading
67(1)
4 Surveillance and outbreak management 68(27)
4.1 Surveillance
68(12)
4.1.1 Objectives of surveillance
68(1)
4.1.2 Definition
69(1)
4.1.3 Methods of surveillance
70(5)
4.1.4 Data collection
75(1)
4.1.5 Calculating HAI rates
75(1)
4.1.6 Types of surveillance
76(3)
4.1.7 Public reporting of HAIs
79(1)
4.2 Outbreak management
80(12)
4.2.1 Is it really an outbreak?
81(1)
4.2.2 Recognition of outbreaks
82(5)
4.2.3 Outbreak control measures
87(4)
4.2.4 Look-back investigations
91(1)
Key references and further reading
92(3)
5 Disinfection and sterilization 95(48)
5.1 Introduction
95(3)
5.1.1 Decontamination policy
96(1)
5.1.2 Education and training
97(1)
5.1.3 Installation and maintenance
97(1)
5.1.4 Loan instruments
98(1)
5.2 Risk assessment of contaminated items
98(1)
5.3 Single-use items
98(2)
5.4 Transport of sterile instruments
100(1)
5.5 Decontamination methods
100(6)
5.5.1 Cleaning
100(2)
5.5.2 Disinfection
102(1)
5.5.3 Sterilization
103(2)
5.5.4 Sterilization by chemical gas
105(1)
5.5.5 Ethylene oxide
105(1)
5.5.6 Hydrogen peroxide gas plasma
105(1)
5.5.7 Boiling
106(1)
5.6 Sterilizer and decontamination of items and equipment
106(4)
5.6.1 Types of steam autoclaves
107(3)
5.7 Storage of sterile items
110(9)
5.8 Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics
119(14)
5.8.1 Characteristics of an ideal disinfectant
120(1)
5.8.2 Antimicrobial activity disinfectants and antiseptics
120(3)
5.8.3 Types of various antiseptic and disinfectants
123(10)
5.9 Decontamination of endoscopes
133(7)
5.9.1 Types of endoscopes
134(1)
5.9.2 General considerations
135(1)
5.9.3 Decontamination process
136(4)
5.10 Investigation after a failure of decontamination
140(1)
Key references and further reading
140(3)
6 Practical aspects of prevention and control 143(90)
6.1 Isolation precautions
143(36)
6.1.1 Types of isolation precautions
144(3)
6.1.2 General consideration
147(32)
6.2 Hand hygiene
179(14)
6.2.1 Understanding microorganisms on the hands
179(1)
6.2.2 Hand hygiene using alcohol-based hand rub
180(3)
6.2.3 Hand washing using soap and water
183(1)
6.2.4 Indications and effectiveness
184(4)
6.2.5 Hand hygiene compliance
188(2)
6.2.6 Observations of compliance
190(1)
6.2.7 Skin reactions and hand care
191(2)
6.3 Personal protective equipment
193(15)
6.3.1 Gloves
193(5)
6.3.2 Aprons and gowns
198(4)
6.3.3 Protective eye and facewear
202(6)
6.4 Injection safety
208(4)
6.4.1 Needle and syringes
209(1)
6.4.2 Single-and multi-dose vials and IV solutions
209(1)
6.4.3 Injection equipment and area for preparation of injections
210(2)
6.5 Prevention by building design
212(11)
6.5.1 Demolition, construction, and renovation
212(1)
6.5.2 The general hospital environment
213(1)
6.5.3 Patient accommodation
214(1)
6.5.4 Hand washing facilities
215(1)
6.5.5 Design of isolation rooms
216(2)
6.5.6 Ventilation and air-conditioning
218(1)
6.5.7 Operating theatres
218(5)
6.6 Prevention of infection transmission after death
223(5)
Key references and further reading
228(5)
7 Prevention of healthcare associated infections 233(72)
7.1 Surgical site infections
233(29)
7.1.1 Source of microbial contamination
233(1)
7.1.2 Risk factors
234(1)
7.1.3 Surveillance of surgical site infections
235(2)
7.1.4 Types of surgical site infections
237(1)
7.1.5 Care bundle
238(1)
7.1.6 General preventative measures
238(8)
7.1.7 Strategies to prevent surgical site infections
246(16)
7.2 Intravascular catheter-related infections
262(12)
7.2.1 Introduction
262(1)
7.2.2 Sources of infections
262(1)
7.2.3 Pathogenesis
263(1)
7.2.4 Definitions and surveillance
264(1)
7.2.5 Diagnosis of catheter-associated bloodstream infections
264(1)
7.2.6 Care bundle
265(1)
7.2.7 General prevention strategies
265(9)
7.3 Catheter-associated urinary tract infections
274(14)
7.3.1 Microbiology
277(1)
7.3.2 Pathogenesis
277(1)
7.3.3 Diagnosis and surveillance of CAUTI
277(2)
7.3.4 Prevention strategies
279(8)
7.3.5 Management of patients with bacteriuria and infections
287(1)
7.4 Hospital-acquired pneumonias
288(10)
7.4.1 Definition and microbiology
288(2)
7.4.2 General preventative measures
290(2)
7.4.3 Ventilator-associated pneumonia
292(6)
Key references and further reading
298(7)
8 Control of multidrug-resistant microorganisms 305(33)
8.1 Burden of multidrug-resistant organisms
305(4)
8.1.1 Burden and impact of antibiotic resistant bacteria
305(1)
8.1.2 Factors promoting emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant organisms
306(1)
8.1.3 Types of antibiotic resistance
306(3)
8.2 Antibiotic stewardship
309(4)
8.2.1 Strategies to promote appropriate use
309(4)
8.3 Measures to prevent and control multidrug-resistant organisms
313(6)
8.3.1 Infection prevention and control measures
313(6)
8.4 Methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus organisms
319(8)
8.4.1 Community-associated MRSA
321(1)
8.4.2 Laboratory investigations
321(1)
8.4.3 Control measures
322(1)
8.4.4 Screening swabs
322(1)
8.4.5 Healthcare worker
323(1)
8.4.6 Surgical operation
323(2)
8.4.7 Ambulance transportation
325(1)
8.4.8 Decolonization therapy for MRSA
326(1)
8.5 Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci
327(2)
8.6 Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria
329(4)
8.6.1 Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL)
329(1)
8.6.2 Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE)
329(1)
8.6.3 Non-fermentative Gram-negative bacteria
330(3)
Key references and further reading
333(5)
9 Special pathogens 338(90)
9.1 Bloodborne viral infections
338(13)
9.1.1 IPC measures to protect against bloodborne viruses
338(2)
9.1.2 Precautions during surgical procedures
340(3)
9.1.3 Hepatitis B
343(3)
9.1.4 Hepatitis C
346(2)
9.1.5 Hepatitis D
348(1)
9.1.6 HIV infection
348(3)
9.2 Tuberculosis
351(11)
9.2.1 Diagnosis
354(3)
9.2.2 Risk of acquisition
357(3)
9.2.3 Control of TB
360(1)
9.2.4 Contact tracing
360(2)
9.3 Clostridium difficile-associated infection
362(8)
9.3.1 Laboratory diagnosis
364(2)
9.3.2 Infection prevention and control measures
366(2)
9.3.3 Clinical management of patients
368(2)
9.4 Gastrointestinal infections
370(15)
9.4.1 Viral gastroenteritis
371(9)
9.4.2 Rotavirus
380(2)
9.4.3 Norovirus
382(1)
9.4.4 Infection control measure for viral gasteroentritis
383(2)
9.5 Respiratory viral infections
385(7)
9.5.1 Influenza
386(2)
9.5.2 Respiratory syncytial virus
388(2)
9.5.3 Coronavirus
390(2)
9.6 Legionnaires' disease
392(4)
9.6.1 Infection prevention and control measures
393(3)
9.6.2 Surveillance and notification
396(1)
9.7 Meningococcal infections
396(4)
9.8 Varicella zoster virus
400(6)
9.8.1 Management of contacts
402(3)
9.8.2 Immunization
405(1)
9.9 Viral haemorrhagic fevers
406(7)
9.9.1 Lassa fever
406(1)
9.9.2 Ebola
407(1)
9.9.3 Marburg
408(1)
9.9.4 Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever
408(1)
9.9.5 Diagnosis
409(1)
9.9.6 Infection prevention and control precautions
410(3)
9.10 Prion disease
413(5)
9.10.1 Surgical procedure
415(1)
9.10.2 Infection control precautions
415(3)
9.11 Scabies and pediculosis
418(4)
9.11.1 Scabies
418(2)
9.1.12 Pediculosis
420(2)
9.1.13 Fleas
422(1)
Key references and further reading
422(6)
10 Support services 428(57)
10.1 Occupational health services
428(20)
10.1.1 Role of the occupational health department
428(1)
10.1.2 Pre-employment assessment
429(1)
10.1.3 Responsibility of healthcare workers
429(1)
10.1.4 Education and training
430(1)
10.1.5 Immunization
430(8)
10.1.6 Management of sharps injuries and blood and body fluid exposure
438(3)
10.1.7 Post-exposure prophylaxis
441(1)
10.1.8 Infected healthcare workers with bloodborne viral infection
442(1)
10.1.9 Protection against tuberculosis
443(1)
10.1.10 Pregnant healthcare workers
444(4)
10.2 Environmental cleaning
448(13)
10.2.1 Self-disinfecting surfaces
458(1)
10.2.2 No-touch room decontamination methods
458(2)
10.2.3 Measurements of cleanliness
460(1)
10.2.4 Management of potentially infectious spills
461(1)
10.3 Management of clinical waste
461(10)
10.3.1 Categories of healthcare waste
463(1)
10.3.2 Waste management
463(1)
10.3.3 Safe handling of clinical waste
464(2)
10.3.4 Disposal of clinical waste
466(1)
10.3.5 Safe use, handling, and disposal of sharps
467(4)
10.4 Kitchen and catering services
471(6)
10.4.1 General measures
472(5)
10.5 Linen and laundry services
477(3)
10.5.1 General considerations
477(2)
10.5.2 Laundry process
479(1)
10.6 Pest control
480(1)
Key references and further reading
481(4)
Index 485
Dr Nizam Damani is the Clinical Director of Infection Prevention and Control at the Southern Health & Social Services Trust, and Honorary Lecturer in Medical Microbiology at Queens University, Belfast, N.Ireland, UK. He is an internationally recognized expert in infection prevention and control both in developed and developing countries. Dr Damani is a member of the core group of the WHO 1st Global Patient Safety Challenge, 'Clean care is safer Care', and was also the country coordinator for the WHO pilot site for the implementation of the Hand Hygiene programme. He is also a member of the WHO task force on decontamination and sterilization, and serves on the Expert Advisory Board on a European Union 'IMPLEMENT'.
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