| Acknowledgments |
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xvii | |
| Introduction |
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1 | (4) |
| Part I Marijuana And Prohibition |
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5 | (14) |
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What does "marijuana" mean? |
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5 | (1) |
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What is marijuana legalization? |
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5 | (2) |
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How does it feel to get high? |
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7 | (1) |
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What are the active ingredients in manjuana? |
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7 | (1) |
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What are the varieties of the cannabis plant? |
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8 | (1) |
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What are the varieties of marijuana products? |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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What are the alternatives to smoking? |
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11 | (1) |
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Has manjuana been getting more potent? |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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How long does intoxication last? |
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14 | (1) |
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How long after use can marijuana be detected? |
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15 | (1) |
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Is medical-manjuana the same as illegal marijuana? |
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16 | (1) |
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What is synthetic marijuana (Spice or K2)? |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (15) |
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How many people use manjuana? |
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19 | (1) |
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How has marijuana use changed over time? |
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20 | (1) |
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How have marijuana policies changed in the past half century? |
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21 | (2) |
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How much manjuana do users consume? |
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23 | (1) |
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Can marijuana use lead to dependence or addiction? |
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24 | (1) |
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How common is marijuana use in the United States? |
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25 | (2) |
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What are typical patterns of marijuana use? |
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27 | (2) |
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To what extent do heavy users dominate consumption? |
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29 | (1) |
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Has heavy use become more common? |
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30 | (1) |
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How much do users spend on marijuana? |
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31 | (2) |
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33 | (1) |
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3 What Are the Risks of Using Marijuana? |
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34 | (33) |
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Why is it difficult to measure the consequences of marijuana use? |
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34 | (2) |
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How do researchers study the consequences of marijuana use? |
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36 | (2) |
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What is the likelihood of becoming dependent on marijuana? |
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38 | (2) |
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How bad is marijuana dependency compared to dependency on other drugs? |
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40 | (1) |
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How many users enter treatment for marijuana? |
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40 | (1) |
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Does marijuana treatment work? |
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41 | (2) |
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Can users experience a fatal overdose from marijuana? |
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43 | (1) |
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Can users experience a nonfatal overdose from using too much marijuana? |
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44 | (1) |
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Does marijuana use cause emphysema and other respiratory problems? |
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45 | (1) |
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Does marijuana use cause cancer? |
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46 | (2) |
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How much harm does secondhand manjuana smoke cause? |
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48 | (1) |
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Is marijuana a "gateway drug"? |
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49 | (1) |
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How does manjuana affect brain development? |
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50 | (2) |
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Does using manjuana lead to cognitive impairment and a reduction in IQ? |
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52 | (1) |
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Does manjuana use affect education and employment? |
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53 | (1) |
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Does using marijuana cause schizophrenia and other mental health problems? |
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54 | (3) |
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Does using marijuana influence crime and delinquency? |
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57 | (1) |
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Does manjuana cause automobile crashes? |
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58 | (2) |
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Does mothers' prenatal manjuana use affect their babies' health? |
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60 | (1) |
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Should mothers who use marijuana breasifeed their babies? |
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61 | (1) |
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How does parental marijuana use influence child welfare? |
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62 | (1) |
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Is manjuana really safer than alcohol? |
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63 | (2) |
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65 | (2) |
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4 What Is Known About the Nonmedical Benefits of Using Marijuana? |
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67 | (11) |
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Why don't we know more about the benefits of manjuana use? |
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68 | (1) |
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Would there be more high-quality research if manjuana were legal nationally? |
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69 | (1) |
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Is there a "stoned" way of thinking? |
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69 | (1) |
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Is "stoned thinking" valuable? |
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70 | (2) |
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Does manjuana use enhance creativity? |
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72 | (2) |
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Can marijuana use enhance athletic performance? |
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74 | (1) |
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What role does cannabis play in worship? |
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75 | (1) |
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So there's no real evidence of any benefits? |
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75 | (1) |
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Why should mere pleasure count as a benefit? |
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75 | (2) |
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77 | (1) |
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5 What Are the Medical Benefits of Marijuana? |
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78 | (13) |
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78 | (1) |
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But isn't smoking unhealthy? |
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79 | (1) |
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What did the 1999 Institute of Medicine report (really) say? |
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80 | (1) |
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What is the state of the medical-manjuana literature today? |
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81 | (3) |
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Does marijuana have legally recognized medical value in the United States? |
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84 | (1) |
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Why isn't manjuana available as a regular prescription drug in the United States? |
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85 | (2) |
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What is happening with medical-marijuana outside the United States? |
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87 | (1) |
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If there are pharmaceutical cannabinoids, is there any reason to use plant material? |
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88 | (2) |
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90 | (1) |
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6 How Stringent Is Marijuana Enforcement in the United States? |
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91 | (12) |
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Does it make sense for marijuana to be a Schedule I substance? |
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91 | (2) |
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Who gets arrested for manjuana possession? |
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93 | (3) |
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What happens after those possession arrests? |
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96 | (2) |
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How harshly are marijuana producers and traffickers punished? |
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98 | (1) |
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How many people are in prison for manjuana offenses? |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (3) |
| Part II National Legalization And Its Consequences |
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7 What Are the Pros and Cons of Legalization Generally? |
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103 | (18) |
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What does it mean to legalize a drug? |
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103 | (1) |
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What is the essential tradeoff between legalization and prohibition? |
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104 | (1) |
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What are the shades of legalization? |
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105 | (2) |
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Why have drug laws in the first place? |
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107 | (1) |
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Why even consider legalizing a substance whose use creates harm? |
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108 | (2) |
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Wouldn't the result of a policy that treated manjuana like alcohol be an improvement over the current mess? |
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110 | (1) |
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But wasn't alcohol prohibition in the United States a complete failure? |
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111 | (1) |
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How much of the increase in consumption after legalization would reflect increased heavy use rather than increased casual use? |
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112 | (1) |
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Can't the effects of marketing be reined in by regulations and taxes? |
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113 | (1) |
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What about legal availability without free trade? Couldn't that work? |
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114 | (1) |
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Isn't it impossible to make someone better off by coercing behavioral change? |
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114 | (2) |
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If people choose to harm themselves with drugs, why is that anyone else's business? |
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116 | (2) |
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But isn't everyone with an addictive personality already addicted to something? |
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118 | (1) |
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If the results of legalization are uncertain, why not just try it out, and go back to the current system if legalization doesn't work? |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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8 How Is Legalization of Marijuana Different from Legalization of Other Drugs? |
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121 | (10) |
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How does legalizing marijuana compare to legalizing all drugs? |
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121 | (1) |
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Isn't marijuana known to be safe? |
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122 | (1) |
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If manjuana accounts for half of all drug arrests, would legalizing manjuana free up half of our prison cells? |
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122 | (2) |
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How much drug-related crime, violence, and corruption would manjuana legalization eliminate? |
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124 | (1) |
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Would legalization increase manjuana use and dependence by as much as legalization of crack and other drugs would increase their markets? |
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125 | (1) |
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Would more manjuana use lead to more alcohol abuse, or less? |
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126 | (1) |
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Would more manjuana use lead to more or less abuse of other substances? |
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127 | (1) |
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If alcohol is more dangerous than manjuana, what's the logical justification for one being legal and the other illegal? |
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128 | (1) |
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Could it be reasonable to support legalizing marijuana while keeping some other drugs illegal? |
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129 | (1) |
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Can two reasonable people sensibly disagree about marijuana legalization? |
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130 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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9 What if We Treated Marijuana Like Alcohol? |
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131 | (28) |
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What special regulations could apply to legal marijuana? |
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132 | (2) |
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Could advertising be restricted in the United States? |
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134 | (2) |
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How could manjuana be taxed? |
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136 | (1) |
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Would regulations and taxes in practice approach the public health ideal? |
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137 | (1) |
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How much enforcement would regulation and taxation require? |
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138 | (1) |
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How many marijuana-related arrests would there be after legalization? |
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139 | (1) |
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What would happen to marijuana prices after national legalization? |
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140 | (4) |
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How many people would be employed in marijuana growing? |
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144 | (1) |
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What would the pretax retail price be for unbranded marijuana? |
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145 | (1) |
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What would the after-tax retail price be for unbranded marijuana? |
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146 | (2) |
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What would the retail price be for branded and other forms of marijuana? |
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148 | (2) |
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Would some businesses give legal marijuana away free? |
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150 | (1) |
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How much would consumption increase? |
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151 | (2) |
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Would legalization reduce drug violence in Mexico? |
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153 | (1) |
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Does legalization pass the benefit-cost test? |
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153 | (5) |
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158 | (1) |
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10 How Would Alcohol-Style Legalization Affect Me Personally? |
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159 | (10) |
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How would legalization affect me if I'm a typical regular adult user? |
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159 | (2) |
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How would legalization affect me if I'm already dependent on marijuana? |
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161 | (1) |
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How would legalization affect me if I'm an occasional manjuana user? |
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161 | (1) |
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How would legalization affect me if I'm not currently a manjuana user? |
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162 | (1) |
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How would legalization affect me if I'm a medical-marijuana patient? |
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163 | (1) |
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How would legalization affect me if I'm a manjuana grower? |
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164 | (1) |
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How would legalization affect me if I lead a Mexican drug trafficking organization (DTO)? |
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165 | (1) |
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How would legalization affect me if I'm a taxpayer? |
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165 | (1) |
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How would legalization affect me if I'm an employer? |
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165 | (1) |
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How would legalization affect me if I'm a parent of a teenager? |
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166 | (3) |
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11 Between Marijuana Prohibition and Commercial Legalization: Is There Any Middle Ground? |
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169 | (20) |
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Are there options in between prohibition and commercial legalization? |
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169 | (1) |
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What has been learned from decriminalization? |
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170 | (2) |
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What about legalizing manjuana the way Portugal did (not)? |
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172 | (2) |
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What about imitating the Dutch approach? |
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174 | (1) |
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What about just allowing home production? |
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175 | (2) |
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What about user co-ops and collectives? |
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177 | (2) |
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What about a very liberal medical-marijuana system? |
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179 | (1) |
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Couldn't users go to physicians for nonmedical-manjuana? |
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180 | (1) |
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What if the government had a monopoly on the industry, or on retail sales specifically? |
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181 | (1) |
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What if the market were limited to nonprofits, "for-benefit" corporations, or other socially responsible organizations? |
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182 | (1) |
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What about limiting the quantity any user can buy? |
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183 | (2) |
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Why have a middle path for manjuana but not for alcohol? |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (4) |
| Part III The Crazy Quilt Of Conflicting Policies Today |
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12 Where Are We, and How Did We Get Here? |
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189 | (10) |
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How many states have legalized or decriminalized manjuana? |
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189 | (2) |
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How did we get to the current crazy quilt of conflicting policies? |
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191 | (2) |
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How has support for legalization in the United States varied over time? |
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193 | (1) |
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Who supports and who opposes legalization in the United States? |
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194 | (1) |
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Who votes for legalization? |
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195 | (1) |
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Who is funding the legalization movement? |
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196 | (2) |
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198 | (1) |
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13 What's Really Happening in Medical-Marijuana States? |
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199 | (17) |
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When did medical-marijuana get started in the United States? |
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199 | (2) |
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Where does medical-marijuana come from? |
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201 | (2) |
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How medical is medical-marijuana? |
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203 | (2) |
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Are CBD laws really about marijuana? |
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205 | (1) |
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Was there a "Sanjay Gupta" effect? |
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206 | (2) |
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What is the federal government doing in states that allow medical-marijuana? |
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208 | (1) |
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Who recommends medical-marijuana to patients? |
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209 | (2) |
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Was medical-marijuana invented as a wedge issue to open the gates for full legalization? |
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211 | (1) |
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Do medical-marijuana laws increase nonmedical-marijuana use? |
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212 | (1) |
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What are the other population-level consequences of medical-manjuana laws? |
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213 | (2) |
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215 | (1) |
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14 What Is Happening in Colorado and Washington? |
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216 | (15) |
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If Uruguay, Alaska, and Oregon have all legalized, why focus on Colorado and Washington? |
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216 | (1) |
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What are the key provisions common to Colorado and Washington? |
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217 | (1) |
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Are revenues from taxes making a difference in state budgets? |
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218 | (1) |
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Have black market sales disappeared in Colorado and Washington? |
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219 | (1) |
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Are Colorado and Washington exporting marijuana to other states? |
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219 | (1) |
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Why pay so much attention to edibles? |
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220 | (1) |
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What do Colorado and Washington tell us about the likely results of legalization elsewhere? |
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221 | (1) |
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Did legalization increase or decrease crime? |
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222 | (1) |
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How did legalization affect use? |
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223 | (1) |
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What is the evidence concerning effects on youth? |
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224 | (1) |
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What happened to emergency department cases? |
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225 | (1) |
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What has happened to traffic safety? |
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226 | (1) |
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Do marijuana operations have to be cash-only businesses? |
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227 | (1) |
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How do Colorado and Washington's medical-marijuana industries interact with the new legal systems? |
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228 | (2) |
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230 | (1) |
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15 What Is Happening in Alaska, Oregon, Jamaica, and Uruguay? |
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231 | (8) |
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What is happening in Uruguay? |
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231 | (1) |
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What is happening in Jamaica? |
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232 | (2) |
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How do the laws in Alaska and Oregon compare to those in Colorado and Washington? |
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234 | (1) |
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What exactly did Washington, DC, legalize? |
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235 | (1) |
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What states might vote on legalization in 2016? |
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236 | (2) |
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238 | (1) |
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16 What Happens When Marijuana Laws Clash? |
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239 | (16) |
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Can a state legalize something that the federal government prohibits? |
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239 | (1) |
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Can there be local exceptions to state marijuana laws? |
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240 | (1) |
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Should local government be allowed to opt out of state legalization? |
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240 | (2) |
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Is marijuana actually legal in a state that legalizes? |
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242 | (1) |
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Can a state regulate and tax a substance that the federal government prohibits? |
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243 | (1) |
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What about the reverse: If the federal government legalized marijuana, could a state still prohibit it? |
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243 | (1) |
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What could the federal government do in response to a state legalizing marijuana? |
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244 | (2) |
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Could federal noninterference be formalized? |
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246 | (1) |
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Would marijuana legalization violate international law? |
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246 | (2) |
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Does Dutch policy violate these international conventions? |
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248 | (1) |
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What are the consequences of violating international conventions? |
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248 | (1) |
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Could these international treaties be changed? |
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249 | (1) |
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Should there be international treaties on drugs at all? |
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250 | (2) |
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252 | (3) |
| Part IV The Future Of Marijuana Legalization |
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17 What Might the Future Hold? |
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255 | (10) |
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Why isn't the status quo stable? |
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255 | (2) |
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Are high state taxes sustainable in the long run? |
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257 | (1) |
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How much depends on 2016? |
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258 | (1) |
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Will alcohol-style commercial legalization beat out more moderate approaches? |
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259 | (1) |
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How long will it take to see all the effects of legalization on the industry? |
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260 | (2) |
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How long will it take to see all the effects of legalization on use and dependence? |
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262 | (1) |
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Will other countries legalize? |
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263 | (1) |
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What is the chance all of our predictions will prove correct? |
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264 | (1) |
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18 What Do the Authors Think Ought to Be Done About Marijuana? |
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265 | (4) |
| Additional Readings |
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269 | (8) |
| Index |
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277 | |
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta