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E-raamat: Marine Geochemistry: Ocean Circulation, Carbon Cycle and Climate Change

(Research Director, National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Etude en Geophysique et Oceanographie), (Professor, Versailles-Saint Quentin University and Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnent, France)
  • Formaat: 384 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 03-Nov-2016
  • Kirjastus: Oxford University Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780191091421
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Marine Geochemistry: Ocean Circulation, Carbon Cycle and Climate ChangeSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 384 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 03-Nov-2016
  • Kirjastus: Oxford University Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780191091421
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Marine geochemistry uses chemical elements and their isotopes to study how the ocean works in terms of ocean circulation, chemical composition, biological activity and atmospheric CO2 regulation. This rapidly growing field is at a crossroad for many disciplines (physical, chemical and biological oceanography, geology, climatology, ecology, etc.). It provides important quantitative answers to questions such as: What is the deep ocean mixing rate? How much atmospheric CO2 is pumped by the ocean? How fast are pollutants removed from the ocean? How do ecosystems react to anthropogenic pressure? This text gives a simple introduction to the concepts, the methods and the applications of marine geochemistry with a particular emphasis on isotopic tracers. Overall introducing a very large number of topics (physical oceanography, ocean chemistry, isotopes, gas exchange, modelling, biogeochemical cycles), with a balance of didactic and indepth information, it provides an outline and a complete course in marine geochemistry.

Throughout, the book uses a hands-on approach with worked out exercises and problems (with answers provided at the end of the book), to help the students work through the concepts presented. A broad scale approach is take including ocean physics, marine biology, ocean-climate relations, remote sensing, pollutions and ecology, so that the reader acquires a global perspective of the ocean. It also includes new topics arising from ongoing research programs. This textbook is essential reading for students, scholars, researchers and other professionals.

Arvustused

Material is presented at an advanced level, with excellent figures and separate boxes for mathematical derivations. The book is appropriate as an advanced graduate text and as a resource for researchers... Recommended. * CHOICE * Marine Geochemistry provides the fundamental and novel concepts to study and understand the cycle of chemical constituents in the ocean. An excellent book for students and teachers interested in the oceans role in the earth climate system spiked with numerous great exercises. * Frank Norbert, Heidelberg University, Germany * This text will certainly become a classroom standard for training new generations of marine geochemists and inspire their amazing research to come. * Brian Haley, Elements Magazine * This as an excellent toolkit (with instruction manual included!) for any budding geochemist starting out in postgraduate study or for more 'seasoned folk' who want a good text for working with a variety of elements and isotopes in marine science. It is packed full of great figures to illustrate the oceanographic concepts discussed. * Simon Ussher, Ocean Challenge * It is a fantastic introductory text to a crucial area of Earth science suitable for the undergraduate or graduate student alike but it is so much more than that. It is also a great companion for seasoned researchers who want to acquaint themselves with the latest theoretical breakthroughs in the field or to gain a good overview of a new area of ocean science. * Richard Sanders, Holocene book review *

Foreword xi
Preface xv
Units, notation and abbreviations xix
1 A Few Bases of Descriptive and Physical Oceanography 1(48)
1.1 The Size of the Ocean
1(1)
1.2 Salinity, Temperature and Density: The Basic Parameters of the Oceanographer
2(4)
1.2.1 Salinity
3(1)
1.2.2 Temperature
4(1)
1.2.3 Density
5(1)
1.3 Vertical Structure of the Ocean
6(3)
1.4 The Main Water Masses
9(4)
1.5 Ocean Currents
13(18)
1.5.1 Surface Circulation
13(2)
1.5.2 The Physical Principles
15(3)
1.5.3 The Wind-Driven Ocean Circulation
18(3)
1.5.4 Ekman Pumping
21(4)
1.5.5 Coastal Upwelling
25(1)
1.5.6 Geostrophic Currents
26(5)
1.6 Large-Scale Circulation
31(12)
1.6.1 Vorticity
31(2)
1.6.2 Sverdrup Balance
33(4)
1.6.3 The Intensification of the Western Boundary Currents
37(1)
1.6.4 Eddies and Recirculation
38(1)
1.6.5 The Thermocline Ventilation
38(2)
1.6.6 The Equatorial Circulation
40(1)
1.6.7 The Deep Circulation
41(2)
Appendix 1: The Atmospheric Forcing
43(1)
Problems
44(5)
2 Seawater Is More than Salted Water 49(42)
2.1 Why Is Seawater Salty?
50(4)
2.1.1 The Chemical Composition of Salt
50(1)
2.1.2 Residence Time
51(1)
2.1.3 Rivers and Estuaries
51(1)
2.1.4 The Atmosphere
52(1)
2.1.5 Volcanic and Hydrothermal Processes
52(1)
2.1.6 The Removal of Chemical Elements
53(1)
2.2 Concept of Conservative and Non-Conservative Tracers
54(1)
2.3 The Nutrient Cycle and the Role of Biological Activity
55(7)
2.3.1 Nutrient Profiles in Seawater
55(1)
2.3.2 The Life Cycles in the Ocean
56(4)
2.3.3 Influence of Deep Circulation on the Nutrient Distribution
60(2)
2.4 Gases in Seawater
62(3)
2.4.1 Definition of Apparent Oxygen Utilisation
65(1)
2.5 Relationships between the Different Tracers
65(5)
2.5.1 Extracting the Conservative Fraction of a Tracer
65(1)
2.5.2 Construction of Conservative Tracers
66(2)
2.5.3 Horizontal and Vertical Changes of Tracers
68(2)
2.6 Carbon Chemistry
70(5)
2.6.1 The Carbonate System
70(3)
2.6.2 Calcium Carbonate
73(1)
2.6.3 Organic Carbon
74(1)
2.7 The Redox Conditions in the Ocean
75(3)
2.8 Behavior of Trace Metals
78(5)
2.8.1 The Different Types of Profiles
78(1)
2.8.2 Oxidation and Reduction of Manganese
79(2)
2.8.3 Complexation of Iron
81(2)
2.9 Many Open Questions
83(1)
Appendix 1
83(4)
Problems
87(4)
3 Stable Isotopes 91(38)
3.1 What Is an Isotope?
91(2)
3.2 Notations
93(2)
3.3 The Different Types of Fractionations: The Oxygen Example
95(5)
3.3.1 Kinetic Fractionations
95(1)
3.3.2 Thermodynamic Fractionations
95(2)
3.3.3 Seaside Analogy
97(1)
3.3.4 The "Biological" Fractionations
97(1)
3.3.5 Mass-Dependent and Mass-Independent Fractionations
97(1)
3.3.6 Clumped Isotopes
98(2)
3.4 Oxygen Isotope Fractionation
100(3)
3.4.1 The Fractionations in the Water Cycle
100(3)
3.4.2 Isotope Exchange between Water and Solid
103(1)
3.5 Hydrogen Isotope Fractionation
103(1)
3.6 Carbon Isotope Fractionation
103(5)
3.6.1 Fractionations in the Carbonate System
104(2)
3.6.2 Biological Fractionations
106(1)
3.6.3 The 813C-PO4- Relationship in Seawater
107(1)
3.7 Nitrogen Isotope Fractionation
108(2)
3.8 Sulfur Isotope Fractionation
110(1)
3.9 Boron Isotope Fractionation
111(1)
3.10 Silicon Isotope Fractionation
112(1)
3.11 Iron Isotope Fractionation
112(3)
3.12 Mixing of Isotopic Tracers
115(5)
3.12.1 Conservative Mixing
116(3)
3.12.2 Non-Conservative Mixing
119(1)
3.13 Evolution of the Isotopic Signature during a Reaction
120(2)
3.13.1 Example: Nitrate Assimilation by Phytoplankton
121(1)
Appendix 1: Evolution of Isotopic Signatures during Fractionation Processes
122(3)
Problems
125(4)
4 Radioactive and Radiogenic Isotopes 129(33)
4.1 Radioactivity
129(1)
4.2 The Radioactive Decay Law and its Applications
130(6)
4.2.1 The Radioactive Decay Law
130(1)
4.2.2 Disintegration without Simultaneous Production
131(2)
4.2.3 Disintegration with Simultaneous Production
133(1)
4.2.4 Definition of the Activity
134(2)
4.3 The Long-Lived Radioactive Decay Systems
136(7)
4.3.1 Strontium
137(2)
4.3.2 Neodymium
139(2)
4.3.3 Lead
141(1)
4.3.4 Helium
142(1)
4.4 The Uranium and Thorium Decay Chains
143(4)
4.5 Cosmogenic Isotopes
147(4)
4.5.1 The 14C Isotope
147(3)
4.5.2 The 10Be Isotope
150(1)
4.6 Artificial Isotopes
151(4)
Appendix 1
155(1)
Integration of the Radioactivity Equation for a Closed System without Production Term
155(1)
Integration of the Radioactivity Equation for a Closed System with Production Term
156(2)
Calculation of the Mean Lifetime of an Isotope
158(1)
Problems
159(3)
5 Box Models 162(21)
5.1 One-Box Model
162(4)
5.1.1 The Conservation Equation
162(2)
5.1.2 Case of Enzyme Kinetics
164(1)
5.1.3 Steady State
165(1)
5.1.4 Residence Time
165(1)
5.2 Dynamic Behavior of a Reservoir
166(4)
5.2.1 Constant Forcing
166(2)
5.2.2 Temporal Evolution of the Forcings
168(2)
5.3 Box Models and Isotopic Tracers
170(5)
5.3.1 Use of U and Th Decay Chains
170(1)
5.3.2 Using the Isotopic Composition of a Tracer
171(1)
5.3.3 Application Exercise: Ventilation of the Deep Waters in the Red Sea
172(3)
5.4 Dynamics of Coupled Boxes
175(2)
5.5 Mean Age, Residence Time and Reservoir Age of a Tracer
177(2)
Problems
179(4)
6 Advection-Diffusion Models 183(23)
6.1 An Infinitesimal Box
183(1)
6.2 Advection
184(2)
6.3 Molecular Diffusion
186(5)
6.3.1 Random Walk
186(1)
6.3.2 The Fick Law
187(2)
6.3.3 Gas Diffusion at the Air-Sea Interface
189(2)
6.4 Eddy Diffusion
191(2)
6.5 The Full Conservation Equation
193(8)
6.5.1 Example 1: Radium Transport in Coastal Waters
195(4)
6.5.2 Example 2: Dispersion of SF6 in the Thermocline
199(2)
6.6 The Case of Sediment Transport
201(2)
Problems
203(3)
7 Development and Limitations of Biological Activity in Surface Waters 206(29)
7.1 Life Cycle in the Ocean
206(7)
7.2 Development of the Biological Production in Surface Waters
213(4)
7.3 Estimating the Primary Production
217(4)
7.4 Global Distribution of Photosynthesis and Ocean Color
221(2)
7.5 Iron Limitation
223(2)
7.6 Silica Limitation
225(2)
7.7 A CO2 Limitation?
227(1)
7.8 The Long-Term Limitation of the Production
228(1)
7.9 Anthropogenic Impacts
229(2)
Problems
231(4)
8 CO2 Exchanges between the Ocean and the Atmosphere 235(30)
8.1 The Global Carbon Cycle
235(1)
8.2 The Partial Pressure of CO2 in Seawater
235(8)
8.2.1 Temperature Effect
236(1)
8.2.2 Carbonate System Effect
236(3)
8.2.3 Photosynthesis
239(1)
8.2.4 Remineralization
239(1)
8.2.5 The Formation of Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)
239(1)
8.2.6 CaCO3 Dissolution
240(1)
8.2.7 Overall Effect on the Pumping of CO2
241(2)
8.3 The Carbon Storage Capacity of the Ocean
243(2)
8.4 Rate of CO2 Transfer at the Air-Sea Interface
245(3)
8.5 Gas Equilibration Time between the Mixed Layer and the Atmosphere
248(3)
8.5.1 Perturbation of Oxygen
248(1)
8.5.2 Perturbation of the Carbonate System
248(1)
8.5.3 Perturbation of the Isotopic Composition
249(2)
8.6 Observation of the Anthropogenic Perturbation at the Ocean Surface
251(1)
8.7 Global Estimate of the Ocean-Atmosphere Exchanges
251(2)
8.8 Spread of the Anthropogenic Perturbation in the Deep Ocean
253(7)
Problems
260(5)
9 The Little World of Marine Particles 265(37)
9.1 Origin and Nature of Marine Particles
265(4)
9.2 Marine Particle Sampling
269(3)
9.3 The Distribution of Particles
272(2)
9.4 Particle Sinking
274(4)
9.5 Changes of the Particle Flux with Depth
278(2)
9.5.1 The Organic Matter Flux
278(2)
9.5.2 The Mineral Phases
280(1)
9.6 Estimation of the Particle Flux
280(7)
9.6.1 234Th and Irreversible "Scavenging" Models
281(3)
9.6.2 Relations between Small and Large Particles
284(1)
9.6.3 230Th and Reversible Models
285(2)
9.7 The Role of Margins
287(4)
9.7.1 Boundary Scavenging
287(2)
9.7.2 Boundary Exchange
289(2)
9.8 The Distribution of Sediments on the Seafloor
291(1)
9.9 The Diagenesis
292(4)
9.10 Timescales and Sediment Fluxes
296(3)
Problems
299(3)
10 Thermohaline Circulation 302(29)
10.1 The Long Path of Deep Waters
302(6)
10.2 The Rapid Progression of Transient Tracers
308(6)
10.2.1 Deep Current Dynamics
309(4)
10.2.2 Intensity of the Recirculation
313(1)
10.3 14C-Transient Tracer Comparison
314(3)
10.4 The Contribution of 231Pa-230Th
317(3)
10.5 The Origin of the AABW
320(3)
10.6 Closure of the Meridional Overturning Circulation
323(2)
Problems
325(6)
11 Ocean History and Climate Evolution 331(32)
11.1 The Origin of the Ocean
331(2)
11.2 The First Traces of Life
333(1)
11.3 The Rise of Oxygen
333(3)
11.4 Geological Sequestration of CO2
336(3)
11.5 The Closure of the Panama Isthmus
339(1)
11.6 The Last Glaciation
340(8)
11.7 El Nino Exacerbated by Human Activity?
348(2)
11.8 The Climate of the Future and the Ocean
350(2)
11.9 The Expected Consequences
352(6)
Problems
358(5)
Problem solutions 363(10)
Glossary 373(8)
References 381(14)
Index 395
Matthieu Roy-Barman received his Doctorate in Fundamental Geochemistry in 1993 at the Institut de Physique du Globe in Paris, France. After 2 years of post-doc at the California Institute of Technology, USA, he joined the oceanography laboratory of Toulouse University (LEGOS), France, in 1995 as an assistant professor. In 2002, he moved to the "Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement" and the Versailles University, France, where he is professor since 2005. His research fields the role of marine particles in the ocean biogeochemical cycles and the fate of contaminant in the urban environment together with methodological developments for the analysis of natural radioactive isotopes.

Catherine Jeandel obtained a PhD in marine geochemistry at Paris VII University, France, and later a research position at CNRS. She moved in 1985 to the University of Toulouse, France, where she is working in the "Toulouse Isotopie Marine" research group of the Laboratoire d'Etudes en Geophysique et Océanographie Spatiale (LEGOS). Her research is focused on quantifying the fluxes and processes that govern the chemical state of the ocean. She stands among the pioneers in developing trace element and their isotope analyses for seawater and marine particles. With other marine geochemists, she advocates multi-tracer approaches to resolve oceanic processes, yielding the ongoing international GEOTRACES program.
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