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xi | |
| Introduction |
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xiii | |
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1 Baseline data for spill assessments: ambient conditions, socioeconomic data, sensitivity maps |
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1 | (26) |
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1.1 Why and for what baseline data are needed? |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 Types and sources of baseline data |
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2 | (13) |
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3 | (3) |
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6 | (2) |
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8 | (3) |
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1.2.4 Data availability, limitations, and expectations |
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11 | (4) |
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15 | (5) |
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1.3.1 Identifying knowledge needs |
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15 | (1) |
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1.3.2 Acquiring and cataloging data |
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16 | (2) |
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1.3.3 Integrating, analyzing, and publishing data |
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18 | (2) |
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1.4 What can we do to improve baselines |
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20 | (2) |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (5) |
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2 A brief survey of oil spill weathering models |
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27 | (32) |
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2.1 Introduction what to expect from this chapter |
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27 | (1) |
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2.2 Characterizing oil ---enter the Tower of Babel |
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28 | (1) |
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2.3 Bulk oil properties---considering the forest rather than individual tree |
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28 | (5) |
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2.4 Oil weathering estimation---the two (or maybe three) philosophical schools |
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33 | (1) |
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2.5 Weathering processes---those that do not alter the spill's chemical mixture |
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34 | (12) |
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34 | (5) |
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2.5.2 Natural surface dispersion |
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39 | (5) |
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2.5.3 Oil---particle aggregation |
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44 | (1) |
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2.5.4 Oil-water emulsion formation |
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44 | (2) |
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2.6 Weathering processes---those that do alter the chemical mixture |
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46 | (5) |
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47 | (2) |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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2.7 Discussion and caveat |
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51 | (1) |
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2.8 Notation (bracket shows frequently used units for dimensional terms) |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (7) |
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3 Horizontal transport in oil-spill modeling |
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59 | (38) |
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59 | (1) |
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3.2 The physics, the mathematics, and the numerics |
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60 | (5) |
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3.3 Overview of oil transport in the ocean |
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65 | (6) |
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3.3.1 Sources of velocity for oil-spill modeling |
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67 | (4) |
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3.4 Transport in the upper layer of the ocean |
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71 | (6) |
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72 | (2) |
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74 | (1) |
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3.4.3 Horizontal organization induced by vertical motion |
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75 | (2) |
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3.5 Modern Lagrangian tools |
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77 | (8) |
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3.5.1 Eulerian Coherent Structures |
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79 | (1) |
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3.5.2 Revisiting the Deepwater Horizon with modern tools |
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80 | (5) |
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3.6 Conclusion and outlook |
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85 | (2) |
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87 | (1) |
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87 | (6) |
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Appendix A Automated oil-spill simulations |
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93 | (4) |
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4 Vertical mixing in oil spill modeling |
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97 | (48) |
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97 | (2) |
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4.2 Vertical mixing in the ocean |
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99 | (5) |
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4.2.1 Turbulent diffusion |
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99 | (1) |
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4.2.2 Origins of vertical mixing in the ocean |
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100 | (2) |
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4.2.3 Modeling ocean turbulence |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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4.3 Entrainment of surface oil |
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104 | (5) |
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4.3.1 Droplet size distribution of entrained oil |
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105 | (2) |
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4.3.2 Entrainment rate of oil due to breaking waves |
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107 | (2) |
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4.3.3 Entrainment depth of oil due to breaking waves |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (4) |
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4.4.1 Calculation of droplet rise speeds |
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110 | (2) |
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4.4.2 Role of dispersants |
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112 | (1) |
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4.5 Eulerian model of vertical mixing |
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113 | (3) |
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4.5.1 Advection-diffusion equation |
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113 | (1) |
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4.5.2 Boundary conditions |
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114 | (1) |
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4.5.3 Source term for entrainment of oil |
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115 | (1) |
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4.5.4 Modeling a droplet size distribution |
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116 | (1) |
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4.5.5 The well-mixed condition |
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116 | (1) |
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4.6 Lagrangian modeling of vertical mixing |
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116 | (4) |
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4.6.1 Modeling vertical diffusion as a random walk |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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4.6.3 Boundary conditions |
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119 | (1) |
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4.7 Some examples and pitfalls |
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120 | (8) |
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120 | (2) |
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4.7.2 Step-function diffusivity |
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122 | (2) |
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4.7.3 Linearly interpolated diffusivity |
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124 | (1) |
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4.7.4 Chemically dispersed oil in the mixed layer |
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125 | (3) |
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128 | (2) |
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4.8.1 The 1993 Braer oil spill |
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129 | (1) |
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4.8.2 The 2011 Golden Trader oil spill |
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129 | (1) |
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4.9 Advanced topics and further reading |
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130 | (6) |
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4.9.1 Higher-order stochastic differential equation solvers |
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130 | (1) |
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4.9.2 Autocorrelated velocity or acceleration |
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131 | (3) |
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4.9.3 Reconstructing a concentration field from particles |
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134 | (2) |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (5) |
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Appendix A Equivalence between Eulerian and Lagrangian pictures |
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141 | (4) |
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5 Operational oil spill modelling assessments |
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145 | (54) |
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145 | (5) |
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5.2 Convection, diffusion, and beaching |
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150 | (3) |
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153 | (14) |
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158 | (2) |
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160 | (2) |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (2) |
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165 | (2) |
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167 | (7) |
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5.4.1 The pseudo-component approach |
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168 | (1) |
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5.4.2 Pseudo-component evaporation model |
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169 | (1) |
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5.4.3 Biodegradation test case |
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170 | (4) |
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5.5 Modeling of oil spills below the sea surface |
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174 | (6) |
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5.5.1 Experiments to access the sensitivity of the plume model parameters |
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176 | (4) |
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5.6 Oil spill prediction in areas with ice |
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180 | (3) |
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5.7 Good practice for operational implementation of oil spill models |
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183 | (4) |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (6) |
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Appendix A Biodegradation for dissolved oil and oil droplets dispersed in the water column |
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194 | (5) |
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6 Assessment of oil toxicity in water |
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199 | (22) |
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199 | (1) |
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6.2 Crude oil properties in water |
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199 | (1) |
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6.3 Approaches for characterizing oil toxicity |
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200 | (1) |
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6.4 Preparation of exposure solutions |
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201 | (5) |
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6.4.1 Oil loading and impacts on partitioning of components between oil and water |
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201 | (3) |
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6.4.2 Stability of oil dispersions |
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204 | (2) |
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6.5 Characterization of exposure |
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206 | (2) |
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6.6 Bioavailability of oil components |
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208 | (3) |
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6.6.1 The impact of biomass used in toxicity testing |
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208 | (1) |
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6.6.2 Impact of exposure duration and kinetics of uptake and depuration |
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208 | (2) |
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6.6.3 Route of biological uptake of oil components |
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210 | (1) |
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6.6.4 Body residue as exposure descriptors |
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211 | (1) |
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6.7 Selection of toxicity endpoints |
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211 | (1) |
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6.8 Method to generate parameterized toxicity data for input to risk assessment models |
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212 | (3) |
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6.8.1 Standardization of exposure parameters |
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213 | (1) |
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6.8.2 Application of the method |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (5) |
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7 Chemical assessments of sources, fate, and impacts of marine oil spills |
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221 | (24) |
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221 | (3) |
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7.2 Spill source assessment |
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224 | (4) |
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7.3 Assessment of environmental fate |
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228 | (8) |
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7.3.1 Re-evaluation of postspill weathering processes |
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229 | (4) |
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7.3.2 Novel postspill phenomena---marine-oil-snow sedimentation and flocculent accumulation |
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233 | (3) |
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7.4 Assessments of oil spills impacts |
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236 | (2) |
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7.5 Conclusions and recommendations |
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238 | (1) |
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239 | (1) |
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239 | (6) |
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8 Spill impact and response analyses |
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245 | (44) |
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245 | (2) |
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8.2 Impact, risk, and response analysis---theory and practice |
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247 | (7) |
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248 | (3) |
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251 | (3) |
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254 | (7) |
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8.3.1 Response strategies |
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255 | (1) |
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8.3.2 Spatial optimization |
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256 | (2) |
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258 | (2) |
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260 | (1) |
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261 | (21) |
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8.4.1 Estimating spill risk and impact: an application in the Gulf of Mexico |
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262 | (9) |
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8.4.2 Response analysis: the tactical analysis and coordination for oil spill suite |
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271 | (11) |
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8.5 Future work and knowledge gaps |
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282 | (1) |
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8.6 Acknowledgment and disclaimer |
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283 | (1) |
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284 | (5) |
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9 Decision support tools for managing marine hydrocarbon spills in island environments |
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289 | (68) |
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Jose Ramon Bergueiro Lopez |
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Jose Manuel Calvilla Quintero |
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9.1 Why marine hydrocarbon spills are a problem? |
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289 | (3) |
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292 | (1) |
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292 | (1) |
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292 | (2) |
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9.3 Spreading of spilled oil |
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294 | (1) |
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9.4 Evaporation of crude oil and derivatives |
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295 | (1) |
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9.5 Containment by barriers, fences, and interceptors |
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295 | (7) |
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9.5.1 Floating barriers/booms: elements, efficiency |
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296 | (1) |
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297 | (1) |
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298 | (1) |
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298 | (1) |
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298 | (1) |
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9.5.6 Example configurations of containment barriers/booms |
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299 | (3) |
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302 | (5) |
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9.6.1 SIRA (Skimmer effectiveness model) model |
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306 | (1) |
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9.7 Treatment of hydrocarbons with adsorbent materials |
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307 | (3) |
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9.7.1 Adsorption and absorption |
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307 | (1) |
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9.7.2 Characteristics of the adsorbents |
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307 | (1) |
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9.7.3 Adsorbent materials |
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308 | (1) |
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9.7.4 Spraying of adsorbents on a spill |
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309 | (1) |
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9.8 Treatment of crude oil by dispersants |
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310 | (9) |
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9.8.1 Types of dispersants |
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311 | (1) |
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9.8.2 Efficiency of dispersants |
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311 | (1) |
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9.8.3 Dispersant application methods |
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312 | (2) |
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9.8.4 Selection of a good dispersant |
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314 | (3) |
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9.8.5 Limitations of dispersant application |
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317 | (2) |
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9.9 Elimination of crude oil by bacterial degradation |
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319 | (6) |
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325 | (2) |
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9.11 Incineration of spills |
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327 | (4) |
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331 | (1) |
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9.13 Toxicity of crude oil, dispersants, and of the mixture |
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332 | (5) |
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333 | (1) |
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9.13.2 Standardized analysis methods |
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334 | (1) |
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9.13.3 Assessing of toxicity using the EVA (Hydrocarbon Evaporation Rate model) model |
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334 | (2) |
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9.13.4 Innovative ecofriendly biosolvents for combating oil pollution |
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336 | (1) |
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9.14 Slick trajectory models and their operational applications |
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337 | (4) |
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339 | (1) |
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9.14.2 Trajectory and weathering |
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339 | (1) |
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340 | (1) |
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9.14.4 Subsurface transport model |
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340 | (1) |
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340 | (1) |
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341 | (9) |
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9.15.1 Simulation of drift |
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341 | (3) |
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9.15.2 Simulation results---TESEO |
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344 | (3) |
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9.15.3 Simulation results---GNOME |
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347 | (1) |
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9.15.4 Model simulations---concluding remarks |
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348 | (2) |
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9.16 Integrated management of coastal areas after a spill |
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350 | (2) |
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352 | (2) |
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354 | (3) |
| Index |
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357 | |
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta