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Marine Organisms as Model Systems in Biology and MedicineSuurem pilt
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This book highlights the potential advantages of using marine invertebrates like tunicates, echinoderms, sponges and cephalopods as models in both biological and medical research. Bioactive compounds found in marine organisms possess antibacterial, antifungal, anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory properties, and can affect the immune and nervous systems. Despite substantial research on the medicinal attributes of various marine invertebrates, they are still very much underrepresented in scientific literature: the majority of cell, developmental and evolutionary scientific journals only publish research conducted on a few well-known model systems like Drosophila melanogaster or Xenopus laevis. 

Addressing that gap, this book introduces readers to new model organisms like starfish or nemertera. By showing their benefits with regard to regeneration, stem cell research and Evo-Devo, the authors provide a cross-sectional view encompassing various disciplines of biological research. As such, this book will not only appeal to scientists currently working on marine organisms, but will also inspire future generations to pursue research of their own.
Part I: Gametes, Maturation, Fertilization and Modes of Reproduction
1 Marine Nemertean Worms for Studies of Oocyte Maturation and Aging
3(12)
Stephen A. Stricker
1.1 Introduction
3(2)
1.2 Methods
5(4)
1.2.1 Collection Procedures
5(1)
1.2.2 Maintaining Adult Specimens in the Laboratory
6(1)
1.2.3 Obtaining Gametes and Generating Cultures of Embryos
6(3)
1.2.4 General Cell Biological Applications
9(1)
1.3 Results and Discussion
9(3)
1.3.1 Using Nemertean Oocytes in Analyses of Maturation and Aging Processes
9(1)
1.3.2 AMP Kinase (AMPK) Deactivation During Oocyte Maturation
10(1)
1.3.3 c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) Activation During Oocyte Degradation
11(1)
1.4 Conclusions
12(1)
References
13(2)
2 Sperm Nuclear Basic Proteins of Marine Invertebrates
15(18)
Anna Torok
Sebastian G. Gornik
2.1 Diversity of Sperm Nuclear Basic Proteins (SNBPs)
16(1)
2.2 Evolutionary Origin of SNBPs
17(4)
2.3 SNBPs in Marine Invertebrates
21(4)
2.3.1 P-Type and PL-Type SNBPs Contribute to Sperm Chromatin Compaction and Often Replace Somatic Histones Entirely During Spermatogenesis
21(1)
2.3.2 Porifera, Ctenophora and Crustacea Exclusively Use Somatic Histones to Pack Sperm DNA
21(1)
2.3.3 Echinoidea (Phylum Echinodermata) and Hydrozoa (Phylum Cnidaria) Lack SNBPs but Evolved Novel Nucleosomal Histone Variants with Specific Roles in Spermatogenesis
22(3)
2.4 Conclusion, Discussion and Outstanding Questions
25(2)
References
27(6)
3 Fertilization in Starfish and Sea Urchin: Roles of Actin
33(16)
Jong Tai Chun
Filip Vasilev
Nunzia Limatola
Luigia Santella
3.1 Introduction
33(1)
3.2 Actin in Sperm Acrosome Reaction
34(2)
3.3 Actin in Oocyte Maturation
36(2)
3.4 Actin in Fertilized Eggs
38(3)
3.5 Modulation of Intracellular Ca2+ Signaling by the Actin Cytoskeleton
41(2)
3.6 Concluding Remarks
43(1)
References
43(6)
4 Starfish as a Model System for Analyzing Signal Transduction During Fertilization
49(20)
Emily Wiseman
Lauren Bates
Altair Dube
David J. Carroll
4.1 Introduction
49(2)
4.2 Understanding the Regulation of Meiosis at the Cellular Level
51(8)
4.2.1 Future Contributions of the Starfish
52(1)
4.2.2 Signaling at Cell Surface
52(4)
4.2.3 Moving Inside the Egg During Fertilization
56(1)
4.2.4 Understanding Calcium Signaling
57(1)
4.2.5 Microinjection of the Live Oocyte and Egg
58(1)
4.3 Genomics in the Starfish (the Exciting Future!)
59(4)
4.3.1 Validation of the Existing Starfish Transcriptome Data
60(1)
4.3.2 Finding Novel Signaling Genes and Their RNA
60(2)
4.3.3 Applying CRISPR Technology to Studying Signaling in the Starfish
62(1)
4.4 Connections to Human Health
63(1)
References
64(5)
5 Toward Multiscale Modeling of Molecular and Biochemical Events Occurring at Fertilization Time in Sea Urchins
69(22)
Harold Moundoyi
Josselin Demouy
Sophie Le Panse
Julia Morales
Benoit Sarels
Patrick Cormier
5.1 Introduction
70(1)
5.2 From Ca2+ Signaling Pathway to Sperm Navigation
71(3)
5.3 From Ca2+ Wave to Fertilization Envelope Elevation
74(3)
5.4 From Translation Regulation to the First Mitotic Division Following Fertilization
77(5)
5.5 Conclusions and Perspectives
82(1)
References
83(8)
6 Monosex in Aquaculture
91(14)
Tomer Ventura
6.1 What Is Monosex?
91(1)
6.2 Why Monosex?
92(1)
6.3 How to Generate Monosex?
92(1)
6.4 Sex Determination and Sexual Differentiation
93(2)
6.4.1 Sex Determination: Heterogamecy
94(1)
6.4.2 Sexual Differentiation
94(1)
6.5 Hormonal Regulation of Sex Differentiation in Vertebrates
95(2)
6.5.1 Steroidogenesis
96(1)
6.6 Sex Reversal Induction in Vertebrates
97(1)
6.7 The Case of Macrobrachium rosenbergii: The Commercially Most Important Freshwater Prawn
98(1)
6.8 Sex Reversal Induction in Other Crustaceans
99(1)
6.9 Concluding Remarks
100(1)
References
100(5)
Part II: Embryonic and Post-Embryonic Development, and the Evolution of the Body Plan
7 Medusa: A Review of an Ancient Cnidarian Body Form
105(32)
Cheryl Lewis Ames
7.1 Medusozoa: Emergence of the Medusa Body Form
105(5)
7.1.1 Appeal of the Medusa
105(1)
7.1.2 Systematics and Evolutionary Position
106(1)
7.1.3 Defining Medusa
107(3)
7.2 Evolution of an Innovative Bauplan
110(5)
7.2.1 Medusa Locomotion
110(2)
7.2.2 Medusa Feeding and Digestion
112(3)
7.3 Nematocysts: Novel Stinging Structures
115(1)
7.3.1 Medusa Cnidome
115(1)
7.3.2 Cellular and Molecular Classification of Nematocysts
116(1)
7.4 Neurogenesis
116(3)
7.4.1 Neural Circuits
117(1)
7.4.2 Sensory Perception and Balance: The Medusa Pacemaker
117(2)
7.5 Medusa Life Cycles
119(3)
7.5.1 Sexual Reproduction
119(1)
7.5.2 Metagenetic Life Cycles
119(2)
7.5.3 Exceptions to Metagenesis
121(1)
7.6 Medusa Biogeography
122(3)
7.6.1 Jellyfish Proliferations
122(1)
7.6.2 Jellyfish Blooms: A Bad Rap
123(1)
7.6.3 Ecological and Societal Benefits of Medusae
124(1)
7.6.4 Medusa-Inspired Robotics
124(1)
7.7 Emerging Medusa Model Systems: Insights to Be Gained
125(1)
References
126(11)
8 Sea Urchin Larvae as a Model for Postembryonic Development
137(26)
Andreas Heyland
Nicholas Schuh
Jonathan Rast
8.1 Larval Forms as Experimental Models in Physiology and Development
138(1)
8.2 A Framework for Hormonal Action in Larval Development and Metamorphosis of the Sea Urchin
139(4)
8.2.1 The Hypothesized Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Network of Sea Urchin Larval Development
140(1)
8.2.2 Putative Function of TH Signaling in Skeletogenesis
141(1)
8.2.3 Function of Hormonal Signaling in Programmed Cell Death (PCD)
142(1)
8.3 Sea Urchin Larvae as an Experimental Model for Bacterial Colonization and Host-Microbe Interactions in Postembryonic Development
143(4)
8.4 Sea Urchin Immunity in Larval Development
147(6)
8.4.1 The Larval Immune Gene Response and IL-17
151(1)
8.4.2 Partitioning the Immune System Between Embryo, Larva, and Adult
152(1)
8.5 Asexual Reproduction and Regeneration
153(1)
8.5.1 Regeneration in Echinoderm Larvae
153(1)
8.5.2 Asexual Reproduction Via Budding in Sea Urchins
153(1)
8.6 Synthesis
154(1)
References
155(8)
9 The Ciona Notochord Gene Regulatory Network
163(22)
Michael Veeman
9.1 Ciona as a Model for Chordate GRN Analysis
163(2)
9.2 The Ciona Notochord as a Model for Understanding Morphogenesis and Differentiation
165(3)
9.3 Establishing Primary Notochord Fate
168(2)
9.4 Secondary Notochord Induction
170(2)
9.5 The Notochord Transcriptome
172(2)
9.6 Cis-regulatory Control of Brachyury Expression
174(1)
9.7 Notochord Effector Gene Regulation
174(2)
9.8 Fine Spatial Patterning
176(1)
9.9 Is Brachyury a True Master Regulator Gene?
177(1)
9.10 Current Questions in Ciona Notochord Gene Regulation
178(1)
References
179(6)
10 Model Systems for Exploring the Evolutionary Origins of the Nervous System
185(12)
Karri M. Haen Whitmer
10.1 Introduction
185(1)
10.2 A Minimal Nervous System
186(1)
10.3 Uncertainty in the Metazoan Phylogeny
187(1)
10.4 Nervous System Evolution at the Base of the Metazoan Tree
188(5)
10.4.1 The Proto-Synaptic Scaffolding of Sponges
188(1)
10.4.2 The Ctenophore Nervous System
189(2)
10.4.3 The Placozoa
191(1)
10.4.4 Cnidarian Nervous Systems
192(1)
10.5 Conclusions
193(1)
10.5.1 Evolution of Synapses from Ancient Chemosensory Cells
193(1)
10.5.2 Origin and Evolution of the Nervous System
193(1)
References
194(3)
11 Nonprotein-Coding RNAs as Regulators of Development in Tunicates
197(32)
Cristian A. Velandia-Huerto
Federico D. Brown
Adriaan Gittenberger
Peter F. Stadler
Clara I. Bermudez-Santana
11.1 Introduction
198(1)
11.2 miRNA Families Origin and Evolutionary Perspective
199(10)
11.2.1 Origins and Evolution of MicroRNAs
199(2)
11.2.2 miRNA Identification and Validation
201(1)
11.2.2.1 High-Throughput Studies of Ciona miRNAs
202(1)
11.2.2.2 High-Throughput miRNA Searches in Other Urochordates
204(1)
11.2.3 miRNA in Clusters
204(5)
11.3 miRNAs and Its Role in Development
209(9)
11.3.1 miRNA Discovery and Its Role in Development
209(5)
11.3.2 Neuronal Fate Determination and Regulation by miR-124
214(1)
11.3.2.1 Muscle Development and the Polycistronic miR-1/miR-133 Cluster
216(1)
11.3.2.2 miRNA Expression During Oral Siphon (OS) Regeneration
217(1)
11.3.2.3 miRNA Expression During O. dioica Development
217(1)
11.4 Other ncRNAs Associated with Development
218(3)
11.4.1 Yellow Crescent RNA
218(1)
11.4.2 MicroRNA-Offset RNAs
218(1)
11.4.3 Long Noncoding RNA RMST
219(1)
11.4.4 Spliced-Leader RNA
220(1)
References
221(8)
Part III: Differentiation, Regeneration and Stemness
12 Differentiation and Transdifferentiation of Sponge Cells
229(26)
Maja Adamska
12.1 Introduction
229(1)
12.2 Cell Types in Sponges: Ancient Characters?
230(2)
12.3 Sponge Body Plans: Is There Similarity to Other Animals?
232(2)
12.4 Germline and Stem Cell Systems in Sponges
234(1)
12.5 Cell Differentiation and Transdifferentiation During Embryonic Development and Metamorphosis: Diversity and Plasticity
235(6)
12.5.1 Formation and Metamorphosis of the Amphiblastula: Embryonically Determined Cell Fate?
236(3)
12.5.2 Formation and Metamorphosis of the Cinctoblastula: Position-Dependent Cell Fate?
239(1)
12.5.3 Formation and Metamorphosis of the Parenchymella: Lability of Cell Fate?
240(1)
12.6 Cell Differentiation and Transdifferentiation During Growth and Asexual Reproduction
241(2)
12.7 Cell Differentiation and Transdifferentiation During Regeneration
243(3)
12.8 Do Sponges Have Differentiated Cells and What Can We Learn from Them?
246(2)
References
248(7)
13 Holothurians as a Model System to Study Regeneration
255(30)
Jose E. Garcia-Arraras
Maria I. Lazaro-Pena
Carlos A. Diaz-Balzac
13.1 Introduction
256(1)
13.1.1 Echinodermata
256(1)
13.1.2 Regeneration in Echinoderms
256(1)
13.2 Digestive Tract Regeneration
257(13)
13.2.1 Holothurian Digestive Tract
258(2)
13.2.2 Evisceration
260(2)
13.2.3 Regeneration of the Digestive Tract
262(1)
13.2.3.1 Wound Healing
262(1)
13.2.3.2 Cellular Mechanisms
262(1)
13.2.3.3 Species Differences
267(1)
13.2.3.4 Molecular Basis of Intestinal Regeneration
267(1)
13.2.3.5 Gene Expression Patterns
269(1)
13.2.3.6 Functional Studies
270(1)
13.3 RNC Regeneration
270(9)
13.3.1 Holothurian Nervous System
270(2)
13.3.2 Radial Nerve Cord Transection
272(1)
13.3.3 Regeneration of the Nervous System
273(1)
13.3.3.1 Neurodegeneration
273(1)
13.3.3.2 Initial Growth
274(1)
13.3.3.3 Reconnection
275(1)
13.3.3.4 Differentiation and Growth
275(1)
13.3.3.5 Cellular Mechanisms
276(1)
13.3.3.6 Molecular Basis
277(1)
13.3.3.7 Gene Expression Patterns
277(1)
13.3.3.8 Functional Studies
278(1)
References
279(6)
14 Regeneration in Stellate Echinoderms: Crinoidea, Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea
285(36)
Yousra Ben Khadra
Michela Sugni
Cinzia Ferrario
Francesco Bonasoro
Paola Oliveri
Pedro Martinez
Maria Daniela Candia Carnevali
14.1 A Phylogenetic Perspective of Echinoderms
286(2)
14.2 Echinoderm Regeneration: Not Only a Replacement
288(2)
14.3 Arm Regeneration: The Cellular and Tissue Perspective
290(16)
14.3.1 Regenerative Phases
291(6)
14.3.2 Blastema or Not Blastema?
297(1)
14.3.3 Regeneration-Competent Cells
298(4)
14.3.4 Distalization-Intercalary Regeneration
302(1)
14.3.5 Coelom and Nervous Tissue as the Key Players of Echinoderm Regeneration
303(1)
14.3.5.1 The Coelomic Epithelium as Organogenetic Tissue
303(1)
14.3.5.2 Nervous System as Coordinator
304(2)
14.4 Arm Regeneration: The Molecular Perspective
306(8)
14.4.1 Crinoids
306(1)
14.4.2 Asteroids
307(2)
14.4.3 Ophiuroids
309(5)
14.5 Conclusions
314(1)
References
314(7)
15 Solitary Ascidians as Model Organisms in Regenerative Biology Studies
321(16)
Tal Gordon
Noa Shenkar
15.1 Introduction
322(3)
15.1.1 Background
323(2)
15.1.2 Polycarpa mytiligera
325(1)
15.2 Solitary Ascidians as Model System for Regenerative Studies
325(2)
15.3 Regeneration of Internal Organ
327(4)
15.3.1 Regeneration and Aging
329(2)
15.4 Ecological Significance of Regeneration
331(1)
15.5 Summary and Future Directions
332(1)
References
333(4)
16 Whole-Body Regeneration in the Colonial Tunicate Botrylloides leachii
337(22)
Simon Blanchoud
Buki Rinkevich
Megan J. Wilson
16.1 Introduction
338(1)
16.2 The Biology of Botrylloides leachii
339(3)
16.3 Current State of Research on WBR in B. leachii
342(2)
16.4 Inferences from WBR and Asexual Reproduction in Other Colonial Ascidians
344(5)
16.4.1 Differences in WBR Ability Between Colonial Ascidians
344(2)
16.4.2 Insights from Asexual Reproduction
346(1)
16.4.3 The Origin of the Progenitor Cells Driving WBR
347(1)
16.4.4 The Role of Immune-Associated Cells During WBR
347(1)
16.4.5 Genes Involved in WBR Have Multiple Roles in Colonial Ascidian
348(1)
16.5 Future Directions
349(2)
References
351(8)
Part IV: Biomolecules, Secretion, Symbionts and Feeding
17 Beach to Bench to Bedside: Marine Invertebrate Biochemical Adaptations and Their Applications in Biotechnology and Biomedicine
359(18)
Aida Verdes
Mande Holford
17.1 Marine Biotechnology and the Ocean as a Source of Chemical Diversity
360(3)
17.2 Biochemical Innovations of Marine Invertebrates
363(4)
17.2.1 Marine Invertebrate Toxins
363(2)
17.2.2 Marine Mollusk Ink Secretions
365(1)
17.2.3 Viscoelastic Adhesive Gels
366(1)
17.2.4 Light-Producing Compounds
366(1)
17.3 Biotechnological and Biomedical Applications
367(3)
17.3.1 Pharmacological Applications of Venom Peptides
367(1)
17.3.2 Applications of Light-Producing Molecules in Biophotonics
368(1)
17.3.3 Biomaterials Derived from Marine Invertebrates
369(1)
17.4 Future Prospects
370(1)
References
371(6)
18 Coral Food, Feeding, Nutrition, and Secretion: A Review
377(46)
Walter M. Goldberg
18.1 Introduction
378(1)
18.2 Autotrophic Nutrition: A Brief Overview
379(3)
18.2.1 A Neal to Feed
380(2)
18.3 Heterotrophic Nutrition in Scleractinians
382(10)
18.3.1 From the Water Column
382(1)
18.3.1.1 Tentacle Capture and the Use of Cnidae
382(1)
18.3.1.2 Feeding and Digestion by Mesenterial Filaments
384(1)
18.3.1.3 Capture of Mesozooplankton
387(1)
18.3.1.4 Capture of Micro-, Nano-, and Picoplankton
389(1)
18.3.1.5 The Microbial Loop, POM, and DOM in the Water Column: A Brief Overview
390(2)
18.4 Benthic and Epibenthic Organic Matter Production and Consumption
392(5)
18.4.1 Release. of Mucus
393(2)
18.4.2 Mucus and Coral Feeding
395(1)
18.4.3 Feeding by Cold-Water Corals
396(1)
18.5 Dissolved Organic and Inorganic Matter
397(5)
18.5.1 Mucus and the Production of Dissolved Organic Carbon
397(1)
18.5.2 Sources of Dissolved Organic Nitrogen
398(1)
18.5.3 Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen (DIN)
399(1)
18.5.4 Dissolved Forms of Phosphorus
400(2)
18.6 Heterotrophic Feeding in the Octocorallia
402(3)
18.6.1 Alcyonacean Soft Corals
402(2)
18.6.2 Gorgonian Octocorals
404(1)
18.7 Heterotrophic Feeding in the Antipatharian Corals
405(1)
18.8 Questions for Future Research
406(1)
References
406(17)
19 The Suitability of Fishes as Models for Studying Appetitive Behavior in Vertebrates
423(16)
Pietro Amodeo
Enrico D'Aniello
Fanny Defranoux
Angela Marino
Livia D'Angelo
Michael T. Ghiselin
Ernesto Mollo
19.1 Introduction
424(1)
19.2 The Endocrine Signals
425(1)
19.3 The Aminergic and Endocannabinoid Systems
426(1)
19.4 The Chemosensory Receptors and Their Affinity for Ligands
427(1)
19.5 The Natural Cues
428(3)
19.6 Anthropogenic Xenobiotics
431(1)
19.7 Conclusions
432(1)
References
433(6)
20 Glycans with Antiviral Activity from Marine Organisms
439(38)
I.D. Grice
G.L. Mariottini
20.1 Introduction
441(3)
20.1.1 Antivirals: Definition and Therapeutic Activity
443(1)
20.1.2 Glycan Definition
443(1)
20.2 Marine Glycans: Structural Features and Reported Antiviral Activity
444(20)
20.2.1 Alginates (Sulfated Alginates)
454(1)
20.2.2 A1 and A2 SP
454(3)
20.2.3 Chitosan
457(1)
20.2.4 Extracellular PS
457(1)
20.2.5 Fucans/Sulfated Fucans
457(1)
20.2.6 Galactans/Sulfated Galactans
458(1)
20.2.7 Glycolipids/Sulfated Glycolipids
459(1)
20.2.8 Glycosaminoglycans
460(1)
20.2.9 Glycosides
460(1)
20.2.10 Glycosylated Haemocyanin
461(1)
20.2.11 pKG03 PS
461(1)
20.2.12 Laminarans
461(1)
20.2.13 Mannan/Sulfated Mannan
462(1)
20.2.14 Naviculan
462(1)
20.2.15 Nostoflan
462(1)
20.2.16 Polysaccharide/Sulfated Polysaccharide
462(1)
20.2.17 Spirulan SP
463(1)
20.2.18 Rhamnan Sulfate
463(1)
20.2.19 Ulvan SP
463(1)
20.2.20 Xylomannan/Sulfated Xylomannan
463(1)
20.3 General Comments on Antiviral Activity of Glycans from Marine Organisms
464(1)
20.4 Overall Conclusions
465(1)
References
466(11)
21 Cnidarian Jellyfish: Ecological Aspects, Nematocyst Isolation, and Treatment Methods of Sting
477(38)
N. Killi
G.L. Mariottini
21.1 Ecological Aspects
477(8)
21.1.1 Relationships Between Cnidarians and the Environment
477(2)
21.1.2 Cnidaria Outbreaks
479(2)
21.1.3 Interactions with Other Organisms and Endosymbiosis
481(3)
21.1.4 Bioluminescence
484(1)
21.2 Cnidarian Stinging and Related Aspects
485(2)
21.2.1 Nematocytes and Nematocysts
485(2)
21.3 Toxicological and Epidemiological Aspects
487(1)
21.4 Cytotoxicity of Cnidarian Venoms
488(5)
21.4.1 Hemolytic Effects
488(2)
21.4.2 Cytotoxicity of Cnidarian Extracts on Cultured Cells
490(3)
21.5 Cnidarians as an Underexploited Rich Resource for New Therapeutics
493(1)
21.6 Management and Treatment of Cnidarian Jellyfish Stings: Review Papers
493(2)
21.7 Management of Stings by Hydrozoans
495(1)
21.8 Management of Stings by Scyphozoans
496(1)
21.9 Management of Stings by Cubozoans
497(2)
21.10 Treatment and Management of Stings by Undefined Cnidarians
499(1)
21.11 Conclusions
500(1)
References
501(14)
22 These Colors Don't Run: Regulation of Pigment-Biosynthesis in Echinoderms
515(14)
Cristina Calestani
Gary M. Wessel
22.1 Introduction
515(1)
22.2 Pigments for Consideration
516(4)
22.2.1 Melanins
516(1)
22.2.2 Carotenoids
517(1)
22.2.3 Porphyrins
517(1)
22.2.4 Quinones
518(2)
22.3 What Is the Major Enzymatic Activity of Polyketide Synthases?
520(3)
22.3.1 How Is Echinochrome Synthesized?
520(1)
22.3.2 PKS Diversity in Sea Urchins
521(1)
22.3.3 Phylogeny of PKS
521(1)
22.3.4 The Gene Regulatory Network of PKS
521(1)
22.3.5 What Is the Function of the PKS-Derived Pigment in Sea Urchin?
522(1)
22.4 Concluding Statements
523(1)
References
524(5)
Part V: Bioinformatics, Bioengineering and Information Processing
23 Reef-Building Corals as a Tool for Climate Change Research in the Genomics Era
529(18)
Filipa Godoy-Vitorino
Carlos Toledo-Hernandez
23.1 Coral Biology: An Enigmatic Symbioses
529(2)
23.2 Microbial Evolution and the Coral Holobiont
531(1)
23.3 Climate Change and Coral Reefs
532(3)
23.3.1 The Coral Holobiont as a Model for Climate Change
534(1)
23.4 High-Resolution Profiling of the Coral Biosphere
535(1)
23.5 Brief Technical Guide to Microbiome Research
536(2)
23.6 Concluding Remarks
538(1)
References
539(8)
24 The Crown-of-Thorns Starfish: From Coral Reef Plague to Model System
547(22)
Kenneth W. Baughman
24.1 Introduction
547(1)
24.2 The Remarkably High Resolution of the COTS Genome
548(1)
24.3 The High Resolution of the COTS Genome Is Likely Due to Low Heterozygosity
548(2)
24.4 COTS and Echinoderms: General Biology
550(2)
24.5 How COTS Damage Coral Reefs: COTS Aggregations
552(1)
24.6 The COTS Genome Assembly Is Biologically Significant: Hox, ParaHox, and Pharyngeal Gill Slit Clusters
553(1)
24.7 COTS as Model System for the Study of Genomic Structure: 1-MA SBGN Example
554(11)
24.8 COTS, GRNS, and KERNALS
565(1)
24.9 Conclusion
566(1)
References
567(2)
25 Structures and Composition of the Crab Carapace: An Archetypal Material in Biomimetic Mechanical Design
569(16)
Parvez Alam
25.1 Introduction
569(1)
25.2 Materials Secreted Through Cellular Activity
570(3)
25.3 Fundamental Organisation of the Crab Carapace
573(4)
25.4 Biomechanics of the Crab Carapace and Its Influence in Biomimetic Design
577(4)
25.5 Conclusions
581(1)
References
581(4)
26 Octopus vulgaris: An Alternative in Evolution
585(14)
Anna Di Cosmo
Valeria Maselli
Gianluca Polese
26.1 Octopus: A Sophisticated Animal
585(3)
26.2 Octopus Weird Pupil: How It Sees Colors
588(1)
26.3 Octopus Smells by Touch: Its Chemical Sensing
589(1)
26.4 Octopus Edits Own Genes
590(1)
26.5 Octopus Rejuvenates Own Brain
591(1)
26.6 Future of Research on Octopus
592(1)
References
593(6)
27 Vision Made Easy: Cubozoans Can Advance Our Understanding of Systems-Level Visual Information Processing
599
Jan Bielecki
Anders Garm
27.1 Introduction
600(2)
27.2 External Environment
602(1)
27.3 Box Jellyfish Visual Ecology
603(5)
27.3.1 Visual System Morphology
603(1)
27.3.2 Optics
604(1)
27.3.3 Opsins
605(1)
27.3.4 Spatio-Temporal Properties
606(2)
27.3.5 Directional Vision
608(1)
27.4 Central Network
608(5)
27.4.1 Rhopalial Nervous System
608(1)
27.4.2 Central Pattern Generators
609(3)
27.4.3 Motor Systems
612(1)
27.5 Integrative Approach to Behaviour
613(6)
27.5.1 Long-Distance Navigation
613(3)
27.5.2 Foraging: Light Shaft Detection
616(1)
27.5.3 Obstacle Avoidance
616(3)
27.6 Future Research Perspectives
619(2)
References
621
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