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E-raamat: Measurement in Health Behavior: Methods for Research and Evaluation

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(Emory University's Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia)
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Sari: Jossey-Bass Public Health
  • Ilmumisaeg: 06-Mar-2006
  • Kirjastus: Jossey-Bass Inc.,U.S.
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780787981648
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Measurement in Health Behavior: Methods for Research and EvaluationSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Sari: Jossey-Bass Public Health
  • Ilmumisaeg: 06-Mar-2006
  • Kirjastus: Jossey-Bass Inc.,U.S.
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780787981648
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Writing primarily for public health students and for public health professionals who have a limited background in statistics and mathematics, Di Iorio (behavioral sciences, health education, Emory University) emphasizes classical measurement strategies used in health behavior research for testing reliability and validity and for interpreting results. A major portion of the text deals with scale development and testing, but chapters on survey development and the construction of knowledge tests are also included. Students in other health disciplines, such as nursing, medicine, and applied health sciences, may also find the book useful. Annotation ©2006 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

Measurement in Health Behavior offers faculty, students, researchers, and public health professionals the information they need to improve their knowledge of instrument development and testing and their understanding of reliability and validity testing discussed in articles and reports. The book also helps improve students’ and professionals’ ability to conduct basic tests for reliability and validity and hones their skills in interpreting the results of data analysis. Based on data collected from the author’s more than ten years of research and program development, Measurement in Health Behavior provides realistic examples from the public health arena to clearly demonstrate the book’s concepts.
Tables, Figures, and Exhibits
xv
Preface xxi
The Author xxv
Introduction to Measurement
1(17)
Role of Measurement in Health Education and Health Behavior Research
1(2)
Brief History of Psychosocial Measurement
3(3)
Conceptualization of Measurement
6(2)
Reasons for Measuring Concepts
8(1)
Scales of Measurement
9(7)
Nominal Scale
9(2)
Ordinal Scale
11(1)
Interval Scale
12(2)
Ratio Scale
14(1)
Levels of Measurement and Statistics
15(1)
Major Concepts of Measurement: Reliability and Validity
16(1)
Reliability
16(1)
Validity
17(1)
Summary
17(1)
Types of Measures
18(18)
Self-Report
19(14)
Interviews
19(1)
Questionnaires
20(2)
Journals and Diaries
22(1)
Response Scales
23(1)
Scaling Methods
24(1)
Visual Analog Scale
24(2)
Thurstone Scale
26(2)
Likert Scale
28(1)
Guttman Scale
29(1)
Semantic Differential Rating Scale
30(1)
Indexes
31(2)
Observations
33(1)
Biobehavioral Measures
33(1)
Electronic Measures
34(1)
Summary
35(1)
Measurement Error
36(18)
Definition
37(1)
Classification of Measurement Error
38(2)
Random Error
38(1)
Systematic Error
39(1)
Measurement Error Factors
40(13)
Respondent Factors
40(2)
Response Sets
42(1)
Social Desirability
42(2)
Acquiescence and Nay-Saying
44(1)
End Aversion (Central Tendency)
44(1)
Positive Skew
45(1)
Halo
46(1)
Recall
46(2)
Instrument Factors
48(2)
Strategies to Reduce Errors on Self-Report Questionnaires
50(1)
Strategies to Reduce Errors During Interviews
51(1)
Situational Factors
51(2)
Measurement Rules
53(1)
Summary
53(1)
Survey Development
54(21)
Definition
55(1)
Basic Principles of Survey Construction
55(4)
Purpose
55(1)
Objectives
56(3)
Respondents
59(1)
General Principles of Item Writing
59(11)
The Do's of Item Writing
60(8)
The Don'ts of Item Writing
68(2)
Survey Format
70(2)
Survey Administration
72(2)
Summary
74(1)
Knowledge Tests
75(28)
Test Construction
76(8)
State the Purpose of the Test
76(2)
State the Test Objectives
78(1)
Review Content
79(1)
Develop a Table of Test Specifications
79(1)
Domain-Sampling Model
80(4)
Types of Items
84(8)
Multiple-Choice Items
85(5)
True/False Items
90(2)
Item Analysis
92(9)
Item-Objective Congruency
92(6)
Average Congruency Percentage
98(1)
Difficulty Index
98(3)
Item Discrimination Index
101(1)
Summary
101(2)
Theory and Measurement
103(18)
Linking Measurement to Theory-Based Health Practice and Research
104(6)
Gibbs's Model
106(3)
Theoretical and Operational Definitions
109(1)
Conceptualization Issues in Scale Development
110(4)
Survey Versus Scale
110(1)
Single-Item Versus Multiple-Item Scales
111(2)
Concept Selection
113(1)
Concept Analysis
114(5)
Identify Definitions and Uses of the Concept
114(2)
Identify Critical Attributes of the Concept
116(1)
Identify Dimensions of the Concept
117(1)
Identify Similar and Different Concepts
117(1)
Identify Antecedents and Consequences of the Concept
118(1)
Write a Model Case
118(1)
State the Variables
119(1)
Summary
119(2)
Item Writing and Scaling
121(15)
Item Development Process
122(6)
State the Theoretical Definition
123(1)
Identify Dimensions of the Concept
123(1)
Create a Content-Domain by Concept-Dimension Matrix
123(1)
Decide How Many Items to Include for Each Matrix Cell
124(2)
Write Items for Each Content-Domain by Concept-Dimension Cell
126(1)
Literature Review
126(1)
Qualitative Interviews
126(1)
Other Instruments
127(1)
Write Rules for Scale Scoring and Administration
128(1)
Summated Rating Scales
128(7)
Types of Response Options
128(2)
Number of Response Options
130(1)
Odd or Even Number of Categories
131(1)
Meanings of Response Option Adjectives or Adverbs
132(1)
Use of Adjectives, Adverbs, or Numbers, or Combinations Thereof
132(1)
Positively and Negatively Worded Items
133(1)
Scoring
133(2)
Summary
135(1)
Review of Statistical Concepts
136(27)
Basic Statistical Concepts
137(9)
Frequency Distribution
137(2)
Measures of Central Tendency
139(1)
Measures of Dispersion
139(1)
SPSS Commands
140(4)
Recode Negatively Worded Items Using SPSS
144(1)
Compute Total Scale Scores Using SPSS
145(1)
Review of Correlation
146(11)
Interpretation of the Correlation Coefficient
150(2)
Correlation Matrix
152(1)
Correlation Issues
152(1)
Causality
152(1)
Sample Size
153(1)
Group Differences
154(1)
Restriction of Range
154(1)
Variance
154(2)
Reporting Results of Correlation Analysis
156(1)
Analysis of Variance
157(5)
Definition and Use
157(1)
SPSS Commands for a One-Way ANOVA
158(1)
Interpreting a One-Way ANOVA
158(4)
Summary
162(1)
Fundamentals of Reliability
163(13)
Classical Test Theory
165(5)
Observed, True, and Error Scores
165(2)
Assumptions and Characteristics
167(3)
Reliability Coefficient
170(4)
Estimate of Reliability
172(1)
Calculation of Variance Due to the True Score
173(1)
Calculation of the Reliability Index
174(1)
Summary
174(2)
Reliability Assessment and Item Analysis
176(35)
Methods of Reliability Assessment
177(14)
Equivalence
177(1)
Stability
178(3)
Internal Consistency
181(1)
Split-Half
181(3)
Coefficient Alpha
184(2)
Cronbach's Alpha
186(3)
Kuder-Richardson Formula 20
189(2)
Factors Associated with Coefficient Alpha
191(2)
Test Length and Interitem Correlation
191(1)
Test Adjustments to Increase Alpha
191(2)
Standards of Reliability
193(1)
Item Analysis
193(6)
Intrarater and Interrater Reliability
199(4)
Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
203(2)
Standard Error of Measurement
205(1)
Generalizability Theory
206(4)
Summary
210(1)
Validity
211(26)
Test Content
214(6)
Procedures
215(3)
Content Validity Index
218(1)
Face Validity
219(1)
Response Processes
220(4)
Procedures
221(1)
Think Aloud
221(1)
Verbal Probe
222(1)
Evaluation
222(2)
Relationships to Other Variables
224(12)
Criterion Validity
225(4)
Construct Validity
229(4)
Multitrait-Multimethod Matrix
233(2)
Validity Issues
235(1)
Summary
236(1)
Factor Analysis
237(39)
Exploratory Factor Analysis
238(6)
Definition
238(3)
Conceptual Basis
241(3)
How Factor Analysis Works
244(1)
Steps in Factor Analysis
244(29)
Basic Requirements for FA
246(1)
Initial Assessment
247(1)
Evaluation of the Matrix
248(2)
Evaluation of the Determinant
250(1)
Test for an Identity Matrix
251(1)
Tests of Sampling Adequacy
252(1)
Selection of the Type of Factor Analysis
253(2)
Initial Extraction
255(1)
Eigenvalues
256(1)
Communality
257(4)
Number of Factors
261(2)
Rotation of Factors
263(4)
Interpretation of Factors
267(6)
Confirmatory Factor Analysis
273(2)
Summary
275(1)
Item Response Theory
276(14)
Disadvantages of Classical Test Theory
277(1)
Item Response Theory Basics
278(7)
Polytomous Models
285(3)
Technical Issues
288(1)
Summary
289(1)
References 290(7)
Index 297


Colleen Konicki Di Iorio, Ph.D., R.N., F.A.A.N, is a professor in the department of behavioral sciences and health education at Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, and the associate editor of The Journal of Nursing Measurement. She has published numerous journal articles and book chapters on research and measurement methods in public health. Di Iorio is a contributor to the third edition of Health Education and Health Behavior from Jossey-Bass.
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