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E-raamat: Measuring Colour

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"The classic authority on colour measurement now fully revised and updated with the latest CIE recommendationsThe measurement of colour is of major importance in many commercial applications, such as the textile, paint, and foodstuff industries; as well as having a significant role in the lighting, paper, printing, cosmetic, plastics, glass, chemical, photographic, television, transport, and communication industries.Building upon the success of earlier editions, the 4th edition of [ start italics]Measuring Colour[ end italics] has been updated throughout with new chapters on colour rendering by light sources; colorimetry with digital cameras; factors affecting the appearance of coloured objects, and details of new CIE colour appearance models.Key features: Presents colour measurement, not simply as a matter of instrumentation and engineering, but also involving the physiology and psychology of the human observer. Covers the principles of colour measurement rather than a guide to instruments. Provides the reader with the basic facts needed to measure colour. Describes and explains the interactions between how colour is affected by the type of lighting, by the nature of the objects illuminated, and by the properties of the colour vision of observers. Includes many worked examples, and a series of Appendices provides the numerical data needed in many colorimetric calculations. The addition of 4th edition co-author, Dr. Pointer, has facilitated the inclusion of extensive practical advice on measurement procedures and the latest CIE recommendations"--

"This book is intended to provide the reader with the basic facts needed to measure colour. It is a book about principles, rather than a guide to instruments"--

Provided by publisher.

The classic authority on colour measurement now fully revised and updated with the latest CIE recommendations

The measurement of colour is of major importance in many commercial applications, such as the textile, paint, and foodstuff industries; as well as having a significant role in the lighting, paper, printing, cosmetic, plastics, glass, chemical, photographic, television, transport, and communication industries.

Building upon the success of earlier editions, the 4th edition of [ start italics]Measuring Colour[ end italics] has been updated throughout with new chapters on colour rendering by light sources; colorimetry with digital cameras; factors affecting the appearance of coloured objects, and details of new CIE colour appearance models.

Key features:

  • Presents colour measurement, not simply as a matter of instrumentation and engineering, but also involving the physiology and psychology of the human observer.
  • Covers the principles of colour measurement rather than a guide to instruments.
  • Provides the reader with the basic facts needed to measure colour.
  • Describes and explains the interactions between how colour is affected by the type of lighting, by the nature of the objects illuminated, and by the properties of the colour vision of observers.
  • Includes many worked examples, and a series of Appendices provides the numerical data needed in many colorimetric calculations.

The addition of 4th edition co-author, Dr. Pointer, has facilitated the inclusion of extensive practical advice on measurement procedures and the latest CIE recommendations.

About the Authors xv
Series Preface xvii
Preface xix
Acknowledgements xxi
1 Colour Vision
1(18)
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 The spectrum
1(2)
1.3 Construction of the eye
3(1)
1.4 The retinal receptors
4(1)
1.5 Spectral sensitivities of the retinal receptors
5(3)
1.6 Visual signal transmission
8(1)
1.7 Basic perceptual attributes of colour
9(1)
1.8 Colour constancy
10(1)
1.9 Relative perceptual attributes of colours
11(2)
1.10 Defective colour vision
13(2)
1.11 Colour pseudo-stereopsis
15(4)
References
16(1)
General References
17(2)
2 Spectral Weighting Functions
19(22)
2.1 Introduction
19(1)
2.2 Scotopic spectral luminous efficiency
19(2)
2.3 Photopic spectral luminous efficiency
21(5)
2.4 Colour-matching functions
26(6)
2.5 Transformation from R, G, B to X, Y, Z
32(1)
2.6 CIE colour-matching functions
33(5)
2.7 Metamerism
38(1)
2.8 Spectral luminous efficiency functions for photopic vision
39(2)
References
40(1)
General References
40(1)
3 Relations between Colour Stimuli
41(32)
3.1 Introduction
41(1)
3.2 The Y tristimulus value
41(1)
3.3 Chromaticity
42(2)
3.4 Dominant wavelength and excitation purity
44(2)
3.5 Colour mixtures on chromaticity diagrams
46(2)
3.6 Uniform chromaticity diagrams
48(3)
3.7 CIE 1976 hue-angle and saturation
51(1)
3.8 CIE 1976 lightness, L*
52(1)
3.9 Uniform colour spaces
53(4)
3.10 CIE 1976 colour difference formulae
57(4)
3.11 CMC, CIE94, and CIEDE2000 color difference formulae
61(3)
3.12 An alternative form of the CIEDE2000 colour-difference equation
64(1)
3.13 Summary of measures and their perceptual correlates
64(1)
3.14 Allowing for chromatic adaptation
65(1)
3.15 The evaluation of whiteness
66(1)
3.16 Colorimetric purity
67(1)
3.17 Identifying stimuli of equal brightness
67(2)
3.18 CIEDE2000 worked example
69(4)
References
71(1)
General References
72(1)
4 Light Sources
73(26)
4.1 Introduction
73(1)
4.2 Methods of producing light
74(1)
4.3 Gas discharges
74(1)
4.4 Sodium lamps
75(1)
4.5 Mercury lamps
76(2)
4.6 Fluorescent lamps
78(3)
4.7 Xenon lamps
81(1)
4.8 Incandescent light sources
82(4)
4.9 Tungsten lamps
86(1)
4.10 Tungsten halogen lamps
87(1)
4.11 Light emitting diodes
88(1)
4.12 Daylight
89(2)
4.13 Standard illuminants and sources
91(1)
4.14 CIE standard illuminant A
91(1)
4.15 CIE illuminants B and C
92(1)
4.16 CIE sources
93(1)
4.17 CIE illuminants D
94(1)
4.18 CIE indoor daylight
94(2)
4.19 Comparison of commonly used sources
96(3)
References
97(1)
General References
97(2)
5 Obtaining Spectral Data and Tristimulus Values
99(18)
5.1 Introduction
99(1)
5.2 Radiometry and photometry
99(1)
5.3 Spectroradiometry
100(1)
5.4 Tele-spectroradiometry
100(1)
5.5 Spectroradiometry of self-luminous colours
101(1)
5.6 Spectrophotometry of non-self-luminous colours
101(1)
5.7 Reference whites and working standards
102(1)
5.8 Geometries of illumination and viewing
103(1)
5.9 CIE Geometries of illumination and measurement
104(4)
5.10 Spectroradiometers and spectrophotometers
108(2)
5.11 Choice of illuminant
110(1)
5.12 Calculation of tristimulus values from spectral data
111(3)
5.13 Colorimeters using filtered photo-detectors
114(3)
References
115(1)
General References
115(2)
6 Metamerism and Colour Constancy
117(26)
6.1 Introduction
117(1)
6.2 The cause of metamerism
117(1)
6.3 The definition of metamerism
118(1)
6.4 Examples of metamerism in practice
119(2)
6.5 Degree of metamerism
121(1)
6.6 Index of metamerism for change of illuminant
122(1)
6.7 Index of metamerism for change of observer
122(2)
6.8 Index of metamerism for change of field size
124(1)
6.9 Colour matches and geometry of illumination and measurement
124(1)
6.10 Correcting for inequalities of tristimulus values
125(1)
6.11 Terms used in connection with metamerism
126(1)
6.12 Colour inconstancy
127(2)
6.13 Chromatic adaptation transforms
129(1)
6.14 The Von Kries transform
130(1)
6.15 The CAT02 transform
131(3)
6.16 A colour inconstancy index
134(1)
6.17 Worked examples
135(8)
References
141(2)
7 Colour Rendering by Light Sources
143(12)
7.1 Introduction
143(1)
7.2 The meaning of colour rendering
144(1)
7.3 CIE colour rendering indices
145(2)
7.4 Spectral band methods
147(3)
7.5 Other methods for assessing the colour rendering of light sources
150(1)
7.6 Comparison of commonly used sources
151(4)
References
152(2)
General References
154(1)
8 Colour Order Systems
155(42)
8.1 Introduction
155(1)
8.2 Variables
155(2)
8.3 Optimal colours
157(2)
8.4 The Munsell System
159(5)
8.5 The Munsell Book of Color
164(4)
8.6 Unique hues and colour opponency
168(2)
8.7 The Natural Colour System (NCS)
170(2)
8.8 Natural Colour System Atlas
172(7)
8.9 The DIN System
179(3)
8.10 The Coloroid System
182(1)
8.11 The Optical Society of America (OSA) System
183(4)
8.12 The Hunter Lab System
187(3)
8.13 The Tintometer
190(1)
8.14 The Pantone System
191(1)
8.15 The RAL System
191(1)
8.16 Advantages of colour order systems
192(1)
8.17 Disadvantages of colour order systems
192(5)
References
194(1)
General References
195(2)
9 Precision and Accuracy in Colorimetry
197(22)
9.1 Introduction
197(1)
9.2 Sample preparation
198(1)
9.3 Thermochromism
199(1)
9.4 Geometry of illumination and measurement
199(1)
9.5 Reference white calibration
200(1)
9.6 Polarisation
200(2)
9.7 Wavelength calibration
202(1)
9.8 Stray light
202(1)
9.9 Zero level and linearity
202(1)
9.10 Use of secondary standards
203(1)
9.11 Bandwidth
203(1)
9.12 Correcting for errors in the spectral data
204(3)
9.13 Calculations
207(7)
9.14 Precautions to be taken in practice
214(5)
References
215(4)
10 Fluorescent Colours
219(12)
10.1 Introduction
219(1)
10.2 Terminology
219(1)
10.3 Use of double monochromators
220(1)
10.4 Illumination with white light
221(1)
10.5 Correcting for differences between an actual and the desired source
222(2)
10.6 Two-monochromator method
224(1)
10.7 Two-mode method
225(1)
10.8 Filter-reduction method
226(1)
10.9 Luminescence-weakening method
226(1)
10.10 Practical considerations
227(4)
References
230(1)
11 RGB Colorimetry
231(10)
11.1 Introduction
231(1)
11.2 Choice and specification of matching stimuli
231(2)
11.3 Choice of units
233(1)
11.4 Chromaticity diagrams using r and g
233(1)
11.5 Colour-matching functions in RGB systems
234(1)
11.6 Derivation of XYZ from RGB tristimulus values
235(4)
11.7 Using television and computer displays
239(2)
References
240(1)
General Reference
240(1)
12 Colorimetry with Digital Cameras
241(16)
12.1 Introduction
241(1)
12.2 Camera characterisation
242(2)
12.3 Metamerism
244(1)
12.4 Characterisation methods
244(5)
12.5 Practical considerations in digital camera characterisation
249(2)
12.6 Practical example
251(3)
12.7 Discussion
254(3)
References
255(1)
General References
256(1)
13 Colorant Mixtures
257(10)
13.1 Introduction
257(1)
13.2 Non-diffusing colorants in a transmitting layer
257(2)
13.3 Non-diffusing colorants in a layer in optical contact with a diffusing surface
259(3)
13.4 Layers containing colorants which diffuse and absorb light
262(2)
13.5 The use of multi-spectral analysis to reduce metamerism in art restoration
264(3)
References
265(1)
General References
265(2)
14 Factors Affecting the Appearance of Coloured Objects
267(26)
14.1 Introduction
267(1)
14.2 Measuring optical properties
267(1)
14.3 Colour
268(3)
14.4 Gloss
271(8)
14.5 Translucency
279(2)
14.6 Surface texture
281(8)
14.7 Conclusions
289(4)
References
289(4)
15 The CIE Colour Appearance Model CIECAM02
293(32)
15.1 Introduction
293(1)
15.2 Visual areas in the observing field
294(1)
15.3 Chromatic adaptation in CIECAM02
294(1)
15.4 Spectral sensitivities of the cones in CIECAM02
295(2)
15.5 Cone dynamic response functions in CIECAM02
297(1)
15.6 Luminance adaptation in CIECAM02
297(2)
15.7 Criteria for achromacy and for constant hue in CIECAM02
299(1)
15.8 Effects of luminance adaptation in CIECAM02
300(3)
15.9 Criteria for unique hues in CIECAM02
303(1)
15.10 Redness-greenness, a, and yellowness-blueness, b, in CIECAM02
303(2)
15.11 Hue angle, h9 in CIECAM02
305(1)
15.12 Eccentricity factor, e, in CIECAM02
305(1)
15.13 Hue quadrature, H, and hue composition, Hc, in CIECAM02
306(2)
15.14 The achromatic response, A, in CIECAM02
308(1)
15.15 Correlate of lightness, J., in CIECAM02
308(1)
15.16 Correlate of brightness, Q, in CIECAM02
309(1)
15.17 Correlate of chroma, C, in CIECAM02
310(1)
15.18 Correlate of colourfulness, M, in CIECAM02
311(1)
15.19 Correlate of saturation, s, in CIECAM02
311(1)
15.20 Comparison of CIECAM02 with the natural colour system
311(1)
15.21 Testing model CIECAM02
312(2)
15.22 Filtration of projected slides and CIECAM02
314(1)
15.23 Comparison of CIECAM02 with CIECAM97s
315(1)
15.24 Uniform colour space based on CIECAM02
315(1)
15.25 Some problems with CIECAM02
316(1)
15.26 Steps for using the CIECAM02 model
316(3)
15.27 Steps for using the CIECAM02 model in reverse mode
319(2)
15.28 Worked example for the model CIECAM02
321(4)
References
322(3)
16 Models of Colour Appearance for Stimuli of Different Sizes
325(4)
16.1 Introduction
325(1)
16.2 Stimuli of different sizes
325(1)
16.3 Room colours
325(1)
16.4 A model for predicting room colours
326(1)
16.5 Steps in using the model for predicting room colours
327(2)
References
328(1)
17 Model of Colour Appearance for Unrelated Colours in Photopic and Mesopic Illuminances
329(6)
17.1 Introduction
329(1)
17.2 A model for predicting unrelated colours
330(1)
17.3 Input data required for the model
331(1)
17.4 Steps in using the model for unrelated colours
332(1)
17.5 Worked example in the model for predicting unrelated colours
333(2)
References
334(1)
Appendices
335(120)
Appendix 1 Radiometric and Photometric Terms and Units
337(8)
A1.1 Introduction
337(1)
A1.2 Physical detectors
337(1)
A1.3 Photometric units and terms
338(2)
A1.4 Radiant and quantum units and terms
340(1)
A1.5 Radiation sources
340(1)
A1.6 Terms for measures of reflection and transmission
341(2)
A1.7 Other spectral luminous efficiency functions
343(1)
A1.8 Mesopic photometry
343(1)
Reference
344(1)
Appendix 2 Spectral Luminous Efficiency Functions
345(2)
Appendix 3 CIE Colour-Matching Functions
347(4)
Appendix 4 CDC Spectral Chromaticity Co-Ordinates
351(4)
Appendix 5 Relative Spectral Power Distributions of Dluminants
355(24)
A5.1 Introduction
355(1)
A5.2 CIE illuminants
355(4)
A5.3 Representative fluorescent lamps
359(9)
A5.4 Planckian radiators
368(3)
A5.5 Gas discharge lamps
371(1)
A5.6 Method of calculating D illuminant distributions
371(8)
Appendix 6 Colorimetric Formulae
379(4)
A6.1 Chromaticity relationships
379(1)
A6.2 CIELUV, CIELAB, and U*V*W* relationships
379(4)
Appendix 7 Calculation of the CIE Colour Rendering Indices
383(10)
A7.1 Spectral radiance factors of test colours
383(5)
A7.2 Worked example of the CIE colour rendering indices
388(5)
Appendix 8 Illuminant-Observer Weights for Calculating Tristimulus Values
393(38)
Appendix 9 Glossary of Terms
431(24)
Reference
453(2)
Index 455
Robert Hunt, Independent Colour Consultant and Visiting Professor, University of Leeds, UK Formerly Assistant Director of Research, Kodak Limited, Harrow; Dr. Hunt is now an independent colour consultant and a Visiting Professor at the University of Leeds' Department of Colour Science. He has written more than a hundred papers on colour vision, colour reproduction, and colour measurement. He has previously published the 6th edition of The Reproduction of Colour (2004) with Wiley which is viewed as a classic text on the topic. He has been awarded the Newton Medal of the Colour Group (Great Britain) (1974), the Progress Medal of the Royal Photographic Society (1984), the Judd-AIC Medal of the International Colour Association (1987), the Gold Medal of the Institute of Printing (1989), the Johann Gutenberg Prize of the Society for Information Display (2002), and the Godlove Award of the Inter-Society Color Council (U.S.A.) (2007). In 2009 he was given the award of Officer of the British Empire (O.B.E.). Michael Pointer,  Independent Colour Consultant and Visiting Professor, University of Leeds, UK & University of the Arts London, UK Formerly Senior Scientist at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington; Dr. Pointer is an independent colour consultant and a Visiting Professor at the University of Leeds' Department of Colour Science and the University of the Arts, London, in their School of Communication. In 1997, he received the Fenton Medal, The Royal Photographic Society's award for services to the Society. In 2004, he received a Silver Medal from the Society of Dyers and Colourists for 'contributions to colour science.' He has authored more than 95 scientific papers, is a Fellow of The Royal Photographic Society and the Institute of Physics, Secretary of CIE Division 1 Vision & Colour and UK Associate Editor of the journal, Color Research & Application.
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