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E-raamat: Mechanical Behaviour of Rocks Under High Pressure Conditions

(Research Center for Earthquake Prediction, Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan)
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Knowledge of the mechanical properties of rocks at high pressure and temperature is fundamental not only for material science but also for earth science, such as for solving the mechanism of earthquakes and tectonic processes. For example, physical bases of the earthquake prediction based on the rock mechanics have been proposed, and extensive seismological, geophysical and geochemical observations have been conducted to find precursory phenomena before large earthquakes. However, we cannot help telling for the present that we do not have sufficient knowledge of an effective and reliable method for earthquake prediction.

The book is mainly concerned with comprehensive source of information on the mechanical properties and behavior of rocks under high pressure that scans current state-of-the-art knowledge and shows contribution in establishing an experimental basis for the understanding of the mechanism of rock deformation in the earth's interior.

The book can be used as textbook for graduate students by university teachers to prepare courses and seminars, and for active scientists and engineers who want to become familiar with a fascinating new field.
Preface ix
Introduction
1(3)
Triaxial Testing Under High Confining Pressures
4(21)
Triaxial testing
4(2)
Triaxial testing apparatus
6(7)
Conventional apparatus
6(3)
Solid-medium Griggs type apparatus
9(1)
Cubic press
9(3)
Ultra-high pressure apparatus
12(1)
The method of triaxial testing in a cubic press
13(12)
Apparatus and sample assembly
13(3)
Experimental procedures at room temperature
16(3)
Experimental procedures at high temperatures
19(3)
Pressure scale
22(1)
Observed examples of the effect of axial loading on confining pressure
23(2)
Experimental Results on Low Porosity Silicate Rocks
25(26)
Compressive strength
25(5)
Pressure dependence of strength at moderate confining pressures
25(2)
Pressure dependence of strength at high confining pressures
27(3)
Acoustic emission
30(5)
Frictional strength under high confining pressures
35(3)
Fault features
38(13)
Sample preparation
39(1)
Features of faulting
39(7)
Stress-strain curves at room temperature
46(1)
Strength data at room temperature
47(4)
Two Types of Brittle Fracture
51(35)
High pressure type of fracture
51(6)
Comparison with previous high temperature experiments
52(3)
Transitional regime and semibrittle regime
55(2)
Other examples of two types of fracture
57(16)
Gneiss
57(4)
Experiments in a cubic press at high temperatures
61(7)
Temperature dependence of strength in the high-pressure type regime
68(5)
Micromechanics
73(13)
Introduction
73(1)
Micro-fracture styles
73(6)
Discussion on the mechanisms of fracturing
79(4)
Summary
83(1)
Strength data at elevated temperatures
84(2)
Geophysical and Geological Implications of the two Types of Fracture
86(22)
The conditions for application to the earth's interior
86(2)
The effect of size on rock strength under confining pressures
88(8)
The effect of size on uniaxial compressive strength and characteristic length
88(2)
The effect of size under confining pressure
90(2)
Implications in the earth's crust
92(4)
Strength of the lithosphere
96(8)
Brittle-ductile model
96(2)
A model including the high-pressure type fracture
98(6)
An approach to earthquake prediction research
104(4)
Mechanical Behavior of Porous Silicate Rocks
108(47)
Introduction
108(1)
Mechanical properties of a porous basalt under high confining pressure
109(8)
Volumetric strain
109(3)
AE activity
112(2)
Boundaries of mechanical states in the differential stress - confining pressure field
114(3)
Microstructural observations of porous basalt and the mechanism of cataclastic ductile flow
117(15)
Macroscopic observations
119(1)
Microscopic observations
119(8)
The mechanism of cataclastic ductile flow
127(5)
Change in the mechanism of cataclastic flow of porous rock under high confining pressure
132(8)
Creep analysis and equivalent viscosity
133(5)
Pressure-induced change in the mechanism of cataclastic flow
138(2)
High-pressure embrittlement
140(7)
High-pressure embrittlement in porous sandstone
141(2)
Microscopic observations of high-pressure embrittlement in eclogite
143(2)
Conditions and mechanism of high-pressure embrittlement
145(2)
Structure of a fault zone and related geophysical and geological implications
147(8)
Experimental data on the deformation of dry Yakuno basalt with 7% porosity at room temperature
150(2)
Characteristics of the cubic press with a large axial displacement
152(3)
References 155(16)
Subject Index 171(4)
Author Index 175
Mitsuhiko Shimada