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E-raamat: Membrane Technology in Separation Science

Randeep Singh (Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, India), Mihir Purkait (IIT Guwahati, India)

Formaat: PDF+DRM
Ilmumisaeg: 19-Feb-2018
Kirjastus: CRC Press
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9781351858571

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Formaat: PDF+DRM
Ilmumisaeg: 19-Feb-2018
Kirjastus: CRC Press
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9781351858571

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The book explains fundamental and advanced topics related to the field of membrane science including extensive coverage of material selection, preparation, characterization and applications of various membranes.

Explores both preparation and wide range of applications for all possible membranes, contains an exclusive chapter on functionalized membranes and incorporation of stimuli responsive membranes in each type and includes exercise problems after each chapter

It also discusses new membrane operations as membrane reactors and membrane contactors

Preface

Authors

xiii

Chapter 1 Introduction to Membranes

(44)

1.1 An Overview of Separation Processes

(22)

1.1.1 Principle of Membrane Separation

(1)

1.1.2 Classification of Membranes

(2)

1.1.3 Classification of Membrane Separation Processes

(20)

1.1.3.1 Pressure-Driven Processes

(6)

1.1.3.2 Concentration-Driven Processes

(7)

1.1.3.3 Temperature-Driven Processes

(2)

1.1.3.4 Electrically Driven Processes

(3)

1.2 Developmental History of Membranes

(2)

1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Membranes

(2)

1.3.1 Energy Efficient

(1)

1.3.2 Simple Design

(1)

1.3.3 Product Specific

(1)

1.3.4 Open Domain

(1)

1.3.5 Flexible

(1)

1.3.6 Clean Technology

(1)

1.3.7 Concentration Polarization

(1)

1.3.8 Fouling

(1)

1.3.9 Feed Composition

(1)

1.3.10 Selectivity

(1)

1.3.11 Life

(1)

1.4 Applications of Membranes in Various Fields

(15)

1.4.1 Drinking Water and Desalination

(2)

1.4.2 Industrial Wastewater Treatment

(3)

1.4.2.1 Municipal Wastewater Treatment

(1)

1.4.2.2 Food Industry

(1)

1.4.2.3 Tannery Industry

(1)

1.4.2.4 Biotechnology

(1)

1.4.2.5 Pharmaceuticals

(1)

1.4.2.6 Automobile Industry

(1)

1.4.2.7 Oil-Water Emulsions

(1)

1.4.2.8 Nuclear Industry Wastewater

(1)

1.4.2.9 Process Water

(1)

1.4.3 Dairy Industry

(1)

1.4.4 Biotechnological Applications

(1)

1.4.5 Pervaporation

(3)

1.4.6 Electrodialysis

(3)

1.4.7 Gas Permeation

(3)

Study Questions

(1)

References

(3)

Chapter 2 Transport Mechanisms and Membrane Separation Processes

(36)

2.1 Introduction

(1)

2.2 Transport Mechanisms

(8)

2.2.1 Knudsen Flow

(1)

2.2.2 Viscous Flow

(2)

2.2.3 Surface Flow

(1)

2.2.4 Capillary Condensation

(1)

2.2.5 Molecular Sieving

(1)

2.2.6 Driving Forces for Permeation

(2)

2.3 Membrane Separation Processes

(20)

2.3.1 Microfiltration

(1)

2.3.2 Ultrafiltration

(1)

2.3.3 Nanofiltration

(1)

2.3.4 Reverse Osmosis

(2)

2.3.5 Liquid Membranes

(1)

2.3.6 Gas Separation

(2)

2.3.7 Pervaporation

(2)

2.3.8 Dialysis

(1)

2.3.9 Membrane Distillation

(4)

2.3.9.1 Transport in Membrane Distillation

(3)

2.3.10 Membrane Contactors

(1)

2.3.10.1 Types of Membrane Contactors

(1)

2.3.11 Membrane Reactors

(4)

2.3.11.1 Principle

(1)

2.3.11.2 Catalysts in Membrane Reactors

(1)

2.3.11.3 Configuration of Membrane Reactors

(1)

2.3.11.4 Types of Membrane Reactors

(1)

2.4 Membrane Modules

(4)

2.4.1 Plate-and-Frame Module

(1)

2.4.2 Spiral-Wound Module

(1)

2.4.3 Tubular Module

(1)

2.4.4 Capillary Module

(1)

2.4.5 Hollow Fiber Module

(1)

2.5 Mode of Membrane Operations

(2)

2.5.1 Batch

(1)

2.5.2 Semibatch

(1)

2.5.3 Continuous

(1)

2.5.4 Other Modes

(4)

2.5.4.1 Dead-End Filtration Mode

(1)

2.5.4.2 Cross-Flow Mode

(1)

Study Questions

(1)

References

(1)

Chapter 3 Preparation Techniques

(20)

3.1 Introduction

(1)

3.2 Membrane Precursors and Their Roles

(1)

3.3 Polymeric Membranes Preparation Methods

(6)

3.3.1 Phase Inversion Method

(2)

3.3.1.1 Thermally Induced Phase Separation

(1)

3.3.1.2 Nonsolvent-Induced Phase Separation

(1)

3.3.1.3 Drying-Induced Phase Separation

(1)

3.3.1.4 Vapor-Induced Phase Separation

(1)

3.3.2 Stretching

(1)

3.3.3 Deep Coating Method

(1)

3.3.4 Track-Etching Method

(1)

3.3.5 Template Leaching

(1)

3.3.6 Interfacial Polymerization Method

(1)

3.3.7 Plasma Polymerization

(1)

3.4 Polymeric Tubular Membranes

(1)

3.5 Mixed Matrix Membranes

(1)

3.6 Ceramic Membrane Preparation Methods

(5)

3.6.1 Sol-Gel Method

(1)

3.6.2 Dip Coating

(1)

3.6.3 Pressing

(1)

3.6.4 Extrusion

(1)

3.6.5 Slip Casting

(1)

3.6.6 Tape Casting

(1)

3.6.7 Chemical Vapor Deposition

(1)

3.6.8 Sintering

(10)

3.6.8.1 Presintering

(1)

3.6.8.2 Thermolysis

(1)

3.6.8.3 Final Sintering

(1)

3.7 Ceramic Hollow Fiber Membranes

(1)

3.8 Polymeric Ceramic Composite Membranes

(1)

3.9 Zeolite Membranes

(1)

3.10 Glass Membranes

(1)

3.11 Dense Membranes

(1)

3.12 Membrane Cost

(1)

Study Questions

(1)

References

(2)

Chapter 4 Characterization Techniques

101

(30)

4.1 Introduction

101

(2)

4.2 Morphological Aspects

103

(19)

4.2.1 Microscopy Techniques

103

(9)

4.2.1.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy

106

(2)

4.2.1.2 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy

108

(1)

4.2.1.3 Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy

109

(3)

4.2.1.4 Atomic Force Microscopy

112

(1)

4.2.2 Permeation Techniques

112

(10)

4.2.2.1 Gas-Liquid Permeation

113

(4)

4.2.2.2 Liquid-Liquid Displacement Porosimetry

117

(2)

4.2.2.3 Molecular Weight Cut-Off

119

(1)

4.2.2.4 Water Permeation

120

(1)

4.2.2.5 Hydraulic Permeability

121

(1)

4.2.2.6 Equilibrium Water Content

121

(1)

4.3 Other Techniques

122

(5)

4.3.1 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

122

(1)

4.3.2 Thermogravimetric Analysis

123

(2)

4.3.3 X-Ray Diffractometry

125

(1)

4.3.4 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

125

(2)

Study Questions

127

(1)

References

128

(3)

Chapter 5 Polymeric Membranes and Their Applications

131

(30)

5.1 Introduction

131

(1)

5.2 Advantages Over Ceramic Membranes

131

(1)

5.3 Polymeric Membrane Applications in Various Fields

132

(22)

5.3.1 Desalination

133

(1)

5.3.2 Wastewater Treatment

134

(11)

5.3.2.1 Textile Industry

135

(2)

5.3.2.2 Sugar Industry

137

(1)

5.3.2.3 Food Industry

138

(4)

5.3.2.4 Tannery Industry

142

(3)

5.3.3 Biotechnology and Health Care

145

(2)

5.3.3.1 Protein Purification

146

(1)

5.3.3.2 Hemodialysis

146

(1)

5.3.4 Separation of Racemic and Azeotropic Mixtures

147

(1)

5.3.5 Gas Separation

148

(2)

5.3.5.1 Air Separation

148

(1)

5.3.5.2 Hydrogen Production

149

(1)

5.3.5.3 Carbon Dioxide Separation

149

(1)

5.3.5.4 Gas-Vapor Separation

150

(1)

5.3.6 Fuel Cells

150

(3)

5.3.6.1 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell

151

(1)

5.3.6.2 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell

152

(1)

5.3.6.3 Challenges for Fuel Cell Membranes

152

(1)

5.3.7 Osmotic Power Plants

153

(1)

5.4 Stimuli-Responsive Polymeric Membranes

154

(4)

5.4.1 Temperature-Responsive Membranes

154

(1)

5.4.2 pH-Responsive Membranes

155

(1)

5.4.3 Light-Responsive Membranes

156

(1)

5.4.4 Magnetic Field Responsive Membranes

157

(1)

5.4.5 Chemical-Responsive Membranes

158

(1)

Study Questions

158

(1)

References

159

(2)

Chapter 6 Applications of Ceramic Membranes

161

(12)

6.1 Introduction

161

(1)

6.2 Advantages Over Polymeric Membranes

161

(1)

6.3 Ceramic Membranes and Their Applications

162

(9)

6.3.1 Juice Clarification

163

(3)

6.3.1.1 Mosambi

164

(1)

6.3.1.2 Orange

165

(1)

6.3.1.3 Pineapple

166

(1)

6.3.2 Oily Wastewater Treatment

166

(1)

6.3.3 Heavy Metal Removal

167

(2)

6.3.3.1 Arsenic

167

(1)

6.3.3.2 Mercury

168

(1)

6.3.3.3 Chromium

169

(1)

6.3.4 Protein Fractionation

169

(1)

6.3.5 Treatment of Dairy Wastewater

170

(1)

Study Questions

171

(1)

References

172

(1)

Chapter 7 Fouling Mechanisms and Remedies

173

(18)

7.1 Introduction

173

(1)

7.2 Flux Decline Mechanisms

173

(8)

7.2.1 Concentration Polarization Model

174

(2)

7.2.2 Gel Layer Model

176

(2)

7.2.3 Pore Blocking Model

178

(1)

7.2.4 Resistance in Series Model

179

(1)

7.2.5 Osmotic Pressure Control Model

180

(1)

7.3 Membrane Fouling Reduction Techniques

181

(8)

7.3.1 Cross Flow

183

(1)

7.3.2 Turbulence Over Membrane Surface

184

(1)

7.3.3 Polymer-Enhanced Filtration

184

(2)

7.3.4 Micellar-Enhanced Filtration

186

(1)

7.3.5 Application of Ultrasound

186

(1)

7.3.6 Hydrophilicity of Membrane Material

187

(1)

7.3.7 Membrane Surface Charge

188

(1)

Study Questions

189

(1)

References

190

(1)

Chapter 8 Current Trends in Membrane Science

191

(22)

8.1 Introduction

191

(1)

8.2 Development of Artificial Organs

191

(5)

8.2.1 Artificial Kidney

191

(1)

8.2.1.1 Developments in Dialysis Membrane Material

192

(1)

8.2.2 Artificial Lung

192

(1)

8.2.3 Artificial Liver

193

(2)

8.2.4 Artificial Pancreas

195

(1)

8.3 Conductive Membranes in Textiles

196

(3)

8.3.1 Microencapsulation Technology in Textiles

196

(1)

8.3.2 Intelligent Breathable Fabrics

197

(1)

8.3.3 Shape-Memory Fabrics

197

(1)

8.3.4 Phase Change Materials

198

(1)

8.3.5 Smart Flame-Retardant Fabrics

198

(1)

8.3.6 Conductive Textiles

198

(1)

8.4 Role of Membranes in Military Warfare

199

(2)

8.4.1 Water Supply

199

(1)

8.4.2 Clothing

200

(1)

8.4.3 Membrane Reactors

200

(1)

8.4.4 Monitoring and Sensing

200

(1)

8.4.5 Energy

201

(1)

8.5 Role of Membranes in the Field of Health

201

(6)

8.5.1 Ultrapure Water

201

(1)

8.5.2 Sterilization and Particle Removal

202

(1)

8.5.3 Drug Delivery

202

(2)

8.5.3.1 Osmotic Membrane Drug Delivery Systems

203

(1)

8.5.3.2 Diffusion-Controlled Membrane Drug Delivery Systems

203

(1)

8.5.4 Tissue Engineering

204

(1)

8.5.5 Hemodialysis

204

(1)

8.5.6 Blood Oxygenation

205

(1)

8.5.7 Plasmapheresis

205

(1)

8.5.8 Antibodies and Enzymes

206

(1)

8.6 Membranes for a Better Environment

207

(3)

8.6.1 Ozone-Resistant Membranes

207

(1)

8.6.2 Membrane Bioreactors

207

(1)

8.6.3 Blue Energy

208

(1)

8.6.4 Gas Separations

209

(1)

Study Questions

210

(1)

References

210

(3)

Chapter 9 Future Perspectives of Membrane Science

213

(10)

9.1 Introduction

213

(1)

9.2 Advanced Materials for Membranes

213

(3)

9.3 Superhydrophilic, -Hydrophobic, -Oleophilic, -Oleophobic Materials and Membranes

216

(1)

9.4 Smart Gating Membranes: Smart Separations

217

(2)

9.5 Health Care: Smart Wound Healing and Advanced Drug Delivery Systems

219

(1)

9.6 Membrane Sensors

220

(1)

9.7 Bioinspired and Biomimetic Membranes

220

(1)

9.8 Membranes for Smart Textiles

221

(1)

Study Questions

222

(1)

References

222

(1)

Index

223

Dr. Mihir Kumar Purkait is a Professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering at Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG). Prior to joining as faculty in IITG (2004), he has received his PhD and M. Tech in Chemical Engineering from Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur (IITKGP) after completing his B. Tech and B. Sc (Hons) in Chemistry from University of Calcutta. He has received several awards like; Dr. A.V. Rama Rao Foundations Best PhD Thesis and Research Award in Chemical Engineering from IIChE (2007), BOYSCAST Fellow award (2009-10) from the DST, Young Engineers Award in the field of Chemical Engineering from the Institute of Engineers (India, 2009), Young Scientist Medal award from the Indian National Science Academy (INSA, 2009). His current research activities are focused in four distinct areas viz. i) membrane synthesis and separation technology (both ceramic and polymeric), ii) water pollution control, iii) smart material and iv) adsorption. In each of the area, his goal is to synthesis responsive materials and to develop a more fundamental understanding of the factors governing the performance of these technologies. He has more than 15 years of experience in academics and research and published more than 125 papers in different reputed journals of importance. He has submitted 7 patents and involved with more than 12 sponsored projects from various funding agencies. Dr. Purkait has guided 12 numbers of PhD students and 5 are yet to get their PhD degree. He has edited one book (Taylor & Francis, Cat. #: K10293, ISBN: 9781439805268) and written one text book in Springer (In Press).

Mr. Randeep Singh in the year 2011 received his undergraduate (B.Tech.) degree from Kurukshetra University in Biotechnology and Masters (M.Tech.) degree in Chemical Engineering from National Institute of Technology Trichy, Tamilnadu. Presently he is pursuing doctoral research in the Department of Chemical Engineering at Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam. His research work is dedicated to prepare various membranes and mathematical analysis of the transport phenomena in membrane separation processes including wastewater treatment, fruit juice clarification, protein separation, value added product separation from biogenic source etc. He is also working on fabrication of different membrane modules for environmental separation. He has already submitted 6 papers in international journals and presented five papers in national and international conferences. He has received several Awards in his field including young scientist award in International Science Congress (ISC-2015) held in Nepal. He is an associate member of Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers.

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