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E-raamat: Membrane Technology: Sustainable Solutions in Water, Health, Energy and Environmental Sectors

Edited by Sundergopal Sridhar (Membrane Separation Group, Chemical Engineering Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India)

Formaat: EPUB+DRM
Ilmumisaeg: 03-Sep-2018
Kirjastus: CRC Press
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9781351601825

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Ilmumisaeg: 03-Sep-2018
Kirjastus: CRC Press
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9781351601825

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Contributed by multiple experts, the book covers the scientific and engineering aspects of membrane processes and systems.

It aims to cover basic concepts of novel membrane processes including membrane bioreactors, microbial fuel cell, forward osmosis, electro-dialysis and membrane contactors.

Maintains a pragmatic approach involving design, operation and cost analysis of pilot plants as well as scaled-up counterparts

Preface

Editor

xiii

Contributors

Section I Membrane Technology for Sustainable Development

1 Processing of Complex Industrial Effluents and Gaseous Mixtures through Innovative Membrane Technology

(30)

Sundergopal Sridhar

1.1 Introduction

(2)

1.1.1 Impact of Industrial Effluents and Off-Gases on the Environment

(1)

1.1.2 Mechanisms of Mass Transfer in Hydrostatic Pressure-Driven Membrane Process and Gas Permeation

(1)

1.1.3 Objectives of the Work and Scope for Membrane Technology to Meet Challenges

(1)

1.2 Case Study on Chloride Separation from Coke Oven Wastewater in Steel Industry

(3)

1.2.1 Source of Chloride Effluent

(1)

1.2.2 Synthesis of Nanofiltration Membrane

(1)

1.2.3 Nanofiltration Process for Treatment of TATA Steel Industrial Effluent of 5 3/h Capacity

(1)

1.3 Recovery of Dimethyl Sulfoxide Solvent from Pharmaceutical Effluent

(4)

1.3.1 Source of Pharmaceutical Effluent

(1)

1.3.2 Design and Commissioning of Electrodialysis Pilot Plant of Z500 L/batch/day

(3)

1.4 Decolorization of Aqueous Sodium Thiocyanate Solution in Acrylic Fiber Industry

(4)

1.4.1 Origin of Textile Effluent

(1)

1.4.2 Depiction of Nanofiltration Process

(1)

1.4.3 Design and Installation of Pilot Nanofiltration Plant of 6,000 L/batch/day

(3)

1.5 Effluent Treatment for Chloralkali Industry

(1)

1.6 Application of Ultrafiltration in Wastewater Treatment

(3)

1.7 Separation of Industrial Off-Gases and Process Gas Mixtures

(10)

1.7.1 Membranes for Gas Separation

(1)

1.7.1.1 Poly(ether-block-amide) Membrane

(1)

1.7.1.2 Silver tetrafluoroborate Loaded Pebax Membrane

(1)

1.7.1.3 Cobalt(II) phthalocyanine Incorporated Pebax Membrane

(1)

1.7.1.4 Matrimid Hollow Fiber Module

(1)

1.7.1.5 Polysulfone Hollow Fiber Module

(1)

1.7.1.6 Poly(ether ether ketone) Hollow Fiber Module

(1)

1.7.1.7 Palladium Coated Ceramic Tubular Membrane

(1)

1.7.2 Experimental Description of Laboratory Gas Separation Unit

(1)

1.7.3 Membrane Performance for Gas Separation

(1)

1.7.3.1 Separation of H2 and N2

(1)

1.7.3.2 Separation of CO2 and N2

(1)

1.7.3.3 Separation of O2 and N2

(1)

1.7.3.4 Recovery of Propylene from Refinery Fuel Gas Mixture

(1)

1.7.3.5 Separation of Propane/Propylene Binary Gas Mixture

(1)

1.7.3.6 Natural Gas Sweetening

(3)

1.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives

(1)

References

(3)

2 Comprehensive Process Solutions for Chemical and Allied Industries Using Membranes

(22)

Satya Jai Mayor

Sundergopal Sridhar

2.1 Introduction

(2)

2.2 Milestones on Industrial Applications of Membrane Technology in India

(2)

2.3 Membrane Development and Scale-Up

(3)

2.4 Industrial Process Solutions

(11)

2.4.1 Health

(2)

2.4.2 Biotechnology

(1)

2.4.3 Food and Dairy

(5)

2.4.4 Energy

(1)

2.4.5 Wastewater Treatment

(1)

2.4.6 Ultrapure Water Production

(2)

2.5 Conclusions

(1)

References

(3)

3 An Insight into Various Approaches toward Flux Enhancement and Fouling Mitigation of Membranes during Nano and Ultrafiltration

(30)

Kaushik Nath

Tejal M. Patel

3.1 Introduction

(1)

3.2 Principle and Mechanism

(1)

3.3 Core Issues: Concentration Polarization and Membrane Fouling

(1)

3.4 Feed Pretreatment

(3)

3.4.1 Coagulation/Flocculation

(2)

3.4.2 Adsorption

(1)

3.4.3 Advanced Oxidation

(1)

3.5 Imparting Fluid Instabilities

(12)

3.5.1 Rotating Disk Module

(4)

3.5.2 Turbulence Promoters and Secondary Flow

(1)

3.5.3 Ultrasonic Irradiation

(1)

3.5.4 Flow Reversal and Pulsating Flow

(5)

3.6 Air Sparging and Gas Slug

(2)

3.7 Membrane Surface Modification

(1)

3.8 Conclusion and Future Outlook

(1)

References

(8)

Section II Water

4 Fabrication and Applications of Functionalized Membranes in Drinking Water Treatment

(16)

Somak Chatterjee

Sirshendu De

4.1 Introduction

(2)

4.1.1 Different Classes of Membranes

(1)

4.1.2 Utilities of Different Membranes in Water Treatment

(1)

4.1.3 Organic and Inorganic Membranes

(1)

4.1.4 Organic-Inorganic Mixed Matrix Membranes (MMMs)

(1)

4.2 Synthesis and Fabrication of MMMs

(1)

4.3 Application of Organic-Inorganic Mixed Matrix Membranes for Water Purification

(8)

4.3.1 Literature Survey

(3)

4.3.2 Morphological, Mineralogical and Surface Roughness Variation

(2)

4.3.3 Improvement in Membrane Inherent Properties

(2)

4.3.4 Improvement in Specific Rejection Capability of Different Ions

(1)

4.4 Cost Analysis of Mixed Matrix Membrane Processes

(1)

4.5 Conclusions

(1)

Nomenclature

(1)

References

(3)

5 Design of Highly Compact and Cost-Effective Water Purification Systems for Promoting Rural and Urban Welfare

101

(34)

B. Govardhan

Y.V.L. Ravikumar

Sankaracharya M. Sutar

Sundergopal Sridhar

5.1 Introduction

102

(2)

5.2 Overview of Water Purification Processes

104

(3)

5.2.1 Chemical Coagulation and Flocculation

104

(1)

5.2.2 Adsorption

105

(1)

5.2.3 Ion Exchange Resins

105

(1)

5.2.4 Disinfection by Chlorine, Ultraviolet Light and Ozonation

106

(1)

5.2.5 Membrane Processes

106

(1)

5.3 Nanofiltration

107

(5)

5.3.1 Principle and Applications

109

(1)

5.3.2 Nanofiltration of Ground/Surface Water Purification

109

(3)

5.4 Reverse Osmosis

112

(4)

5.4.1 Principle and Mechanism of Mass Transfer

113

(1)

5.4.2 Fluoride Contamination of Ground Water

114

(1)

5.4.3 Laboratory Experiments on Separation of Fluoride from Drinking Water

115

(1)

5.4.4 Experimental Procedure for Reverse Osmosis System

115

(1)

5.4.5 Equations for Calculation of Operating Parameters

116

(1)

5.4.5.1 Permeate Flux

116

(1)

5.4.5.2 Rejection Efficiency

116

(1)

5.4.5.3 Water Recovery (%)

116

(1)

5.5 Analytical Procedures

116

(2)

5.5.1 Fluoride Analysis

116

(1)

5.5.2 Potable Quality Analysis by H2S Vial Method

117

(1)

5.5.3 Analysis for E. Coli and Total Coliform Bacteria

118

(1)

5.6 Effect of Operating Parameters

118

(1)

5.6.1 Effect of Feed Pressure on Pure Water Flux

118

(1)

5.6.2 Flux and Rejection for Synthetic Fluoride Feed

118

(1)

5.7 Defluoridation in Rural Areas

119

(4)

5.7.1 Methods for Treatment of Reject Stream for Water Recycle for Safe Disposal

122

(1)

5.8 Urban Deployments

123

(1)

5.9 Ultrafiltration for Purification of Surface Water

124

(6)

5.9.1 Hollow Fiber Membranes for Surface Water Treatment

124

(2)

5.9.2 Hand Pump Operated Ultrafiltration Membrane Systems

126

(1)

5.9.2.1 Submerged Membrane Module with Suction Mode of Operation

127

(1)

5.9.2.2 External Membrane Module for Positive Hydrostatic Feed Pressure

127

(3)

5.10 Concentration Polarization and Fouling

130

(1)

5.11 Membrane Cleaning and Storage

130

(1)

5.12 Conclusions

130

(1)

Acknowledgments

131

(1)

References

131

(4)

6 Ceramic Membrane Based Community Model Plants for Arsenic Decontamination from Ground Water and Quality Drinking Water Supply

135

(20)

Sibdas Bandyopadhyay

Mainak Majumder

6.1 Introduction

136

(1)

6.1.1 Global Issue

136

(1)

6.1.2 Permissible Limits of Arsenic Content in Drinking Water

136

(1)

6.2 Nature of the Problem on Arsenic Contamination in Ground Water

137

(1)

6.2.1 Arsenic Contamination in Ground Water-Arsenic Speciation

137

(1)

6.2.2 Co-Contaminants in Ground Water

138

(1)

6.3 Technologies for Arsenic Removal in Drinking Water

138

(1)

6.3.1 Conventional Technologies for Arsenic Removal

138

(1)

6.3.2 Shortcomings of Conventional Technologies

139

(1)

6.4 Membrane-Based Processes for Decontamination of Arsenic

139

(2)

6.4.1 High-Pressure Membrane Processes

139

(1)

6.4.2 Low-Pressure Point-of-Use (POU) Systems

140

(1)

6.5 Ceramic Membrane-Based Process for Decontamination of Arsenic

141

(1)

6.6 Hybrid Process for Decontamination of Arsenic Using Low-Cost Ceramic Membrane

142

(5)

6.6.1 Adsorbent Preparation and Selection

142

(1)

6.6.2 Bench Scale Studies Under Cross-Flow Microfiltration Conditions Using Ceramic Membrane

142

(1)

6.6.3 Adsorption Studies Under Dynamic Condition Using Arsenic-Spiked Tap Water

143

(2)

6.6.4 Adsorption Capacity Under Cross-Flow Condition

145

(1)

6.6.5 Effect of Dynamic Membrane Formation during Cross-Flow Microfiltration Experiments Using Natural Ground Water

146

(1)

6.6.6 Role of Dynamic Membrane Formation on Removal of Arsenic

146

(1)

6.6.7 Findings of Bench Scale Trial

147

(1)

6.7 Pilot Plant Trials for Treatment of Arsenic Contaminated Natural Ground Water

147

(4)

6.7.1 Performance Evaluation for Production of Quality Drinking Water

148

(2)

6.7.2 Sustainability of the Technology

150

(1)

6.8 Conclusions

151

(1)

Acknowledgments

151

(1)

References

152

(3)

7 Forward Osmosis: An Efficient and Economical Alternative for Water Reclamation and Concentration of Food Products & Beverages

155

(20)

Ravindra Revanur

7.1 Introduction and Background

155

(4)

7.1.1 Example Benefits

156

(1)

7.1.2 Commercial Adoption

156

(1)

7.1.3 Technical Background

157

(2)

7.2 Key Membranes and Desired Properties for FO

159

(1)

7.3 Concentration Polarization

160

(5)

7.3.1 External Concentration Polarization (ECP)

160

(2)

7.3.2 ECP Model

162

(1)

7.3.3 Internal Concentration Polarization

163

(1)

7.3.4 Model for Concentrative Internal Concentration Polarization

163

(1)

7.3.5 Model for Dilutive Internal Concentration Polarization (DICP)

164

(1)

7.4 Forward Osmosis Membrane Properties

165

(2)

7.4.1 TFC-FO Membrane Structure and Modification

166

(1)

7.4.2 Hydrophilic TFC-FO Membranes for Enhanced Antifouling Properties

167

(1)

7.5 Forward Osmosis Membrane Module Configurations: Advantages and Disadvantages

167

(2)

7.6 Effect of Draw

169

(1)

Conclusions

170

(1)

References

170

(5)

Section III Health

8 Low-Cost Production of Anti-Diabetic and Anti-Obesity Sweetener from Stevia Leaves by Diafiltration Membrane Process

175

(16)

Shaik Nazia

Bukke Vani

Suresh K. Bhargava

Sundergopal Sridhar

8.1 Introduction

175

(2)

8.1.1 History of Stevia Glycosides

176

(1)

8.1.2 Botanical Description of the Plant

176

(1)

8.2 Applications of Stevia

177

(1)

8.2.1 Milk and Food Products

177

(1)

8.2.2 Essential Oil and Fatty Acids

178

(1)

8.2.3 Health Benefits of Stevia

178

(1)

8.3 Separation Processes for Stevia Isolation

178

(1)

8.4 Role of Membranes in Stevia Glycosides Isolation

179

(1)

8.4.1 Important Equations

179

(1)

8.5 Hexane Extraction

180

(1)

8.6 Water Extraction

180

(1)

8.7 Case Study 1: Bench Scale Experimental Trials

181

(3)

8.7.1 Performance of Ceramic Tubular Microfiltration Module

181

(1)

8.7.2 Performance of Ultrafiltration Based Diafiltration Process

182

(1)

8.7.3 Performance of Hydrophilized Polyamide Nanofiltration Membrane

183

(1)

8.8 Case Study 2: Pilot Scale Experimental Trials

184

(2)

8.8.1 Extraction of Stevia by Ultrafiltration

184

(1)

8.8.2 Concentration of Stevia by Nanofiltration

185

(1)

9 Operation and Maintenance Costs

186

(2)

10 Conclusions and Future Scope

188

(1)

Nomenclature

188

(1)

References

189

(2)

9 Microfiltration Membranes: Fabrication and Application

191

(22)

Barun Kumar Nandi

Mehabub Rahaman

Randeep Singh

Mihir Kumar Purkait

9.1 Introduction

192

(1)

9.2 Membrane Materials and Trade-Offs

193

(2)

9.2.1 Ceramic Membranes

193

(1)

9.2.2 Polymeric Membranes

194

(1)

9.2.3 Polymeric vs. Ceramic Membranes

195

(1)

9.2.4 Polymer-Ceramic Composite Membranes

195

(1)

9.3 General Methods of Preparation of Microfiltration Membranes

195

(3)

9.3.1 Ceramic Membrane Preparation Techniques

195

(1)

9.3.2 Materials for Ceramic Membranes

196

(1)

9.3.3 Important Parameters Influencing Ceramic Membrane Structure

196

(1)

9.3.4 Structural Material

197

(1)

9.3.5 Pore Forming Material

197

(1)

9.3.6 Binder Material

197

(1)

9.3.7 Sintering Temperature

198

(1)

9.4 Characterization Techniques

198

(4)

9.4.1 Characterization Techniques for Membranes

198

(1)

9.4.2 Surface Morphology

199

(1)

9.4.3 Average Pore Size and Pore Size Distribution

199

(1)

9.4.4 Porosity and Structural Density

200

(1)

9.4.5 Liquid Permeation Characterization

201

(1)

9.4.6 Gas Transport Characteristics

201

(1)

9.5 Applications of Microfiltration Membranes

202

(7)

9.5.1 Treatment of Oily Wastewater Using Ceramic Membrane

203

(1)

9.5.1.1 Effect of Trans-Membrane Pressure on Flux

204

(1)

9.5.1.2 Effect of Trans-Membrane Pressure on Oil Separation

204

(1)

9.5.1.3 Identification of Flux Decline Mechanism

204

(2)

9.5.2 Clarification of Sweet Lemon Juice by Microfiltration

206

(1)

9.5.2.1 Juice Preparation and Pretreatment

207

(1)

9.5.2.2 Microfiltration Studies

207

(1)

9.5.2.3 Effect of Operating Pressure on Permeate Flux

208

(1)

9.5.3 Separation of Bio-Molecules, Proteins, and Bacteria by Microfiltration

209

(1)

9.5.4 Pretreatment of Drinking Water

209

(1)

9.6 Conclusions

209

(1)

References

210

(3)

10 Hemodialysis Membranes for Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease: State-of-the-Art and Future Prospects

213

(20)

N.L. Gayatri

N. Shiva Prasad

Sundergopal Sridhar

10.1 Introduction

214

(3)

10.1.1 Kidney Function

214

(1)

10.1.2 Kidney Dysfunction

214

(1)

10.1.3 Hemodialysis

215

(1)

10.1.3.1 Dialyzer

216

(1)

10.2 Hemodialysis Membranes

217

(1)

10.2.1 Dialyzer Size and Efficiency

218

(1)

10.2.2 Reuse of Dialyzers

218

(1)

10.3 History of Dialysis Process

218

(1)

10.4 Hemodialysis Module Design

219

(3)

10.4.1 Design of Dialysis Cartridge

219

(1)

10.4.2 Mechanism of Dialysis

220

(1)

10.4.3 Parameters Influencing Hemodialysis

221

(1)

10.4.3.1 Clearance

221

(1)

10.4.3.2 OF Coefficient (KUF)

221

(1)

10.4.3.3 Mass Transfer Coefficient (k0A)

221

(1)

10.4.3.4 Dialysis Adequacy (Kt/V)

221

(1)

10.4.3.5 Transport Mechanisms

221

(1)

10.4.4 Features of Hemodialysis Fibers

221

(1)

10.4.5 Cost Estimation

222

(1)

10.5 Membrane Formation

222

(2)

10.5.1 Efficient Casting Machine for Spinning Hollow Fibers

222

(1)

10.5.2 Spinneret for Dialysis Fibers

223

(1)

10.6 Drawbacks of Hemodialysis

224

(1)

10.7 Emerging Trends in Dialysis Research

225

(2)

10.7.1 Heparinization of Fibers

225

(1)

10.7.1.1 Progress on Antithrombogenic Continuous Hemofilter

225

(1)

10.7.2 Biocompatible Membranes

226

(1)

10.7.3 Innovative Membranes

226

(1)

10.7.4 Living Membranes

226

(1)

10.7.5 A Bioartificial Kidney System

227

(1)

10.7.5.1 Artificial Membrane for Bioartificial Tubule Devices

227

(1)

10.7.5.2 Formation of Tubular Epithelial Cells-Monolayer

227

(1)

10.8 Conclusions

227

(1)

References

228

(5)

11 Design of Cost-Effective Membrane Devices for Production of Potable Alkaline Ionized Water

233

(20)

Pavani Vadthya

M. Praveen

C. Sumana

Sundergopal Sridhar

11.1 Introduction

233

(3)

11.1.1 Background

234

(1)

11.1.2 Alkaline Water: Health Benefits

234

(2)

11.1.3 Principle of Electrolytic Ionization of Water

236

(1)

11.2 State-of-the-Art Water Electrolysis and Electrolyzers

236

(1)

11.3 Design of Device for Alkaline Ionized Water Production

237

(6)

11.3.1 Operating Mechanism of AIW Device

237

(1)

11.3.2 Membrane Synthesis

237

(1)

11.3.2.1 Synthesis of Nonporous Cation Exchange Membrane

238

(1)

11.3.2.2 Synthesis of Flat Sheet Ultrafiltration Membrane

238

(1)

11.3.2.3 Synthesis of Hollow Fiber Ultrafiltration Membrane

239

(1)

11.3.3 Design and Operation of Electrolyzers

240

(1)

11.3.3.1 Table Top Electrolyzer

240

(1)

11.3.3.2 Batch Electrolyzer

241

(1)

11.3.3.3 Continuous Electrolyzer

242

(1)

11.4 Performance of Electrolyzers

243

(3)

11.4.1 Table Top Electrolyzer

243

(1)

11.4.2 Batch Electrolyzer

244

(1)

11.4.3 Continuous Hollow Fiber Based Electrolyzer

245

(1)

11.5 Economic Analysis

246

(2)

11.6 Conclusions

248

(1)

References

249

(4)

Section IV Membrane Process Design

12 Mass Transfer Modeling in Hollow Fiber Liquid Membrane Separation Processes

253

(26)

Biswajit Swain

K.K. Singh

Anil Kumar Pabby

12.1 Introduction

253

(3)

12.2 Theory of Solute Transport in Liquid Membranes

256

(1)

12.3 Mass Transfer Modeling in Hollow Fiber Contactors

257

(16)

12.3.1 Diffusive Mass Transport Model

257

(1)

12.3.1.1 Diffusional-Kinematic Mass Transport Model

259

(1)

12.3.1.2 Mixed Kinetic Mass Transport Model

260

(2)

12.3.2 Flow and Mass Transfer Model

262

(1)

12.3.2.1 1-D Flow and Mass Transfer Models

263

(1)

12.3.2.2 2-D Flow and Mass Transfer Models

264

(2)

12.3.3 Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Based Models

266

(1)

12.3.3.1 CFD Case Studies of Solvent Extraction Processes

270

(3)

12.4 Conclusions and Future Perspective

273

(1)

Nomenclatures

274

(2)

References

276

(3)

13 Design of Membrane Systems Using Computational Fluid Dynamics and Molecular Modeling

279

(20)

Siddhartha Moulik

Rehana Anjum Haldi

Sundergopal Sridhar

13.1 Introduction

279

(1)

13.2 Overview of Molecular Modeling and CFD in Membrane Processes

280

(14)

13.2.1 Optimization of Pressure Driven Processes

280

(3)

13.2.2 Pervaporation

283

(4)

13.2.3 Forward Osmosis

287

(3)

13.2.4 Membrane Bioreactor

290

(2)

13.2.5 Other Membrane Processes

292

(2)

13.3 Conclusions

294

(1)

References

295

(4)

Section V Energy

14 Carbon-Polymer Nanocomposite Membranes as Electrolytes for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells

299

(18)

Gutru Rambabu

Santoshkumar D. Bhat

14.1 Introduction to Direct Methanol Fuel Cells

299

(3)

14.1.1 Challenges in DMFC

300

(1)

14.1.2 Membrane Electrolytes in DMFC

300

(2)

14.2 Functionalized Carbon Nanoadditives in PEMs

302

(2)

14.2.1 Carbon Nanotube Based Composite Membranes

302

(1)

14.2.2 Fullerene Based Composite Membranes

303

(1)

14.2.3 Carbon Nanofiber Based Membranes

303

(1)

14.3 Different Functionalization Routes for Additives

304

(2)

14.3.1 Characterization of Functionalized Additives

305

(1)

14.4 Fabrication of Composite Membranes

306

(1)

14.5 Effect of Functionalized Additives on Membrane Properties

306

(7)

14.5.1 Physico-Chemical Properties

306

(3)

14.5.2 Ion Exchange Capacity and Water Uptake

309

(1)

14.5.3 Proton Conductivity and Methanol Permeability

310

(1)

14.5.4 Oxidative Stability

311

(1)

14.5.5 Fuel Cell Polarization Studies

312

(1)

14.6 Conclusions

313

(1)

Acknowledgments

314

(1)

References

314

(3)

15 Bioethanol Production in a Pervaporation Membrane Bioreactor

317

(18)

Anjali Jain

Ravi Dhabhai

Ajay K. Dalai

Satyendra P. Chaurasia

15.1 Introduction

317

(1)

15.2 Production and Consumption Scenario of Bioethanol

318

(1)

15.3 Lignocellulose as Feedstock for Bioethanol Production

319

(1)

15.4 Bioethanol Production from Lignocellulosic Feedstock

319

(1)

15.5 Fermentation

320

(2)

15.5.1 Types of Fermentation Processes

320

(1)

15.5.2 Fermentation with Immobilized Yeast

321

(1)

15.6 Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) Systems

322

(1)

15.7 Theory of Pervaporation (PV)

322

(1)

15.8 Pervaporation Membranes for Extraction of Ethanol from Aqueous Solutions

323

(1)

15.9 Bioethanol Production in MBR

324

(5)

15.10 Economic Assessment of the Integrated Fermentation-Pervaporation Process

329

(1)

15.11 Conclusions

329

(1)

References

330

(5)

16 Recovery of Value-Added Products in Process Industries through Membrane Contactors

335

(16)

M. Madhumala

Rosilda Selvin

Sundergopal Sridhar

16.1 Introduction

335

(3)

16.2 Introduction to Membrane Contactor Systems

338

(4)

16.2.1 Liquid-Liquid Membrane Contactors

338

(4)

16.2.2 Membrane Distillation

342

(1)

16.2.2.1 Flux and Selectivity Calculations

342

(1)

16.3 Indigenous Membranes and Commercial Modules Investigated for Separation of Chemical Entities

342

(1)

16.4 Results and Discussion

343

(3)

16.4.1 Case Study 1: Reactive Extraction of Carboxylic Acids Using Indigenous Liquid-Liquid Membrane Contactor System

343

(1)

16.4.1.1 Reactive Extraction of Levulinic Acid from Industrial Effluent Using Microporous Polyvinyl Chloride Membrane

343

(1)

16.4.1.2 Reactive Extraction of Acrylic Acid from Synthetic Solution Using Ultraporous Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF)/Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) Blend Membrane

344

(1)

16.4.2 Case Study 2: Recovery of Hexane Volatile Solvent from Sunflower Oil Miscella Using Ultraporous PVC Membrane by Vacuum Membrane Distillation

345

(1)

16.4.2.1 Effect of Downstream Pressure on Membrane Selectivity and Total Flux

345

(1)

16.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects

346

(1)

Nomenclature

347

(1)

Subscripts

347

(1)

References

348

(3)

17 Recent Research Trends in Polymer Nanocomposite Proton Exchange Membranes for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Devices

351

(24)

A. Muthumeenal

M. Sri Abirami Saraswathi

D. Rana

A. Nagendran

17.1 Introduction

351

(3)

17.2 Veracities of Nafion in Fuel Cell and VRFB Environments

354

(1)

17.3 Need for Developing Polymer Nanocomposite Membranes

355

(14)

17.3.1 Polymer Nanocomposite Membranes for PEMFC and DMFC Applications

356

(1)

17.3.1.1 PFSA Based Nanocomposite Membranes

356

(1)

17.3.1.2 Sulfonated Hydrocarbon Polymer Based Nanocomposite Membranes with Inorganic Oxides

360

(6)

17.3.2 Polymer Nanocomposite Membranes for VRFB Applications

366

(1)

17.3.2.1 Tailored Nafion Based Nanocomposite Membranes for VRFB Applications

366

(1)

17.3.2.2 Sulfonated Hydrocarbon Polymer Based Nanocomposite Membranes for VRFB Applications

367

(2)

17.4 Conclusions

369

(1)

17.5 Future Outlook

370

(1)

References

370

(5)

18 Polyion Complex Membranes for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane and Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Applications

375

(22)

F. Dileep Kumar

Harsha Nagar

Sundergopal Sridhar

18.1 Introduction

376

(1)

18.2 Challenges Facing Fuel Cells

377

(1)

18.3 Research Trends in Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for PEMFC and DMFC

377

(1)

18.4 Types of Interactions in Acid-Base Blend Membranes

378

(2)

18.4.1 Dipole-Dipole/van der Waals Interactions

379

(1)

18.4.2 Hydrogen-Bonding Interaction Blend Membranes

379

(1)

18.4.3 Ionically Cross-Linked Acid-Base Blends and Acid-Base Ionomers

379

(1)

18.4.4 Covalently Cross-Linked Blends

379

(1)

18.4.5 Covalently and Ionically Cross-Linked Blends

379

(1)

18.5 Membrane Synthesis by Solution Casting and Solvent Evaporation Method

380

(1)

18.6 Membrane Characterization

381

(1)

18.6.1 Analytical Characterization

381

(1)

18.6.2 Physico-Chemical Characterization

381

(1)

18.6.2.1 Ion Exchange Capacity (IEC) and Sorption Studies

381

(1)

18.6.2.2 Proton Conductivity

381

(1)

18.6.2.3 Methanol Permeability

382

(1)

18.7 Recent Trends in Acid-Base Blend Membranes

382

(6)

18.7.1 SPES-Based Blends

383

(1)

18.7.2 SPEEK-Based Blend Membrane

384

(1)

18.7.3 PBI-Based Blends

385

(3)

18.8 Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study for Acid-Base Blend Membranes

388

(3)

18.8.1 Construction of MD Simulation

389

(1)

18.8.1.1 Diffusion Coefficient and Ion-Conductivity

389

(1)

18.8.1.2 Radial Distribution Function (RDF)

390

(1)

18.9 Conclusions

391

(1)

References

391

(6)

Section VI Environment

19 Integrated Membrane Technology for Promoting Zero Liquid Discharge in Process Industries

397

(20)

R. Saranya

P. Anand

Sundergopal Sridhar

19.1 Introduction

397

(1)

19.2 Current Status of Membrane Processes for Industrial Growth

398

(1)

19.3 Membrane Process Integration for Industrial Sustainability

399

(2)

19.4 Breakthrough Advancements of Membrane Processes in Industries

401

(4)

19.4.1 Electrodialysis

402

(1)

19.4.2 Pressure-Retarded Osmosis

403

(1)

19.4.3 Continuous Electro-Deionization

404

(1)

19.4.4 Forward Osmosis

404

(1)

19.5 Membrane Technology for Facilitating Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) in Industries

405

(3)

19.5.1 Conventional Zero Liquid Discharge Systems

405

(1)

19.5.2 Hybrid Zero Liquid Discharge Systems

406

(1)

19.5.2.1 ZLD Combined with Reverse Osmosis

407

(1)

19.5.2.2 ZLD Combined with Electrodialysis

407

(1)

19.5.2.3 ZLD Combined with Membrane Distillation

407

(1)

19.6 Potential of Membrane Technology Toward ZLD

408

(1)

19.7 Advancements and Scope of Membrane Technology for ZLD

408

(1)

19.8 Emerging Trends in State-of-the-Art ZLD Systems

408

(1)

19.9 Computational Aspects in Membrane Processes

409

(3)

19.9.1 Simulation of Spiral Wound Membranes

410

(1)

19.9.2 Simulation of Hollow Fiber Membranes

411

(1)

19.9.3 Design of Membrane Systems

412

(1)

19.10 Conclusions

412

(1)

References

413

(4)

20 Electromembrane Processes in Water Purification and Energy Generation

417

(26)

Sujay Chattopadhyay

Jogi Ganesh Dattatreya Tadimeti

Anusha Chandra

E. Bhuvanesh

20.1 Introduction

417

(1)

20.2 Electrodialysis

418

(2)

20.3 Ion Exchange Membranes

420

(2)

20.4 Mathematical Representation of Various Fluxes in Electrodialysis Process

422

(1)

20.5 Current-Voltage Characteristics

423

(1)

20.5.1 Ohmic Region

423

(1)

20.5.2 Plateau Region

424

(1)

20.5.3 Over Limiting Region

424

(1)

20.6 Concentration Polarization

424

(1)

20.7 LCD Determination and Parameters Influencing LCD

425

(1)

20.8 Mass Transfer Enhancement in Electrodialysis

426

(1)

20.9 Facilitation of Electrodialysis

427

(2)

20.10 Role of Mathematical Modeling in Electrodialysis

429

(1)

20.11 Challenges and Proposed Remedies in Electrodialysis

430

(1)

20.12 Applications of Electrodialysis

431

(2)

20.13 Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis (EDBPM)

433

(1)

20.14 Bipolar Membrane Preparation and Characterization

434

(1)

20.15 Bipolar Membrane Applications

435

(1)

20.16 Capacitive Deionization

435

(1)

20.17 Energy Generation through Reverse Electrodialysis

436

(1)

20.18 Conclusions

437

(1)

References

438

(5)

21 Adsorption-Membrane Filtration Hybrid Process in Wastewater Treatment

443

(18)

Kulbhushan Samal

Chandan Das

Kaustubha Mohanty

21.1 Introduction

443

(1)

21.2 Adsorption Process

444

(4)

21.2.1 Adsorption Kinetics

446

(1)

21.2.2 Adsorption Isotherms

447

(1)

21.3 Membrane Process

448

(1)

21.4 Adsorption-Membrane Hybrid Process

449

(7)

21.4.1 Adsorption-Membrane Filtration Hybridization Scheme

449

(1)

21.4.1.1 First Scheme: Adsorption-Submersed Membrane Filtration

449

(1)

21.4.1.2 Second Scheme: Coupling of Adsorption Process with Membrane Filtration

450

(1)

21.4.1.3 Third Scheme: PAC Dynamic Membrane

451

(2)

21.4.2 Effect of Adsorption Process on Hybrid Process

453

(1)

21.4.3 Effect of Membrane Process on Hybrid Process

453

(1)

21.4.4 Application of Adsorption-Membrane Filtration Hybrid Process

454

(1)

21.4.5 Extension of Adsorption-Membrane Hybrid Process

454

(2)

21.5 Conclusions and Future Scope

456

(1)

Nomenclature

457

(1)

References

457

(4)

22 Layer-by-Layer (Lbl) Coated Multilayer Membranes in Dye House Effluent Treatment

461

(16)

Usha K. Aravind

Subha Sasi

Mary Lidiya Mathew

Charuvila T. Aravindakumar

22.1 Introduction

461

(1)

22.2 Water Consumption in the Textile Sector

462

(1)

22.3 Overview of Textile Processing and Major Pollutants

463

(1)

22.4 Natural vs. Synthetic Dyes

463

(1)

22.5 Treatment Methods for Textile Wastewater

464

(1)

22.6 Membrane Separation Processes

465

(2)

22.6.1 Microfiltration in Textile Effluent Treatment

465

(1)

22.6.2 Membrane Fouling

466

(1)

22.7 Layer-by-Layer (LbL) Assembly

467

(1)

22.8 Materials in LbL Assembly

468

(1)

22.9 LbL Assembled MF Membranes for Textile Dye Removal

469

(4)

22.10 Conclusions and Future Prospects

473

(1)

References

473

(4)

23 Membrane Technology-A Sustainable Approach for Environmental Protection

477

(18)

Ranjana Das

Arijit Mondal

Chiranjib Bhattacharjee

23.1 Introduction

477

(2)

23.2 Brief about Membrane Technology

479

(1)

23.3 Application of Membrane Technology in Environmental Protection

480

(10)

23.3.1 Municipal Wastewater Treatment

480

(1)

23.3.2 Pharmaceutical Waste Treatment

481

(1)

23.3.3 Heavy Metal Removal from Ground Water

482

(1)

23.3.4 CO2 Separation

483

(2)

23.3.5 Tannery and Dye Waste Treatment

485

(1)

23.3.6 Application in Paper and Pulp Industries

486

(1)

23.3.7 Dairy Wastewater Treatment

487

(1)

23.3.7.1 Case Study on Application of Membrane Technology in Dairy Effluent Treatment

488

(2)

23.4 Advanced Membrane Separation Process for Treatment of Different Waste Streams

490

(1)

References

490

(5)

24 Processing of Dairy Industrial Effluent and Kitchen Wastewater by Integration of Microbial Action with Membrane Processes

495

(22)

S.S. Chandrasekhar

Nivedita Sahu

Sundergopal Sridhar

24.1 Introduction

496

(1)

24.2 Membrane Filtration Technology

496

(1)

24.2.1 Membrane Characteristics

496

(1)

24.2.2 Classification of Membranes

497

(1)

24.3 Potential of Membrane Filtration When Combined with Biological Process

497

(1)

24.4 Challenges Facing MBR and MFC Technologies

498

(1)

24.5 Types of Membrane Bioreactors

499

(3)

24.5.1 Submerged/Immersed MBR

499

(1)

24.5.2 Side-Stream/External MBR

500

(1)

24.5.3 Advancements in MBR Process

500

(1)

24.5.4 Microbial Consortia Used in MBR

501

(1)

24.6 Types of MFCs

502

(2)

24.6.1 Design and Working of Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC)

502

(1)

24.6.2 Advantages in MFC Process

503

(1)

24.6.3 Microbial Consortia Used in MFC

503

(1)

24.7 Experimental Case Study with Kitchen Wastewater

504

(1)

24.7.1 Collection of Kitchen Wastewater

504

(1)

24.7.2 Preparation of Inoculums

504

(1)

24.7.3 Description of Submerged/Internal MBR (SMBR)

504

(1)

24.8 Experimental Case Study on Dairy Industrial Effluent

504

(3)

24.8.1 Collection of Dairy Industrial Effluent

504

(1)

24.8.2 Preparation of Inoculums

504

(2)

24.8.3 Description of Side-Stream/External MBR (SSMBR)

506

(1)

24.8.4 Description of Laboratory MFC Unit for Treatment of Kitchen Wastewater

506

(1)

24.9 Sampling and Analytical Methods

507

(1)

24.10 Membrane Fouling and Its Prevention

507

(1)

24.11 Results and Discussion

508

(3)

24.11.1 Treatment of Kitchen Wastewater and Dairy Effluent

508

(1)

24.11.2 Case Study on Kitchen Wastewater

509

(1)

24.11.3 Case Study on Dairy Effluent

510

(1)

24.11.4 Color Removal from Kitchen Wastewater and Dairy Effluent

510

(1)

24.11.5 Treatment of Kitchen Wastewater by MFC

511

(1)

24.12 Conclusions

511

(1)

References

512

(3)

List of Abbreviations

515

(2)

Index

517

Dr. Sundergopal Sridhar is a Chemical Engineer from University College of Technology, Osmania University, Hyderabad who has been working as a Scientist in the area of Membrane Separation Processes at the CSIR- IICT, Hyderabad for the past 20 years during which he has developed several technologies for chemical industries besides contributing immensely to rural welfare through water purification projects and academic development via extensive HRD and laboratory development in several schools and colleges.

Major highlights of his career include: (i) Commissioning of several membrane pilot plants based on Electrodialysis, Nanofiltration and Gas Permeation of capacities varying from 5005000 L/h to facilitate solvent recovery, effluent treatment and gas purification in pharmaceutical, steel, textile and petrochemical industries, and (ii) Design and installation of 15 model defluoridation plants of 600- 4000 L/h capacity and 25 highly compact low cost systems of 100-200 L/h capacity for purification of ground water for more than 2 Million population affected by fluorosis, gastroenteritis, jaundice, typhoid and other water borne diseases in villages of Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, which is widely appreciated by the press, masses and His Excellency, The governor of TS and AP, besides union ministers of science & technology. A free water camp based on compact system design was established by Dr. Sridhar on Uppal Road in Hyderabad city and has been providing healthy water to urban population including pedestrians, drivers of buses, autos, cars and two wheelers, totally free of cost, since April 2016. Similar camps at All India Industrial Exhibition in Jan-Feb, 2017 & 2018 and CSIR Science Exhibition have provided free drinking water to a population of 3 Lakh people including school children.

Dr. Sridhar has published 126 research papers in reputed international journals such as Journal of Membrane Science, and Macromolecules, which are widely cited by peers more than 5600 times in high impact journals with h-index of 37. He has 10 foreign patents to his credit besides 14 Book Chapters and 150 papers in proceedings of various symposia/conferences. Dr. Sridhar has trained 300 B.Tech./M.Tech & M.Sc. students from different universities and institutes for project work apart from guiding 6 scholars for PhD. Dr. Sridhars students have been awarded 20 prizes for meritorious work and best oral paper/poster presentation made under his guidance in various conferences / symposia.

Dr. Sridhar is a recipient of 30 Prestigious Science Awards including 15 National Awards and 3 State Awards such as IIChE Amar Dye-Chem Award 2003, CSIR Young Scientist Award 2007, Engineer of The Year Award from A.P. State Govt. in 2009, Scopus Young Scientist Award 2011, NASI- Reliance Industries Platinum Jubilee Award 2013, VNMM award from IIT-Roorkee 2015, CIPET national awards for 2016 and 2017 and Nina Saxena Excellence in Technology Award from IIT-Kharagpur in 2017.

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