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E-raamat: Methodology, Models and Algorithms in Thermographic Diagnostics

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This book presents the methodology and techniques of thermographic applications with focus primarily on medical thermography implemented for parametrizing the diagnostics of the human body. The first part of the book describes the basics of infrared thermography, the possibilities of thermographic diagnostics and the physical nature of thermography. The second half includes tools of intelligent engineering applied for the solving of selected applications and projects. Thermographic diagnostics was applied to problematics of paraplegia and tetraplegia and carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). The results of the research activities were created with the cooperation of the four projects within the Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic entitled Digital control of complex systems with two degrees of freedom, Progressive methods of education in the area of control and modeling of complex object oriented systems on aircraft turbocompressor engines, Center for research of control of technical, environmental and human risks for permanent development of production and products in mechanical engineering and Research of new diagnostic methods in invasive implantology.

This book presents the methodology and techniques of thermographic applications with a primarily focus on medical thermography implemented for parametrizing the diagnostics of the human body.
1 Infrared Thermography
1(6)
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Chronology of Infrared Thermography Development
2(5)
2 Thermographic Diagnostics
7(24)
2.1 Medical Thermography
7(8)
2.1.1 Development Stages in Thermographic Diagnostics
9(6)
2.2 Technical Thermography
15(16)
2.2.1 Thermography in Industry
16(1)
2.2.2 Thermography in the Building Industry
17(2)
2.2.3 Thermography in the Military
19(1)
2.2.4 Thermography in the Energy Industry
20(2)
2.2.5 Thermography in Telecomunications
22(2)
2.2.6 Thermography in Research
24(1)
2.2.7 Thermography in Ecology
24(1)
2.2.8 Prospective Thermography Applications in Aviation
25(6)
3 Physical Nature of Thermography
31(24)
3.1 The Principle of Human Thermoregulation
34(3)
3.1.1 Thermo-reception
35(1)
3.1.2 Thermoregulatory Mechanisms
36(1)
3.2 Physical Thermoregulation
37(2)
3.3 Metabolic Thermoregulation
39(1)
3.4 Central Thermoregulation
40(2)
3.5 Basic Mechanisms for Keeping Constant Body Temperature
42(1)
3.5.1 Heat Transport in an Organism
42(1)
3.5.2 Direct Effects of Temperature on the Regulatory Actions
43(1)
3.5.3 Thermoregulation in Connection with Body Activity
43(1)
3.6 Infrared Radiations
43(10)
3.6.1 Basic Definitions and Principles of Detecting Infrared Radiation
51(2)
3.7 Principle of Infrared Thermography System Activity
53(2)
4 Thermography System Implementation in Practice
55(6)
4.1 Infrared Camera Setting before the Process of Measurement
55(6)
5 Methodology of Thermographic Measurement in Medicine
61(10)
5.1 Methodology of Ambience and Environment Preparation
61(2)
5.2 Methodology of the Imaging System Preparation
63(1)
5.2.1 Thermographic Camera Stabilization
63(1)
5.2.2 Lenses
64(1)
5.2.3 Somatometrics in Medical Applications of Thermographic Diagnostics
64(1)
5.3 Patient Preparation Methodology
64(3)
5.3.1 Instructions before the Thermographic Measurement
66(1)
5.3.2 Thermographic Measurement Questionnaire
66(1)
5.4 Report Creation Methodology
67(4)
5.4.1 Analysis of the Thermographic Images
69(2)
6 Human Body Thermal Atlas
71(8)
7 Thermographic Diagnostics Applied to Problematics of Paraplegia and Tetraplegia (Quadriplegia - Practical Study No. 1)
79(84)
7.1 Paraplegia and Tetraplegia Characteristics
80(8)
7.1.1 Spinal Cord Injury Classification
82(2)
7.1.2 Spinal Cord Injury Statistics
84(2)
7.1.3 Thermoregulation of Patients after Spinal Cord Injury
86(2)
7.2 Current Application of Thermographic Diagnostics in the Rehabilitation Process of Paraplegia and Tetraplegia Patients
88(1)
7.3 Methodology of Thermographic Measurement in Medicine Applied to the Problematics of Paraplegia and Tetraplegia
89(3)
7.3.1 Subjects of Measurement and Their Preparation
89(3)
7.4 Hardware and Software Systems Used for Diagnostics
92(3)
7.5 Vicinity and Environment of the Experiment Implementation
95(2)
7.6 Processing and Analysis of Measured Sequences
97(5)
7.7 Proposal of a Methodology for Thermographic Diagnostics of the Lower Limbs of Patients after a Spinal Cord Injury in the Rehabilitation Process
102(41)
7.7.1 Methodology of Thermographic Measurements of the Surface Temperature of the Lower Limbs
136(1)
7.7.2 The Methodology of Measurement in the Clinical Space (PATIENT-PM01)
136(5)
7.7.3 Methodology for Healthy Individuals (AB04)
141(2)
7.8 Analysis of Temperature Distribution with the AB and SCI Patient Groups
143(12)
7.8.1 Reference AB Group of Patients
143(6)
7.8.2 SCI Group of Patients
149(6)
7.9 Results of the Experimental Research and Measurements
155(2)
7.10 Benefits of the Study
157(2)
7.10.1 Benefits in the Area of Methodology
158(1)
7.10.2 Benefits in the Area of Clinical Research
158(1)
7.11 Conclusions of the Study
159(4)
8 Thermographic Diagnostics of the Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - Practical Study No. 2
163(32)
8.1 Application of Thermographic Diagnostics on the Area of the Distal Part of the Wirst
164(1)
8.2 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
165(3)
8.3 Thermographic Measurement Methodology
168(5)
8.3.1 Methodology for Acquisition of IR Thermograms with a Thermographic Camera
170(3)
8.4 Input Data from RG and CTS Databases
173(1)
8.5 Significance of the Primary Hypothesis
174(9)
8.6 Significance of the Secondary Hypothesis
183(5)
8.7 Significance of Thermographic Diagnostics for CTS
188(2)
8.8 Benefits of the Study No. 2
190(5)
Conclusion
193(2)
Annexes
195(8)
Annex No. 1 Table of Chosen Surfaces' Emissivity
195(2)
Annex No. 2 Principle of Infrared Camera Activity
197(1)
Annex No. 3 Sample of Thermograms from the RGD and RGP Database
198(1)
Annex No. 4 Sample of Thermograms from the CTSD and CTSP Database
199(2)
Annex No. 5 Advice on Thermographic Diagnostics
201(1)
Annex No. 6 Thermographic Measurement Questionnaire
202(1)
References 203(8)
Abbreviations 211(2)
Glossary 213(2)
List of Figures 215(6)
List of Tables 221