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E-raamat: Micro and Nano Scale NMR: Technologies and Systems

Edited by (University of Ulm, Germany), Series edited by (Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA), Series edited by (Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA), Edited by (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany), Series edited by (Kyoto University, Japan), Series edited by (ETH Zurich, Switzerland)
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Micro and Nano Scale NMR: Technologies and SystemsSuurem pilt
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This must-have book is the first self-contained summary of recent developments in the field of microscale nuclear magnetic resonance hardware, covering the entire technology from miniaturized detectors, the signal processing chain, and detection sequences. Chapters cover the latest advances in interventional NMR and implantable NMR sensors, as well as in using CMOS technology to manufacture miniaturized, highly scalable NMR detectors for NMR microscopy and high-throughput arrays of NMR spectroscopy detectors.
Editor's Preface xiii
Series Editor's Preface xv
1 Magnets for Small-Scale and Portable NMR 1(20)
Bernhard Blumich
Christian Rehorn
Wasif Zia
1.1 Introduction
1(2)
1.2 Compact Permanent Magnets
3(7)
1.2.1 Types of Permanent Magnets
3(2)
1.2.2 Stray-Field Magnets
5(4)
1.2.2.1 Classification
5(1)
1.2.2.2 Magnets for 1D and 2D Imaging
6(1)
1.2.2.3 Magnets for Bulk-Volume Analysis
7(2)
1.2.3 Center-Field Magnets
9(1)
1.3 Magnet Development
10(6)
1.3.1 Permanent Magnet Materials
10(1)
1.3.2 Magnet Construction and Passive Shimming
11(1)
1.3.3 Overview of Center-field Magnets for Compact NMR
11(2)
1.3.4 Strategies for Passive Shimming
13(1)
1.3.5 Shim Coils for Compact NMR Magnets
14(2)
1.4 Concluding Remarks
16(1)
References
16(5)
2 Compact Modeling Techniques for Magnetic Resonance Detectors 21(38)
Suleman Shakil
Mikhail Kudryavtsev
Tamara Bechtold
Andreas Greiner
Jan G. Korvink
2.1 Introduction
21(1)
2.2 Fast Simulation of EPR Resonators Based on Model Order Reduction
22(17)
2.2.1 The Discretized Maxwell's Equations
23(6)
2.2.2 Model Order Reduction
29(4)
2.2.3 Structure-Preserving Model Order Reduction
33(1)
2.2.4 Planar Coil EPR Resonator
34(5)
2.3 System Level Simulation of a Magnetic Resonance Microsensor by Means of Parametric Model Order Reduction
39(15)
2.3.1 Model Description
40(3)
2.3.2 Parametric Model Order Reduction
43(3)
2.3.3 Compact Model Simulation Results
46(1)
2.3.4 Device-Circuit Co-simulation
46(8)
2.4 Conclusions and Outlook
54(1)
References
55(4)
3 Microarrays and Microelectronics for Magnetic Resonance 59(16)
Oliver Gruschke
Mazin Jouda
Jan G. Korvink
3.1 Introduction
59(1)
3.2 Microarrays for Magnetic Resonance
59(4)
3.2.1 Theoretical Background
59(2)
3.2.2 Microtechnologies for MR Array Fabrication
61(2)
3.3 Integrated Circuits
63(1)
3.4 CMOS Frequency Division Multiplexer
64(6)
3.4.1 The Low-Noise Amplifier
64(1)
3.4.2 The Frequency Mixer
65(1)
3.4.3 The Bandpass Filter
66(1)
3.4.4 Measurements
67(11)
3.4.4.1 MRI Experiment
68(2)
3.5 Summary
70(1)
References
70(5)
4 Wave Guides for Micromagnetic Resonance 75(34)
Ali Yilmaz
Marcel Utz
4.1 Introduction
75(3)
4.2 Wave Guides: Theoretical Basics
78(6)
4.2.1 Propagating Electromagnetic Modes
78(1)
4.2.2 Characteristic Impedance and Transport Characteristics
79(1)
4.2.3 Theory of TEM Wave Modes
79(1)
4.2.4 Modeling of TEM Modes
80(2)
4.2.4.1 Losses in Transmission Lines
82(1)
4.2.5 Magnetic Fields in Planar TEM Transmission Lines
82(1)
4.2.6 Transmission Line Detectors and Resonators
83(1)
4.3 Designs and Applications
84(16)
4.3.1 Microstrip NMR Probes in MRI
84(3)
4.3.2 Microfluidic NMR
87(1)
4.3.3 Planar Detectors
87(1)
4.3.4 Microstrip Detectors
88(2)
4.3.5 Nonresonant Detectors
90(2)
4.3.6 Stripline Detectors
92(4)
4.3.7 Parallel Plate Transmission Lines
96(1)
4.3.8 Applications in Solid-State Physics
97(1)
4.3.9 Wave Guides for Dynamic Nuclear Polarization
98(2)
References
100(9)
5 Innovative Coil Fabrication Techniques for Miniaturized Magnetic Resonance Detectors 109(34)
Jan Korvink
Vlad Badilita
Dario Mager
Oliver Gruschke
Nils Spengler
Shyam Sundar Adhikari Parenky
Ulrike Wallrabe
Markus Meissner
5.1 Wire-Bonding-A New Means to Miniaturize MR Detectors
109(5)
5.2 Microcoil Inserts for Magic Angle Spinning
114(9)
5.2.1 Backbone of the Magic Angle Coil Spinning (MACS) Technique
115(1)
5.2.2 Cost of Inductive Coupling
116(2)
5.2.3 Demonstrating the Improved Sensitivity of the MACS Technique from NMR Experiments
118(1)
5.2.4 Microfabricated MACS Inserts
118(2)
5.2.5 Double-Resonant MACS Insert
120(3)
5.3 Micro-Helmholtz Coil Pairs
123(5)
5.3.1 Helmholtz Coils in Magnetic Resonance
123(1)
5.3.2 Magnetic Field Profile
124(1)
5.3.3 Micromachining of Miniaturized Helmholtz Pairs
125(3)
5.4 High Filling Factor Microcoils
128(2)
5.4.1 Introduction
128(2)
5.4.2 Fabrication
130(1)
5.4.3 Results
130(1)
5.5 Coil Fabrication Using Inks
130(6)
References
136(7)
6 IC-Based and IC-Assisted μNMR Detectors 143(36)
Jonas Handwerker
Jens Anders
6.1 Technological Considerations and Device Models
143(8)
6.1.1 Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Technologies
143(5)
6.1.2 Bipolar Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Technologies
148(3)
6.2 Monolithic Transceiver Electronics for NMR Applications
151(16)
6.2.1 Optimal Integrated RF Front-ends for μNMR Applications
151(4)
6.2.2 Designing NMR Receivers in CMOS and BiCMOS
155(12)
6.2.2.1 LNAs for Widebandand Applications
156(7)
6.2.2.2 LNAs for Narrowband Applications
163(4)
6.2.3 Co-design of the Detection Coil and the LNA for SNR Optimization
167(1)
6.3 Overview of the State-of-the-Art in IC-Based and IC-Assisted μNMR
167(7)
6.3.1 Portable NMR Systems
167(3)
6.3.2 NMR Spectroscopy Systems
170(1)
6.3.3 MR Imaging and Microscopy Systems
171(2)
6.3.4 Intravascular NMR Systems
173(1)
6.4 Summary and Conclusion
174(1)
References
174(5)
7 MR Imaging of Flow on the Microscale 179(20)
Dieter Suter
Daniel Edelhoff
7.1 Introduction
179(1)
7.2 Methods-Flow Imaging
179(6)
7.2.1 Time of Flight
180(1)
7.2.2 Phase Contrast
181(1)
7.2.3 Mean Flow
182(1)
7.2.4 Limitations
182(3)
7.2.4.1 Velocity Range
183(1)
7.2.4.2 Temporal Stability
184(1)
7.2.4.3 Spatial Resolution
184(1)
7.3 Applications of Microscopic Flow Imaging
185(9)
7.3.1 Experimental Setup
186(1)
7.3.2 Characterization of Liquid Exchange in Aneurysm Models
186(3)
7.3.2.1 Aneurysm Models
186(1)
7.3.2.2 Methods
186(1)
7.3.2.3 Results
187(2)
7.3.2.4 Conclusion
189(1)
7.3.3 Phase-Contrast Measurements with Constant Flow
189(3)
7.3.3.1 Laminar Flow in a Pipe
189(1)
7.3.3.2 Flow and Wall Shear Stress in an Aneurysm Model
190(2)
7.3.4 Pulsatile Flow
192(2)
7.4 Discussion
194(1)
Acknowledgments
195(1)
References
195(4)
8 Efficient Pulse Sequences for NMR Microscopy 199(38)
Jurgen Hennig
Katharina Gobel-Gueniot
Linnea Hesse
Jochen Leupold
8.1 Introduction
199(1)
8.2 Spatial Encoding
200(6)
8.2.1 k-Space and More
200(4)
8.2.2 Slice Selection
204(2)
8.3 Contrast Mechanisms
206(5)
8.3.1 T1-relaxation
206(1)
8.3.2 T2-relaxation
207(1)
8.3.3 T2®-decay
207(4)
8.4 Basic Pulse Sequences
211(11)
8.4.1 General Considerations
211(1)
8.4.2 Spin Echo Sequences
212(2)
8.4.3 Gradient Echo-Based Imaging
214(6)
8.4.3.1 FLASH-Type Gradient Echoes
214(5)
8.4.3.2 EPI
219(1)
8.4.4 Ultrashort TE
220(2)
8.5 Special Contrasts
222(10)
8.5.1 Diffusion
222(7)
8.5.1.1 Diffusion Limit of NMR Microscopy
224(5)
8.5.2 Flow
229(1)
8.5.2.1 Velocity Phase Imaging
229(1)
8.5.2.2 Time-of-Flight Imaging
230(1)
8.5.3 Susceptibility Mapping and QSM
230(2)
References
232(5)
9 Thin-Film Catheter-Based Receivers for Internal MRI 237(28)
Richard R.A. Syms
Evdokia Kardoulaki
Ian R. Young
9.1 Introduction
237(1)
9.2 Catheter Receivers
237(7)
9.2.1 Internal Imaging
238(1)
9.2.2 Catheter Receiver Designs
238(1)
9.2.3 Elongated Loop Receivers
239(1)
9.2.4 Tuning and Matching
240(1)
9.2.5 B1-Field Decoupling
241(1)
9.2.6 E-Field Decoupling
242(2)
9.3 Thin-Film Catheter Receivers
244(5)
9.3.1 Thin-Film Coils
244(1)
9.3.2 Thin-Film Interconnects
245(1)
9.3.3 MR-Safe Thin Film Interconnects
246(3)
9.4 Thin-Film Device Fabrication
249(6)
9.4.1 Design and Modeling
249(1)
9.4.2 Materials and Fabrication
249(2)
9.4.3 Mechanical Performance
251(1)
9.4.4 Electrical Performance
252(3)
9.5 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
255(3)
9.5.1 Imaging with Resonant Detectors
255(1)
9.5.2 Imaging with EBG Detectors
256(1)
9.5.3 Imaging with MI Detectors
257(1)
9.6 Conclusions
258(1)
Acknowledgments
259(1)
References
259(6)
10 Microcoils for Broadband Multinuclei Detection 265(32)
Jens Anders
Aldrik H. Velders
10.1 Introduction
265(3)
10.1.1 NMR Microcoils
266(1)
10.1.2 Broadband NMR Microcoils
267(1)
10.2 Microcoil-Based Broadband Probe NMR Spectroscopy
268(6)
10.2.1 Broadband Coil, Chip, and Probe Setup
269(1)
10.2.2 Non-tuned Broadband Planar Transceiver Coil NMR Data
269(4)
10.2.2.1 Homonuclear 1D NMR Experiments
269(4)
10.2.2.2 Heteronuclear 1D NMR Experiments
273(1)
10.2.2.3 Homo-and Heteronuclear 2D NMR Experiments
273(1)
10.2.3 Questions Arising for Broadband NMR
273(1)
10.3 An Engineer's Answers to the Questions
274(15)
10.3.1 General Remarks
274(1)
10.3.2 Coils
274(4)
10.3.3 Impedance Matching and Front-end Electronics
278(9)
10.3.4 Answers to the Questions
287(2)
10.3.5 Remaining Spectrometer Electronics
289(1)
10.4 Conclusion and Outlook
289(1)
Acknowledgment
290(1)
References
291(6)
11 Microscale Hyperpolarization 297(56)
Sebastian Kiss
Lorenzo Bordonali
Jan G. Korvink
Neil MacKinnon
11.1 Introduction
297(4)
11.2 Theory
301(11)
11.2.1 Dynamic Nuclear Polarization
301(3)
11.2.1.1 Polarization Transfer and DNP Mechanisms
301(1)
11.2.1.2 DNP Instrumentation
302(1)
11.2.1.3 Challenges in DNP Instrumentation
303(1)
11.2.2 para-Hydrogen-Induced Hyperpolarization
304(5)
11.2.3 Spin-Exchange by Optical Pumping
309(3)
11.3 Microtechnological Approaches
312(25)
11.3.1 DNP
312(11)
11.3.1.1 Microtechnology for High-Field DNP Resonators
314(4)
11.3.1.2 Microresonators for Low-and Intermediate-Field DNP
318(4)
11.3.1.3 Microfluidics and DNP Resonators
322(1)
11.3.2 PHIP
323(10)
11.3.2.1 Gas-Phase Characterization of Reactors and Fluidic Networks
324(3)
11.3.2.2 Micro-PHIP in the Liquid Phase
327(3)
11.3.2.3 SABRE: A Micro-NMR Compatible PHIP Technique?
330(1)
11.3.2.4 Catalyst Solubility in Water
331(1)
11.3.2.5 Quantification
331(1)
11.3.2.6 High-Field SABRE
332(1)
11.3.3 Micro-SEOP for Nuclear Hyperpolarization
333(4)
11.4 Conclusion
337(1)
References
338(15)
12 Small-Volume Hyphenated NMR Techniques 353(28)
Andrew Webb
12.1 Different Modes of Hyphenation
353(2)
12.2 Types of Radio-Frequency Coils Used for Small-Scale Hyphenation
355(2)
12.3 Hyphenation of NMR and Pressure-Driven Microseparations
357(2)
12.3.1 Capillary High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography
357(1)
12.3.2 Capillary Gas Chromatography
358(1)
12.4 Electrically Driven Microseparations
359(4)
12.4.1 Capillary Electrophoresis NMR
360(2)
12.4.2 Capillary Isotachophoresis NMR
362(1)
12.5 Off-Line Hyphenation of Microsamples with Microcoil Detection
363(5)
12.6 Continuous Monitoring of In Situ Biological Systems
368(1)
12.7 Studies of Microfluidic Mixing and Reaction Kinetics
368(2)
12.8 Measurement of Flow Profiles in Flow Cells and Microchannels
370(2)
12.9 Conclusion
372(1)
References
372(9)
13 Force-Detected Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 381(40)
Martino Poggio
Benedikt E. Herzog
13.1 Introduction
381(1)
13.2 Motivation
381(1)
13.3 Principle
382(2)
13.4 Force versus Inductive Detection
384(2)
13.5 Early Force-Detected Magnetic Resonance
386(3)
13.6 Single-Electron MRFM
389(1)
13.7 Toward Nano-MRI with Nuclear Spins
390(8)
13.7.1 Improvements to Micro-fabricated Components
391(1)
13.7.2 MRI with Resolution Better than 100 nm
391(1)
13.7.3 Nanoscale MRI of Virus Particles
392(4)
13.7.4 Imaging Organic Nanolayers
396(2)
13.8 Paths Toward Continued Improvement
398(14)
13.8.1 Magnetic Field Gradients
398(2)
13.8.2 Mechanical Transducers
400(5)
13.8.3 Measurement Protocols
405(3)
13.8.4 Nano-MRI with a Nanowire Force Sensor
408(4)
13.9 Comparison to Other Techniques
412(2)
13.10 Outlook
414(2)
13.11 Conclusion
416(1)
References
416(5)
Index 421
Jens Anders obtained his PhD from the Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland, in 2011. He then joined the Institute of Microelectronics at the University of Ulm, Germany, first as a group leader and since 2013 as assistant professor. Prof. Anders is the recipient of several awards including the E.ON Future Award 2007, the VDE ITG ISS Study Award 2008 and the VDE Outstanding Publication award 2012. His main research interests include electronics for biomedical and materials science applications, mixed-signal circuit design, and the modeling of nonlinear circuits and systems in the absence as well as in the presence of noise. Professor Anders has authored more than 90 scientific publications.

Jan Korvink obtained his PhD from the ETH in Zürich, Switzerland, in 1993. In 1997 he moved to the Albert Ludwig University in Freiburg, Germany, where for 18 years he was professor for microsystems engineering. From 2007 to 2013 he was a director of the Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies. Since April 2015 he is Professor and director of the Institute of Microstructure Technology at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. His research interests cover the development of ultra low cost micromanufacturing methods, microsystem applications in the area of magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy, and the design and simulation of micro- and nano-systems. He is a recipient of the European Research Council's Advanced Grant for the development of an NMR metabolomic analyser for the nematode C. elegans. He has also been awarded a Red Dot Design Concept Prize in the area of NMR hardware. Professor Korvink has authored more than 300 scientific publications, and was a founding editor of this book series.
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