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E-raamat: Micro and Nanotechnologies in Engineering Stem Cells and Tissues

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A cutting-edge look at the application of micro and nanotechnologies in regenerative medicine

The area at the interface of micro/nanotechnology and stem cells/tissue engineering has seen an explosion of activity in recent years. This book provides a much-needed overview of these exciting developments, covering all aspects of micro and nanotechnologies, from the fundamental principles to the latest research to applications in regenerative medicine.

Written and edited by the top researchers in the field, Micro and Nanotechnologies in Engineering Stem Cells and Tissues describes advances in material systems along with current techniques available for cell, tissue, and organ studies. Readers will gain tremendous insight into the state of the art of stem cells and tissue engineering, and learn how to use the technology in their own research or clinical trials. Coverage includes:





Technologies for controlling or regulating stem cell and tissue growth Various engineering approaches for stem cell, vascular tissue, and bone regeneration The design and processing of biocompatible polymers and other biomaterials Characterization of the interactions between cells and biomaterials

Unrivaled among books of this kind, Micro and Nanotechnologies in Engineering Stem Cells and Tissues is the ultimate forward-looking reference for researchers in numerous disciplines, from engineering and materials science to biomedicine, and for anyone wishing to understand the trends in this transformative field.
Preface xiii
Contributors xv
1 Stem Cells and Nanotechnology in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 1(26)
1.1 A Brief History of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine,
1(2)
1.2 Introduction to Stem Cells,
3(2)
1.3 Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Strategies,
5(3)
1.3.1 Cell Therapy,
5(1)
1.3.2 Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials,
6(2)
1.3.3 Bioactive Factors in Tissue Engineering,
8(1)
1.4 Nanotechnology in Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering,
8(11)
1.4.1 Introduction to Nanotechnology,
8(1)
1.4.2 Nano-Based Cell Tracking,
9(1)
1.4.3 2D Nanotopography,
10(1)
1.4.4 3D Nanoscaffolds,
11(6)
1.4.5 Growth Factor Delivery,
17(2)
1.5 Conclusions,
19(1)
Acknowledgments,
19(1)
References,
20(7)
2 Nanofiber Technology for Controlling Stem Cell Functions and Tissue Engineering 27(25)
2.1 Introduction,
27(3)
2.2 Fabrication of Nanofibrous Scaffolds by Electrospinning,
30(2)
2.3 Stem Cells: Type, Origin, and Functionality,
32(3)
2.3.1 Mesenchymal Stem Cells,
33(1)
2.3.2 Embryonic Stem Cells,
34(1)
2.3.3 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells,
34(1)
2.4 Stem Cell-Nanofiber Interactions in Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering,
35(9)
2.4.1 Skin,
35(4)
2.4.2 Cardiac,
39(2)
2.4.3 Bone and Cartilage,
41(2)
2.4.4 Neural,
43(1)
2.5 Conclusions,
44(1)
Acknowledgments,
45(1)
References,
45(7)
3 Micro- and Nanoengineering Approaches to Developing Gradient Biomaterials Suitable for Interface Tissue Engineering 52(28)
3.1 Introduction,
52(2)
3.2 Classification of Gradient Biomaterials,
54(5)
3.2.1 Physical Gradients,
54(3)
3.2.2 Chemical Gradients,
57(1)
3.2.3 Biological Gradients,
58(1)
3.3 Micro- and Nanoengineering Techniques for Fabricating Gradient Biomaterials,
59(11)
3.3.1 Salt Leaching,
60(1)
3.3.2 Gas Foaming,
61(1)
3.3.3 Phase Separation,
61(1)
3.3.4 Emulsification,
62(1)
3.3.5 Solid Free-Form Technology,
63(1)
3.3.6 Photolithography,
63(1)
3.3.7 Microfluidics,
64(2)
3.3.8 Microcontact Printing,
66(1)
3.3.9 Electrospinning,
67(1)
3.3.10 Nanoimprint Lithography,
68(1)
3.3.11 Inkjet Printing,
69(1)
3.3.12 Gradient Makers,
69(1)
3.4 Conclusions,
70(1)
Acknowledgments,
71(1)
References,
71(9)
4 Microengineered Polymer- and Ceramic-Based Biomaterial Scaffolds: A Topical Review on Design, Processing, and Biocompatibility Properties 80(39)
4.1 Introduction,
80(5)
4.2 Dense Hydroxyapatite Versus Porous Hydroxyapatite Scaffold,
85(1)
4.3 Property Requirement of Porous Scaffold,
86(2)
4.4 Design Criteria and Critical Issues with Porous Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering,
88(2)
4.4.1 Cytocompatibility,
88(1)
4.4.2 Osteoconductivity,
89(1)
4.4.3 Porous Structure,
89(1)
4.4.4 Mechanical Properties,
89(1)
4.4.5 Biodegradability,
89(1)
4.4.6 Fabrication,
89(1)
4.5 An Exculpation of Porous Scaffolds,
90(2)
4.6 Overview of Various Processing Techniques of Porous Scaffold,
92(3)
4.7 Overview of Physicomechanical Properties Evaluation of Porous Scaffold,
95(9)
4.8 Overview of Biocompatibility Properties: Evaluation of Porous Scaffolds,
104(3)
4.9 Outstanding Issues,
107(2)
4.10 Conclusions,
109(1)
Acknowledgment,
109(1)
References,
110(9)
5 Synthetic Enroutes to Engineer Electrospun Scaffolds for Stem Cells and Tissue Regeneration 119(23)
5.1 Introduction,
119(6)
5.1.1 Electrospun Nanofibrous Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering,
121(1)
5.1.2 Electrospun Nanoparticle Incorporated Natural Polymeric Scaffolds,
122(3)
5.2 Synthetic Enroutes,
125(6)
5.2.1 Chemistry of Cross-Linking,
125(1)
5.2.2 Elastomeric Scaffolds,
126(1)
5.2.3 pH Responsive Polymers,
127(1)
5.2.4 Thermo-Responsive Polymer Fabrication and Engineering,
128(1)
5.2.5 Modified Electrospinning Processes,
129(2)
5.3 Novel Nanofibrous Strategies for Stem Cell Regeneration and Differentiation,
131(4)
5.4 Conclusions,
135(1)
Acknowledgment,
135(1)
References,
135(7)
6 Integrating Top-Down and Bottom-Up Scaffolding Tissue Engineering Approach for Bone Regeneration 142(17)
6.1 Introduction,
142(1)
6.2 Clinic Needs in Bone Regeneration Fields,
143(1)
6.3 Bone Regeneration Strategies and Techniques,
144(7)
6.3.1 Top-Down Tissue Engineering,
144(3)
6.3.2 Modular Tissue Engineering (Bottom-Up Approach),
147(3)
6.3.3 Novel Strategy (Integrating Approach),
150(1)
6.4 Future Direction and Concluding Remarks,
151(1)
References,
151(8)
7 Characterization of the Adhesive Interactions Between Cells and Biomaterials 159(24)
7.1 Introduction,
159(1)
7.2 Adhesion Receptors in Native Tissue,
160(6)
7.2.1 Integrins,
160(4)
7.2.2 Cadherins,
164(1)
7.2.3 Immunoglobulins,
165(1)
7.3 Optimization of Cellular Adhesion Through Biomaterial Modification,
166(4)
7.4 Measurement of Cell Adhesion,
170(4)
7.4.1 Micromanipulation,
171(2)
7.4.2 Centrifugation,
173(1)
7.4.3 Hydrodynamic Shear Stress,
173(1)
7.5 Conclusions,
174(1)
Acknowledgments,
175(1)
Disclaimer,
175(1)
References,
175(8)
8 Microfluidic Formation of Cell-Laden Hydrogel Modules for Tissue Engineering 183(19)
8.1 Introduction,
183(1)
8.2 Cell-Laden Hydrogel Modules,
184(5)
8.2.1 Types of Hydrogels,
184(1)
8.2.2 Microfluidic Devices for Hydrogel Module Production,
185(4)
8.3 Cell Assay Systems Using Microfluidic Devices,
189(2)
8.3.1 Microfluidic Devices for Handling Modules,
189(1)
8.3.2 Cell Analysis Using Microfluidic Devices,
190(1)
8.4 Implantable Applications,
191(3)
8.4.1 Cell-Laden Hydrogel Modules for Transplantation,
192(1)
8.4.2 Implantable Applications of Cell-Laden Hydrogel Modules,
192(2)
8.5 Tissue Engineering,
194(4)
8.5.1 Microtissue Units,
194(2)
8.5.2 Random Assembly of Microtissue Units,
196(1)
8.5.3 Controlled Assembly of Microtissue Units,
196(1)
8.5.4 Macroscopic Assembly of Microtissue Units,
197(1)
8.6 Summary,
198(1)
References,
198(4)
9 Micro- and Nanospheres for Tissue Engineering 202(18)
9.1 Introduction,
202(2)
9.2 Materials Classification of Micro- and Nanospheres,
204(1)
9.3 Applications of Micro- and Nanospheres in Tissue Engineering,
205(7)
9.3.1 Micro- and Nanospheres as Delivery Vehicles,
205(2)
9.3.2 Micro- and Nanospheres as Functional Components to Modify Mechanical Properties of Scaffolds,
207(2)
9.3.3 Micro- and Nanospheres as Microreactors,
209(1)
9.3.4 Micro- and Nanospheres as Building Blocks,
210(2)
9.4 Conclusions,
212(1)
Acknowledgments,
212(1)
References,
212(8)
10 Micro- and Nanotechnologies to Engineer Bone Regeneration 220(16)
10.1 Introduction,
220(1)
10.2 Nano-Hydroxyapatite Reinforced Scaffolds,
221(4)
10.3 Biodegradable Polymeric Scaffolds and Nanocomposites,
225(2)
10.4 Silk Fibers and Scaffolds,
227(4)
10.5 Summary,
231(1)
Acknowledgments,
231(1)
References,
232(4)
11 Micro- and Nanotechnology for Vascular Tissue Engineering 236(25)
11.1 Introduction,
236(1)
11.2 Conventional Vascular Grafts,
237(1)
11.3 Tissue-Engineered Vascular Grafts,
237(1)
11.4 Micro- and Nanotopography in Vascular Tissue Engineering,
238(3)
11.4.1 Micro- and Nanotopographies to Mimic Native Architecture,
238(2)
11.4.2 Microengineered Cell Sheets,
240(1)
11.4.3 Conclusion,
240(1)
11.5 Micro- and Nanofibrous Scaffolds in Vascular Tissue Engineering,
241(5)
11.5.1 Nanofibrous Scaffolds,
241(1)
11.5.2 Electrospun Fibers,
241(1)
11.5.3 Synthetic and Natural Hybrid Nanofibers,
242(1)
11.5.4 Release from Nanofibers,
243(1)
11.5.5 Antithrombogenic Nanofibers,
244(1)
11.5.6 Cell-Adhesive Nanofibers,
245(1)
11.5.7 Future Work and Conclusion,
245(1)
11.6 Microvascular Tissue Engineering,
246(7)
11.6.1 Need for Microvascular Networks in Tissue Engineering,
246(1)
11.6.2 Microfluidics,
246(1)
11.6.3 Microfluidic Hydrogels,
247(1)
11.6.4 Micropatterning,
248(1)
11.6.5 Hybrid or Advanced Approaches,
249(2)
11.6.6 Nanofiber Gels,
251(1)
11.6.7 Conclusion,
252(1)
11.7 Conclusions,
253(1)
References,
254(7)
12 Application of Stem Cells in Ischemic Heart Disease 261(42)
12.1 Introduction,
261(6)
12.1.1 Potential Uses of Human Stem Cells,
263(1)
12.1.2 Various Sources of Stem Cells,
263(1)
12.1.3 Unique Properties of Stem Cells,
263(1)
12.1.4 Stem Cells Can Give Rise to Specialized Cells,
264(1)
12.1.5 Embryonic Stem Cells,
264(2)
12.1.6 Recommendations,
266(1)
12.1.7 Limitations and Concerns with Embryonic Stem Cell Transplantation,
267(1)
12.2 Adult Skeletal Myoblast Cells,
267(2)
12.2.1 Advantages to Myoblast Transplantation,
269(1)
12.2.2 Disadvantages with Skeletal Myoblasts,
269(1)
12.2.3 Further Recommendations,
269(1)
12.3 Adult Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells,
269(4)
12.3.1 Advantages of Adult Bone Marrow Cell Transplantation,
270(1)
12.3.2 Limitations and Concerns with Adult Bone Marrow Cell Transplant,
270(1)
12.3.3 Resident Cardiac Progenitor Cells,
271(1)
12.3.4 Adult Stem Cells,
271(1)
12.3.5 Advantages of Adult Stem Cells,
272(1)
12.3.6 Limitations of Adult Stem Cells,
272(1)
12.3.7 Culturing Embryonic Stem Cells in the Laboratory,
272(1)
12.3.8 Stem Cell Lines,
273(1)
12.3.9 Tests Used to Identify Embryonic Stem Cells,
273(1)
12.3.10 Tests Used in Identifying Adult Stem Cells,
273(1)
12.4 Type of Stem Cells Used to Treat Cardiac Diseases,
273(4)
12.4.1 Potency,
275(1)
12.4.2 Identification of Stem Cells,
275(1)
12.4.3 Mechanisms of Action of Stem Cells,
275(1)
12.4.4 Immunomodulatory Effect of Stem Cells,
276(1)
12.5 Application,
277(5)
12.5.1 Routes of Application,
277(1)
12.5.2 Complications,
278(1)
12.5.3 Using Stem Cells in Clinical Application and to Treat Disease,
278(2)
12.5.4 Results of Clinical Trials,
280(1)
12.5.5 Cell Therapy in Acute Myocardial Infarction,
280(1)
12.5.6 Research with Stem Cells,
281(1)
12.5.7 Organ and Tissue Regeneration,
281(1)
12.5.8 Brain Disease Treatment,
281(1)
12.5.9 Cell Deficiency Therapy,
281(1)
12.5.10 Blood Disease Treatments,
282(1)
12.5.11 General Scientific Discovery,
282(1)
12.5.12 Transplantation and Left Ventricular Devices,
282(1)
12.6 Other Developing Technologies in Cell Engineering,
282(11)
12.6.1 Hybrid Embryos,
282(1)
12.6.2 Upcoming Techniques in Guidance to Homing of Stem Cell,
283(4)
12.6.3 Future Perspectives in Myocardial Repair and, Regeneration,
287(1)
12.6.4 New Method Helps Stem Cells Find Damaged Tissue Better,
288(2)
12.6.5 Shortcomings in Stem Cell Applications,
290(1)
12.6.6 Stem Cell Research Controversy,
291(1)
12.6.7 Problems with Embryonic Stem Cell Research,
291(1)
12.6.8 Challenges Remain for Stem Cell Therapies,
292(1)
Acknowledgments,
293(1)
References,
293(10)
Index 303
MURUGAN RAMALINGAM, PhD, is Associate Professor in the Centre for Stem Cell Research (a unit of Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bengaluru) at the Christian Medical College, Vellore, India. He is well known for his pioneering work on gradient biomaterials, stem cell engineering, and soft-to-hard interface tissue engineering.

ESMAIEL JABBARI, PhD, is Associate Professor of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering and Adjunct Professor of Orthopedic Surgery at the University of South Carolina. An internationally known researcher, he has published extensively on biomaterials, drug delivery, and tissue engineering.

SEERAM RAMAKRISHNA, PhD, is Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Bioengineering at the National University of Singapore. He is well known for his pioneering work on electrospinning of nanofibers.

ALI KHADEMHOSSEINI, PhD, is Associate Professor at the Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School.
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