Preface |
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1 | (46) |
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1.1 Minimally Invasive Surgery |
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1 | (7) |
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1.1.1 Endovascular Surgery |
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2 | (1) |
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1.1.1.1 Neuro-endovascular treatments |
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2 | (2) |
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1.1.1.2 Percutaneous trans-luminal coronary angioplasty |
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4 | (1) |
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1.1.1.3 Trans-catheter aortic valve implantation |
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5 | (1) |
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1.1.2 Laparoscopic Surgery and Single-Port Surgery |
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5 | (1) |
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1.1.3 Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery |
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6 | (1) |
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1.1.4 Natural Orifice Trans-Luminal Endoscopic Surgery |
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6 | (1) |
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1.1.4.1 Digestive tract endoscopies |
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6 | (1) |
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1.1.4.2 Respiratory tract endoscopies |
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7 | (1) |
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1.1.4.3 Transurethral resection of prostate |
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7 | (1) |
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1.1.5 Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy |
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7 | (1) |
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1.1.6 Stereotactic Gamma Radiosurgery |
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8 | (1) |
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8 | (15) |
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8 | (1) |
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1.2.2 Diagnostic and Training |
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9 | (2) |
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1.2.3 Catheters and Guide Wires |
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11 | (2) |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (6) |
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1.2.6 Modular Robots for Endoluminal Surgery |
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20 | (1) |
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1.2.7 Drug Delivery Systems |
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21 | (1) |
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1.2.8 Rehabilitation and Recovery |
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22 | (1) |
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1.3 Regenerative Medicine and Artificial Organs |
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23 | (24) |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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1.3.1.2 Artificial vascular graft |
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26 | (1) |
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1.3.1.3 Artificial kidney |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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1.3.2 Cell Implantation-Based Regeneration |
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28 | (1) |
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1.3.3 Tissue Engineering-Based Regeneration |
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29 | (2) |
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1.3.4 Production Methods of Biodegradable Scaffolds |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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1.3.4.3 Three-dimensional printing |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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1.3.4.5 Membranous microfluidic device (MeME process) |
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35 | (1) |
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1.3.5 Cell Sheet Engineering |
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35 | (12) |
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2 Endovascular Treatments for Brain Attack Introduction |
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47 | (26) |
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48 | (7) |
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2.1.1 Ruptured Cerebral Aneurysm |
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48 | (1) |
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2.1.2 Unruptured Cerebral Aneurysm |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (2) |
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2.1.3.2 Cerebral aneurysm embolization |
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51 | (4) |
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2.2 Carotid Artery Stenosis |
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55 | (4) |
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56 | (1) |
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2.2.2 Carotid Artery Endarterectomy |
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56 | (1) |
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2.2.3 Carotid Artery Stenting |
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57 | (2) |
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59 | (6) |
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2.3.1 Cerebral Thrombosis |
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59 | (1) |
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2.3.2 Cardiogenic Cerebral Embolization |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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2.3.5.1 rt-PA (Tissue plasminogen activator: alteplase) intravenous therapy |
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61 | (1) |
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2.3.5.2 Revascularization |
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61 | (4) |
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2.4 Intracerebral Brain Hemorrhage |
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65 | (8) |
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3 Patient-Specific Vascular Modeling |
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73 | (52) |
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3.1 Introduction and Background |
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73 | (2) |
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3.2 Required Properties for the Vascular Model |
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75 | (3) |
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3.2.1 Patient-Specific Reproduction |
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75 | (2) |
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3.2.2 Reproduction of Physical Characteristics |
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77 | (1) |
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3.2.3 Reproduction of Membranous Vascular Configuration |
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78 | (1) |
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3.2.4 Summary of Required Conditions |
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78 | (1) |
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3.3 Medical Image Processing |
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78 | (5) |
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3.3.1 Medical Imaging Modalities |
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79 | (2) |
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3.3.2 Three-Dimensional Vessel Shape Reconstruction from CT |
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81 | (1) |
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3.3.3 Three-Dimensional Vessel Shape Reconstruction from MRI |
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82 | (1) |
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3.4 Additional Vascular Shape Modification |
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83 | (2) |
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3.5 Patient-Specific Vascular Modeling |
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85 | (2) |
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3.6 Reproduction of Membranous Vessel Structure |
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87 | (2) |
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3.7 Reproduction of Surrounding Brain Structure |
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89 | (1) |
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3.8 Reproduction of Subarachnoid Space |
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90 | (2) |
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3.9 Improvement of Visibility |
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92 | (1) |
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3.10 Silicone Membrane Thickness Controllability |
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93 | (3) |
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96 | (16) |
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97 | (1) |
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3.11.2 Flow Visualization |
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98 | (3) |
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3.11.3 Medical Treatment Simulation |
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101 | (1) |
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3.11.3.1 Aneurismal coil embolization simulation |
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101 | (4) |
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3.11.4 Aneurism Clipping Simulation |
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105 | (1) |
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3.11.5 Applicability for Medical Imaging Modalities |
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106 | (1) |
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3.11.5.1 Fluoroscopic X-ray Imaging |
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106 | (2) |
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3.11.5.2 Ultrasound imaging |
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108 | (2) |
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3.11.5.3 Clinical evaluation summary |
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110 | (2) |
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3.12 Comprehensive Surgical Simulator --- EVE |
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112 | (13) |
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3.12.1 Hardware Construction: Systematization |
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112 | (4) |
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3.12.2 Surgical Simulation |
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116 | (2) |
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3.12.3 Evaluation of Surgical Simulator |
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118 | (1) |
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3.12.3.1 Evaluation by interventionalists |
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118 | (3) |
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3.12.3.2 Evaluation by layperson |
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121 | (4) |
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4 Respect for Tissue Representation Using Photoelastic Stress Analysis for Endovascular Surgery Simulation |
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125 | (34) |
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4.1 Photoelastic Stress Analysis Fundamental Equations |
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126 | (2) |
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4.2 Vasculature Modeling for Stress Analysis |
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128 | (1) |
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4.3 Blue Light Transmittance Equation |
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128 | (2) |
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4.4 Polariscope for Stress Magnitude Analysis |
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130 | (4) |
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134 | (1) |
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4.6 Photoelastic Coefficient of Urethane Elastomer |
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135 | (2) |
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4.7 Photoelastic Stress Analysis Error Quantification |
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137 | (3) |
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4.8 Angular Distortion Correction |
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140 | (1) |
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4.9 Stress Direction Measurements |
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141 | (2) |
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4.10 Three-Dimensional Visualization of Stress |
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143 | (5) |
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4.11 Complementary Image Processing for Real-Time Analysis |
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148 | (8) |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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4.11.3 Stress and Deformation Measurement |
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150 | (1) |
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4.11.4 Catheter Tip Search |
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151 | (1) |
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4.11.5 Reference Trajectory Construction |
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152 | (4) |
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156 | (3) |
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5 Numerical Simulation for Blood Flow |
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159 | (46) |
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5.1 Basic Equations of Flow Analysis |
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160 | (10) |
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160 | (2) |
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5.1.2 Law of Conservation of Mass |
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162 | (1) |
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5.1.3 Law of Conservation of Momentum |
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163 | (7) |
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5.2 Discretization Algorithm |
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170 | (13) |
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5.2.1 Finite-Difference Method |
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172 | (3) |
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175 | (1) |
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5.2.3 Taylor Series Expansion |
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175 | (2) |
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5.2.4 Approximation of the Second Derivative |
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177 | (2) |
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5.2.5 The Algebraic Equation system |
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179 | (3) |
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5.2.6 Finite-Volume Method |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (10) |
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187 | (1) |
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5.3.2 Approximation Using Regular Grids |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (4) |
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5.4 Blood Flow Simulations for Internal Carotid Artery |
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193 | (8) |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (2) |
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5.4.3 Mechanical Properties |
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195 | (1) |
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5.4.4 Fluid Calculation Method |
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195 | (1) |
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5.4.5 Boundary Conditions |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
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199 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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5.5 Outlook for the Future of Computer Fluid Dynamics |
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201 | (4) |
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6 Pumps for Human Blood Pressure Simulation |
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205 | (20) |
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6.1 Multilayer Urethane Model Elaboration |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (3) |
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6.2.1 Lobe Profiles and Mechanism |
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208 | (2) |
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210 | (1) |
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6.3 Image Processing Software for Stress Measurement |
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211 | (3) |
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214 | (2) |
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6.5 Blood Pressure Simulation in Saccular Aneurysm Model with Bleb |
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216 | (4) |
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6.5.1 Saccular Aneurysm with Bleb Model Design |
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217 | (2) |
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6.5.2 Stress Analysis in the Bleb Model Using Static Pressure |
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219 | (1) |
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6.5.3 Stress Analysis in the Bleb Model Using Blood Pressure Simulation |
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220 | (1) |
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6.6 Portable Simulator for Blood Pressure |
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220 | (5) |
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7 Magnetic Trackers: Robot Control and Vasculature Imaging |
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225 | (38) |
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7.1 Robot Control with Magnetic Trackers |
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225 | (2) |
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7.2 Robotic Camera for Digital Subtraction Angiography Simulation |
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227 | (4) |
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228 | (2) |
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230 | (1) |
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231 | (6) |
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7.3.1 Silicone Models of Vasculature |
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231 | (1) |
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232 | (1) |
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232 | (2) |
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234 | (2) |
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7.3.5 Integration of the Robotic Camera with EVE |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (12) |
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237 | (2) |
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7.4.2 Path Planning and Control Software |
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239 | (1) |
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7.4.2.1 Controller design for ACIS |
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239 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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7.4.3 Preliminary Experiment for Path Reconstruction |
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240 | (2) |
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7.4.4 One-Dimensional Path Reconstruction |
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242 | (2) |
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7.4.5 Two-Dimensional Path Reconstruction |
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244 | (5) |
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7.5 Vasculature Imaging Based on Magnetic Trackers and Intravascular Ultrasounds |
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249 | (14) |
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7.5.1 Sensor Fusion of IVUS and Magnetic Tracker |
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251 | (1) |
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7.5.2 Estimation of Disturbance on Magnetic Tracker Measurements |
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252 | (1) |
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7.5.3 Environment for Hybrid Probe Evaluation |
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253 | (1) |
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7.5.4 Image Processing and Kinematics |
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254 | (3) |
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7.5.5 3D Imaging and Rendering |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (5) |
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8 Tailor-Made and Biodegradable Vascular Scaffolds |
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263 | (44) |
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263 | (3) |
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8.2 Preparation of Polymer Solution Including Salt Microparticles |
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266 | (1) |
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8.3 Fabrication of Carotid Artery Scaffold |
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267 | (2) |
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8.4 Evaluation of Wall Thickness and Young's Modulus |
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269 | (2) |
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8.4.1 Measurement of the Thickness of PLCL Membranes after Dip Coating |
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269 | (1) |
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269 | (2) |
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8.5 Spatial Distribution of Pores Inside Scaffolds |
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271 | (3) |
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8.6 Cell Culture for Confirmation of Biocompatibility and Safeness of Fabrication Methods |
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274 | (3) |
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8.6.1 General Cell Culture |
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274 | (1) |
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8.6.2 Cell Seeding and Culture on Scaffolds |
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274 | (1) |
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8.6.3 Observation of HUVECs on Scaffolds |
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275 | (2) |
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8.7 Development of Biodegradable Scaffolds by Casting from Magnetically Assembled Sugar Particles |
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277 | (30) |
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8.7.1 Preparation of Magnetic Sugar Particles |
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278 | (3) |
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8.7.2 Fabrication of Porous PLCL Sheet-Like Scaffolds by Magnetic Sugar Leaching |
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281 | (2) |
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8.7.3 Evaluation of Young's Modulus and Porosity |
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283 | (1) |
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8.7.3.1 Evaluation of Young's modulus |
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283 | (3) |
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8.7.4 Magnetic Manipulation of Particles |
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286 | (2) |
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8.7.5 Fabrication of a Tubular Scaffold |
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288 | (1) |
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8.7.6 Cell Culture for Confirmation of Biocompatibility and Safeness of Fabrication Methods |
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289 | (1) |
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8.7.6.1 General cell culture |
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289 | (1) |
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8.7.6.2 Cell seeding and culture on scaffolds |
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290 | (1) |
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8.7.6.3 Observation of viable cells on scaffolds |
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290 | (2) |
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8.7.7 MSP Steering Principle, Modeling and Evaluation |
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292 | (1) |
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8.7.7.1 MSP magnetically steering principle |
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292 | (1) |
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8.7.7.2 Fluid dynamics of MSP in hexane |
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293 | (1) |
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8.7.7.3 Electromagnetic analysis for magnetic steering |
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294 | (1) |
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8.7.7.4 Motion simulation of MSP in hexane |
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295 | (1) |
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8.7.7.5 Calculation of magnetic field |
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296 | (2) |
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8.7.7.6 MSP steering evaluation |
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298 | (9) |
Index |
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307 | |