| Preface |
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VII | |
| Section 1: General Introduction |
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1 | (5) |
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5 | (1) |
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2 Some Brief Examples of Technical Innovation in Agricultural Industries |
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6 | (13) |
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7 | (1) |
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2.2 Early Innovations in Agriculture |
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8 | (1) |
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2.3 Transportation Technologies |
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9 | (1) |
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9 | (2) |
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11 | (1) |
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2.6 High Resolution Production Systems |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (3) |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (2) |
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3 A Brief Overview of Radio Frequency and Microwave Applications in Agriculture |
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19 | (13) |
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19 | (6) |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (2) |
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3.1.3 Effect of Microwave Heating on Seeds and Plants |
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21 | (1) |
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3.1.4 Microwave Treatment of Animal Fodder |
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22 | (1) |
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3.1.5 Microwave Assisted Extraction |
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23 | (1) |
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3.1.6 Microwave Assisted Pyrolysis and Bio-fuel Extraction |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (3) |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (2) |
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3.3 Communication Systems |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (4) |
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4 Microwaves and their Interactions with Materials |
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32 | (18) |
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4.1 Electric and Magnetic Field Vectors |
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33 | (1) |
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4.2 Maxwell's Equations for Electromagnetism |
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34 | (3) |
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4.3 Magnetic Vector Potential |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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4.5 Conservation of Electromagnetic Energy |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (2) |
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42 | (2) |
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4.8 Reflection and Transmission at an Interface |
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44 | (3) |
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4.9 Electromagnetic Behaviour of Materials |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (2) |
| Section 2: Non-destructive Characterisation Using Electromagnetic Waves |
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50 | (2) |
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50 | (2) |
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6 Techniques for Measuring Dielectric Properties |
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52 | (26) |
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6.1 Dielectric Properties |
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52 | (3) |
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55 | (2) |
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6.2.1 Dipolar Polarization |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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6.2.3 Electronic And Atomic Polarization |
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56 | (1) |
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6.2.4 Interfacial Or Space Charge Polarization |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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6.3.1 Bode' plots and Nyquist Plots |
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57 | (1) |
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6.4 Microwave Measurement Methods |
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58 | (14) |
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6.4.1 Transmission/Reflection Line Method |
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61 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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6.4.3 Dielectric Resonator |
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62 | (2) |
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6.4.4 Dielectric Post Resonator |
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64 | (1) |
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6.4.5 Whispering Gallery Mode Resonator |
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65 | (1) |
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6.4.6 Open-ended co-axial probe method |
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65 | (1) |
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6.4.7 Dielectric Probe (Coaxial probe) |
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66 | (3) |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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6.4.10 Near-field Microwave Probe |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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6.4.12 Fabry-Perot Resonator |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (3) |
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75 | (3) |
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7 Dielectric Properties of Organic Materials |
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78 | (21) |
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7.1 Frequency Dependency of Dielectric Properties |
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79 | (2) |
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7.2 Temperature Dependence of the Dielectric Properties |
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81 | (1) |
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7.3 Density and Field Orientation Dependence of Dielectric Properties |
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82 | (3) |
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7.4 Dielectric Modelling of Organic Materials |
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85 | (11) |
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7.4.1 Modelling the Dielectric Properties of Free Water |
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86 | (3) |
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7.4.2 Modelling the Dielectric Properties of Bound Water |
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89 | (1) |
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7.4.3 Modelling the Dielectric Properties of Moist Wood |
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90 | (1) |
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7.4.4 Modelling the Dielectric Properties of Grains |
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91 | (1) |
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7.4.5 Modelling the Dielectric Properties of Soils |
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92 | (2) |
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7.4.6 Dielectric Properties of Insects |
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94 | (2) |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (3) |
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8 Insect and Decay Detection |
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99 | (23) |
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99 | (17) |
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100 | (1) |
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8.1.2 Rectangular Apertures |
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100 | (2) |
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8.1.3 Open Ended Wave-Guide |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (2) |
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105 | (2) |
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107 | (2) |
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109 | (2) |
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8.1.8 Radar Cross Section |
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111 | (2) |
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113 | (1) |
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8.1.10 Motion Detection - Doppler Shift |
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114 | (2) |
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8.2 Free-Space Microwave Systems |
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116 | (4) |
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118 | (2) |
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120 | (1) |
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120 | (2) |
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122 | (8) |
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9.1 Free-Space Moisture Detection |
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122 | (3) |
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9.1.1 Practical Applications |
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124 | (1) |
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9.2 Microwave Emissions as a Measure of Moisture |
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125 | (3) |
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9.3 Radar Moisture Measurement |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (9) |
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130 | (3) |
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133 | (2) |
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10.3 Target Interaction and Image Appearance |
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135 | (1) |
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10.4 Airborne versus Space-borne Radar |
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136 | (1) |
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10.5 Ground Penetrating Radar |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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11 Electromagnetic Survey Techniques |
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139 | (13) |
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11.1 Electromagnetic Induction |
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139 | (5) |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (3) |
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11.2 Global Positioning System |
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144 | (4) |
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11.2.1 Principles of GPS Operation |
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145 | (1) |
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11.2.2 Step 1: Triangulating from Satellites |
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145 | (1) |
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11.2.3 Step 2: Measuring distance from a satellite |
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145 | (1) |
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11.2.4 Step 3: Getting perfect timing |
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146 | (1) |
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11.2.5 Step 4: Knowing where a satellite is in space |
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147 | (1) |
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11.2.6 Step 5: Correcting errors |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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11.3 Geographic Information Systems |
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148 | (2) |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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150 | (2) |
| Section 3: Dielectric Heating |
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152 | (3) |
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153 | (2) |
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155 | (20) |
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13.1 Conductive Heat Transfer |
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155 | (2) |
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157 | (1) |
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13.3 Radiative Heat Transfer |
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158 | (3) |
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161 | (1) |
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13.5 Microwave Frequency and its Influence over Microwave Heating |
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162 | (1) |
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13.6 The Influence of Material Geometry on Microwave Heating |
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163 | (5) |
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13.7 Comparative Efficiency of Convective and Microwave Heating |
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168 | (1) |
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169 | (2) |
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13.9 Examples of Using Thermal Runaway to Great Advantage |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (2) |
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173 | (2) |
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14 Simultaneous Heat and Moisture Movement |
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175 | (7) |
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14.1 Temperature Sensing in Electromagnetic Fields |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (2) |
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182 | (7) |
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15.1 Microwave Drying of Crop Fodder |
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183 | (1) |
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15.2 Modelling Microwave Drying |
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184 | (2) |
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15.3 Effect of Microwave Drying on Milling Properties |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (2) |
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16 Radio Frequency and Microwave Processing of Food |
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189 | (5) |
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16.1 Dielectric Properties of Foods |
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189 | (3) |
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16.2 Comparative Efficiency of Convective and Microwave Heating |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (24) |
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194 | (1) |
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195 | (2) |
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17.3 Other Wave-guide Modes |
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197 | (2) |
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17.4 Transverse Magnetic Modes |
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199 | (1) |
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17.5 Wave-guide Cut-off Conditions |
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200 | (1) |
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17.6 Wavelength in a Wave-guide |
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200 | (1) |
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17.7 Wave Impedance in a Wave-guide |
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201 | (1) |
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17.8 Power Flow along a Wave-guide Propagating in TE10 Mode |
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202 | (1) |
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17.9 Cylindrical Wave Guides |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (2) |
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17.11 Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) Simulating Microwave Field 17.12 Distributions in Applicators |
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206 | (4) |
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210 | (1) |
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17.13 Antenna Applicators |
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211 | (3) |
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17.13.1 Analysis of a Horn Antenna |
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211 | (1) |
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17.13.2 A Uniformly Illuminated Aperture Approximation |
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211 | (1) |
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17.13.3 A Numerical Integration Approximation |
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212 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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214 | (2) |
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Appendix A Derivation of Near Field from a Uniformly Illuminated Rectangular Aperture |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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18 Quarantine and Biosecurity |
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218 | (9) |
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218 | (2) |
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18.2 The Background to Microwave and Radiofrequency Quarantine |
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220 | (3) |
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18.2.1 Termites as a Case Study |
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221 | (2) |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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224 | (3) |
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227 | (32) |
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19.1 Radio Frequency and Microwave Treatments |
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230 | (1) |
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19.2 Microwave Treatment of Plants |
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231 | (2) |
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19.3 Reinterpretation of Earlier Microwave Weed Experiments |
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233 | (2) |
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19.4 Impact of Microwave Treatment on Soil |
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235 | (3) |
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19.5 Crop Growth Response |
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238 | (1) |
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19.6 Analysis of Potential Crop Yield Response to Microwave Weed Management |
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239 | (2) |
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19.7 The Potential for Including Microwave Weed Control for Herbicide Resistance Management |
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241 | (2) |
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243 | (1) |
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243 | (2) |
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Appendix A Derivation of the Impact of Weed Infestation and Herbicide Control on Crop Yield Response |
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245 | (9) |
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254 | (5) |
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20 Treatment of Animal Fodder |
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259 | (10) |
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20.1 Effect of Microwave Treatment on Digestibility |
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259 | (4) |
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20.2 Microstructure Changes |
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263 | (1) |
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20.3 Potential Mitigation of Methane Production |
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263 | (1) |
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20.4 Microwave Treatment of Grains |
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264 | (1) |
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20.5 Effect of Microwave Heating on Crude Protein |
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265 | (1) |
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266 | (1) |
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266 | (3) |
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269 | (11) |
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21.1 Applications of Microwave Modification in Wood Drying |
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272 | (3) |
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21.2 Improving Wood Impregnation |
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275 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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21.4 Industrial Scale Pilot Plant |
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276 | (1) |
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21.5 Pre-treatment for Wood Pulping |
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277 | (1) |
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277 | (3) |
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22 Microwave Assisted Extraction |
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280 | (5) |
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22.1 Solvent based Extraction of Essential Oils |
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280 | (1) |
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22.2 Solvent Free Extraction of Essential Oils |
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281 | (1) |
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22.3 Microwave Pre-treatment Followed by Conventional Extraction Techniques |
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282 | (1) |
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22.4 Application to Sugar Juice Extraction |
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282 | (1) |
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22.5 Microwave Accelerated Steam Distillation |
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283 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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23 Thermal Processing of Biomass |
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285 | (15) |
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285 | (1) |
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23.2 Biosolids' Composition and Characteristics |
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286 | (1) |
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23.3 Nutrient Value of Biosolids |
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287 | (1) |
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23.4 Current Applications of Biosolids |
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287 | (2) |
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23.5 Thermal Processing of Materials |
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289 | (3) |
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289 | (1) |
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290 | (1) |
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23.5.3 Anaerobic Decomposition (Torrefaction and Pyrolysis) |
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291 | (1) |
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23.6 Microwave-assisted Pyrolysis |
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292 | (2) |
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294 | (1) |
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295 | (5) |
| Section 4: Automatic Data Acquisition and Wireless Sensor Networks |
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300 | (1) |
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300 | (1) |
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301 | (21) |
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302 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
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25.3 Accuracy and Its Components |
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303 | (2) |
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305 | (1) |
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305 | (5) |
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305 | (2) |
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307 | (2) |
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309 | (1) |
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25.6 Digital Data Acquisition |
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310 | (4) |
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25.6.1 Sample and Hold Circuits |
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310 | (1) |
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311 | (1) |
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312 | (1) |
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25.6.4 Analogue-to-Digital Conversion |
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313 | (1) |
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314 | (1) |
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25.8 Lightning Protection |
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315 | (5) |
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25.8.1 Some Notes on Earthing Systems |
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318 | (2) |
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320 | (2) |
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26 Radio Frequency and Microwave Communication Systems |
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322 | (15) |
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26.1 Principles of RF and Microwave Communication |
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323 | (1) |
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26.2 Principles of Wireless Communication |
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323 | (1) |
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324 | (2) |
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26.4 Simplex, Half-duplex and Duplex Communication Systems |
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326 | (1) |
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26.5 Digital Communication |
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327 | (1) |
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26.6 Transmission Channels |
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327 | (7) |
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26.6.1 Transmission Lines |
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328 | (1) |
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26.6.2 Loss-Less Transmission Line |
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329 | (2) |
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26.6.3 Lossy Transmission Line |
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331 | (1) |
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332 | (2) |
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26.7 Wireless Radio Channels |
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334 | (2) |
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336 | (1) |
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27 Wireless Ad Hoc Sensor Networks |
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337 | (8) |
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27.1 Network Configurations |
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337 | (1) |
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27.2 Open Source Platforms |
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338 | (1) |
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339 | (1) |
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339 | (1) |
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27.3 Mobile Telephone Networks |
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339 | (1) |
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340 | (4) |
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27.4.1 Available Solar Energy |
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340 | (4) |
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344 | (1) |
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345 | (5) |
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28.1 Active, Semi-passive and Passive RFID Tags |
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345 | (1) |
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28.2 Animal Tracking Systems |
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346 | (1) |
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28.3 Environmental Sensor Applications |
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347 | (1) |
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28.4 Near Field Communication |
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348 | (1) |
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348 | (2) |
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350 | |
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29.1 Heating Applications |
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350 | (2) |
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352 | (1) |
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29.3 Communication Systems |
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353 | (1) |
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353 | (1) |
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353 | |
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta