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E-raamat: Mine Seismology: Data Analysis and Interpretation: Palabora Mine Caving Process as Revealed by Induced Seismicity

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  • Sari: Earth and Environmental Science
  • Ilmumisaeg: 27-Apr-2016
  • Kirjastus: Springer International Publishing AG
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783319326122
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  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Sari: Earth and Environmental Science
  • Ilmumisaeg: 27-Apr-2016
  • Kirjastus: Springer International Publishing AG
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783319326122

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This book offers an in-depth analysis and interpretation methods applicable to mine-induced seismicity. It is based on over 40 years of experience in mine and exploration geophysics. Another unique feature of this book is the complete history of the caving process as evidenced by the recorded seismicity at the South African copper mine Palabora Lift 1. Until now, the literature has only presented theory and case studies discussing the interpretation of results, and there has been no discussion of the input-data quality or why a certain interpretation technique was applied. This book fills that gap.


This book is a fascinating read, written by one of the world’s leading mine seismologists. It summarises the history and progression of mine seismology. It outlines the practical use of back analysis of data and how it can be used on a daily basis. The book explains how mine seismology can be used as an effective monitoring tool for key events as the mine progresses as well as for future caving operations.
Anthony Allman MAusIMM, CP(Min), RPEQ Antcia Consulting Pty Ltd,  Director, Mining Engineer

The content of the book is really solid and robust and I have no doubt it is going to be considered a great contribution for the mining community.
Raul Fuentes, Former Director of Master Program in Geomechanics Applied to Mining, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile

This book is long overdue and helps to present some difficult concepts in a way that they can be clearly understood by non-experts in this area. Stefan has personally managed to take mine seismology from being a black-art into a useful tool to help make mines a safer and more controlled environment. 
Neil Hepworth C. Eng, MIMMM, Geomin Consultorio – Brazil,  Consultant Mining and Geotechnics

Seismic monitoring is an important tool in cave management.  The information from monitoring allows a number of key production factors to be determined including cave advance rates, the approximate location of the cave back, insight into the size of the air gap and allows the tracking of broad changes in stress. These all assist in the day to day management of a safe and successful cave.  Dr. Glazer’s book provides guidance on the application of microseismicity to cave management through a review of appropriate theory and more importantly illustrates its use through case histories, particularly from the Palabora block cave.  The text will be a good addition for all practitioners in cave engineering and operations.
Allan Moss, General Manager – Grasberg Underground Liaison, Copper Development, Rio Tinto
1 Introduction 1(8)
Reference
8(1)
2 Applications of Seismic Monitoring in Combating Rock Burst Hazard 9(22)
2.1 Early Monitoring Facilities of South Africa
10(3)
2.2 Application of Seismic Data in Rock Mechanics Practice
13(10)
2.2.1 Applications Relating to 1970-1980
13(3)
2.2.2 Applications Relating to 1980-1990
16(7)
2.3 Summary
23(1)
References
24(7)
3 Seismic Parameters and Their Physical Meaning 31(30)
3.1 Seismic Parameters Derived from Spectral Analysis
33(4)
3.1.1 Seismic Moment
34(2)
3.1.2 Seismic Energy
36(1)
3.1.3 Source Dimensions
36(1)
3.2 Stress Release Estimates
37(1)
3.3 Magnitude Concept
38(3)
3.4 Single Event Source Parameters
41(10)
3.4.1 Recording Geometry and Seismic Source Parameters
44(7)
3.5 Seismicity Versus Single Event
51(1)
3.6 Summary
52(7)
References
59(2)
4 Seismic Source Parameter Ranges 61(26)
4.1 Seismic Energy
61(8)
4.2 Seismic Moment
69(4)
4.3 Seismic Energy Release Per Seismic Moment Ranges
73(1)
4.4 Apparent Stress Ranges
74(1)
4.5 Energy S Versus Energy P
75(2)
4.6 Mine Induced Seismicity and Earthquakes
77(7)
4.7 Summary
84(1)
References
85(2)
5 Interpretation Methods of Mine Induced Seismicity 87(56)
5.1 Space Distribution of Seismicity
90(4)
5.2 Activity Rates
94(8)
5.3 Cumulative Values
102(8)
5.4 Energy Index Concept
110(11)
5.4.1 Development of the Concept
110(2)
5.4.2 Applications of the Energy Index Concept at Cave Mining Operations
112(9)
5.5 Some Problem Areas
121(14)
5.5.1 Activity Rates
121(2)
5.5.2 Locations of Events
123(3)
5.5.3 Dividing the Mine into Polygons
126(2)
5.5.4 Creating Sub-Data Sets
128(4)
5.5.5 Parameters Derived from Moment and Energy
132(3)
5.6 Limitations of Seismic Data
135(4)
5.7 Summary
139(2)
References
141(2)
6 Palabora Seismic History 143(38)
6.1 Palabora Seismic Network
147(2)
6.2 Influence of the Network Upgrades on the Network Sensitivity
149(1)
6.3 Quality of the Recorded Seismic Data
150(3)
6.4 Achieved Objectives of Seismic Monitoring
153(10)
6.4.1 Cave Monitoring at the Early Caving Stage
153(4)
6.4.2 Cave Monitoring at the Later Caving Stages
157(4)
6.4.3 Stress Distribution Around the Cave and Underground Excavations
161(1)
6.4.4 Seismic Hazard Monitoring
162(1)
6.5 General Description of Palabora Seismicity (Up to the End of 2013)
163(14)
6.5.1 Seismic Energy Release Trends
173(3)
6.5.2 Occurrence and Locations of Events Above Magnitude 1.0
176(1)
6.6 Summary
177(1)
References
178(3)
7 Palabora Caving Process as Evidenced by Induced Seismicity 181(84)
7.1 Caving Process Time Periods
185(11)
7.2 Caving Process Milestones
196(20)
7.3 Palabora Seismic Response to the Caving Process
216(3)
7.4 Comparison Between Initial and East Break Through
219(25)
7.4.1 Energy Index and Seismicity Elevation Changes Associated with the Break Through
222(3)
7.4.2 Seismic Energy Releases Associated with the Breaks Through
225(7)
7.4.3 Seismic Deformations Associated with the Breaks Through
232(4)
7.4.4 Percentages of Seismicity Taking Place Above the Mine
236(5)
7.4.5 Similarities and Differences Between the Initial and East Break Through
241(3)
7.5 Production Rates and Seismicity
244(9)
7.6 Notes Relating to the Energy Index Time History Shape
253(3)
7.7 Failure of the Open Pit North Wall
256(4)
7.8 Summary
260(2)
References
262(3)
8 Caving Process and Seismic Hazard 265(40)
8.1 Seismic Risk Indicators
265(14)
8.1.1 Apparent Stress
270(1)
8.1.2 Energy Index
271(4)
8.1.3 Energy Release by Small Size Events
275(4)
8.2 Seismic Hazard Estimation
279(9)
8.2.1 Statistical Method
279(4)
8.2.2 Non-statistical Methods of Seismic Hazard Evaluation
283(2)
8.2.3 Seismic Protocol
285(3)
8.3 Medium and Short Term Seismic Hazard Assessments—Are They Possible?
288(7)
8.4 Estimation of Maximum Possible Magnitude for Seismic Events of Mode Two and Three
295(5)
8.4.1 Introduction
295(1)
8.4.2 Discussion of Results
296(4)
8.5 Conclusions
300(1)
8.6 Summary
301(2)
References
303(2)
9 Problems Related to Software Versions 305(22)
9.1 Conclusions
306(1)
9.2 Analysis
307(13)
9.3 Comments Regarding the Seismic Energy Release Rates Based on Palabora Experience with Software Version 9.2.1.
320(5)
9.4 Summary
325(1)
References
325(2)
10 Seismic Preconditioning Below Lift 1 and Its Influence on the Cavability of Lift 2 Cave 327(38)
10.1 Introduction
327(2)
10.2 Comparison of Seismicity Recorded Below with that Recorded Above the Mine
329(3)
10.3 Seismically Active Volume
332(5)
10.3.1 Seismically Active Volumes Based on Six Months Seismic Data for the Whole Mine
332(3)
10.3.2 Seismically Active Volume Based on Three Months Seismic Data for the Whole Mine
335(1)
10.3.3 Comparison of Results Based on Six and Three Months Time Periods
336(1)
10.4 Apparent Volume and Seismically Active Volume
337(16)
10.4.1 Apparent Volume and Seismically Active Volume for the Whole Mine
337(3)
10.4.2 Seismicity Recorded Above and Below the Mine
340(6)
10.4.3 Seismically Active Volume Above the Mine
346(2)
10.4.4 Seismically Active Volume Below the Mine
348(3)
10.4.5 Comparison Between Apparent and Seismically Active Volumes Above and Below the Mine
351(2)
10.5 Distributions of Seismic Energy and Moment Above and Below the Mine Foot Print
353(7)
10.6 Conclusions
360(1)
10.7 Summary
361(2)
References
363(2)
11 Palabora Lift 2 Mine Seismic System 365(14)
11.1 Introduction
366(1)
11.2 Seismic Catalogue Completeness and Seismic Sensor Configurations
367(2)
11.3 Experience Based on Palabora Lift 1 Seismic System
369(3)
11.3.1 Lift 1 Seismic Network Successes and Failures
370(2)
11.4 Experience from Other Networks Monitoring the Caving Process
372(2)
11.5 Seismic System Management Systems
374(1)
11.6 Palabora Lift 2 Seismic Network
375(2)
11.6.1 Lift 2 Seismic System Objectives of Monitoring
375(1)
11.6.2 Recording Station Configuration for Lift 2 Seismic Network
376(1)
11.6.3 Palabora Lift 2 Expected Seismic Catalogue Completeness
376(1)
References
377(2)
12 Lift 2 Palabora—Seismic Hazard Monitoring 379(24)
12.1 Lift 1 Seismic Hazard Sources
380(8)
12.1.1 Caving Process
381(3)
12.1.2 Remnant Mining at the West Towards the Mica Fault
384(1)
12.1.3 Restarting of Mining After Non-production Periods
385(2)
12.1.4 Movements Along the Wedge Formed by the Main Faults
387(1)
12.2 Statistical Hazard Estimation
388(2)
12.3 Parameters Used for Estimating the Seismic Hazard
390(2)
12.4 Seismic Hazard Monitoring Report—Example
392(7)
12.5 Summary
399(3)
References
402(1)
Appendix A: References Relating to Palabora Mine 403(4)
Appendix B: Press Release 407(2)
Index 409
Dr Stefan N. Glazer has 40 years of experience in the application of geophysical methods in the mineral prospecting and mining industry. He has been an independent mine seismology consultant since 2004, and before that he worked as a mine seismologist for AngloGold and then PMC. He has an MSc degree in Prospecting Geophysics (1972) and a PhD degree in Mine Geophysics (1997), both from the AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland. Prof. A. Kijko promoted the PhD thesis entitled Practical applications of stress index and other seismological parameters in combating rock burst hazard in deep gold mine of Vaal Reefs, South Africa, while Prof. S. Gibowicz and Prof. S. Lasocki reviewed it. He has written a number of technical papers, the last eleven of which are on monitoring the PMC caving process. He was involved in the Mass Mining Technology 2 Project with his research work entitled titled Seismic signature of the caving process, which involved analysis and interpretation of seismicity recorded at El Teniente, Chile, PT Freeport DOZ Mine, Northparkes Mine Lift 2 and PMC. The aim of this research was to make maximum use of the recorded seismicity to monitor and manage the caving process. In 2007 and 2011 he lectured on the subject of Mining Induced Seismicity for the course in Mining Geomechanics Master Program, School of Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile.