| 1 Introduction |
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1 | (8) |
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8 | (1) |
| 2 Applications of Seismic Monitoring in Combating Rock Burst Hazard |
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9 | (22) |
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2.1 Early Monitoring Facilities of South Africa |
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10 | (3) |
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2.2 Application of Seismic Data in Rock Mechanics Practice |
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13 | (10) |
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2.2.1 Applications Relating to 1970-1980 |
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13 | (3) |
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2.2.2 Applications Relating to 1980-1990 |
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16 | (7) |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (7) |
| 3 Seismic Parameters and Their Physical Meaning |
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31 | (30) |
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3.1 Seismic Parameters Derived from Spectral Analysis |
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33 | (4) |
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34 | (2) |
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36 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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3.2 Stress Release Estimates |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (3) |
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3.4 Single Event Source Parameters |
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41 | (10) |
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3.4.1 Recording Geometry and Seismic Source Parameters |
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44 | (7) |
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3.5 Seismicity Versus Single Event |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (7) |
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59 | (2) |
| 4 Seismic Source Parameter Ranges |
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61 | (26) |
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61 | (8) |
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69 | (4) |
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4.3 Seismic Energy Release Per Seismic Moment Ranges |
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73 | (1) |
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4.4 Apparent Stress Ranges |
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74 | (1) |
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4.5 Energy S Versus Energy P |
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75 | (2) |
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4.6 Mine Induced Seismicity and Earthquakes |
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77 | (7) |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (2) |
| 5 Interpretation Methods of Mine Induced Seismicity |
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87 | (56) |
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5.1 Space Distribution of Seismicity |
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90 | (4) |
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94 | (8) |
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102 | (8) |
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110 | (11) |
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5.4.1 Development of the Concept |
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110 | (2) |
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5.4.2 Applications of the Energy Index Concept at Cave Mining Operations |
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112 | (9) |
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121 | (14) |
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121 | (2) |
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5.5.2 Locations of Events |
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123 | (3) |
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5.5.3 Dividing the Mine into Polygons |
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126 | (2) |
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5.5.4 Creating Sub-Data Sets |
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128 | (4) |
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5.5.5 Parameters Derived from Moment and Energy |
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132 | (3) |
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5.6 Limitations of Seismic Data |
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135 | (4) |
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139 | (2) |
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141 | (2) |
| 6 Palabora Seismic History |
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143 | (38) |
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6.1 Palabora Seismic Network |
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147 | (2) |
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6.2 Influence of the Network Upgrades on the Network Sensitivity |
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149 | (1) |
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6.3 Quality of the Recorded Seismic Data |
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150 | (3) |
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6.4 Achieved Objectives of Seismic Monitoring |
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153 | (10) |
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6.4.1 Cave Monitoring at the Early Caving Stage |
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153 | (4) |
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6.4.2 Cave Monitoring at the Later Caving Stages |
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157 | (4) |
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6.4.3 Stress Distribution Around the Cave and Underground Excavations |
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161 | (1) |
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6.4.4 Seismic Hazard Monitoring |
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162 | (1) |
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6.5 General Description of Palabora Seismicity (Up to the End of 2013) |
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163 | (14) |
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6.5.1 Seismic Energy Release Trends |
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173 | (3) |
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6.5.2 Occurrence and Locations of Events Above Magnitude 1.0 |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (3) |
| 7 Palabora Caving Process as Evidenced by Induced Seismicity |
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181 | (84) |
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7.1 Caving Process Time Periods |
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185 | (11) |
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7.2 Caving Process Milestones |
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196 | (20) |
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7.3 Palabora Seismic Response to the Caving Process |
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216 | (3) |
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7.4 Comparison Between Initial and East Break Through |
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219 | (25) |
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7.4.1 Energy Index and Seismicity Elevation Changes Associated with the Break Through |
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222 | (3) |
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7.4.2 Seismic Energy Releases Associated with the Breaks Through |
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225 | (7) |
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7.4.3 Seismic Deformations Associated with the Breaks Through |
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232 | (4) |
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7.4.4 Percentages of Seismicity Taking Place Above the Mine |
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236 | (5) |
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7.4.5 Similarities and Differences Between the Initial and East Break Through |
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241 | (3) |
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7.5 Production Rates and Seismicity |
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244 | (9) |
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7.6 Notes Relating to the Energy Index Time History Shape |
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253 | (3) |
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7.7 Failure of the Open Pit North Wall |
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256 | (4) |
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260 | (2) |
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262 | (3) |
| 8 Caving Process and Seismic Hazard |
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265 | (40) |
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8.1 Seismic Risk Indicators |
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265 | (14) |
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270 | (1) |
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271 | (4) |
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8.1.3 Energy Release by Small Size Events |
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275 | (4) |
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8.2 Seismic Hazard Estimation |
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279 | (9) |
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279 | (4) |
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8.2.2 Non-statistical Methods of Seismic Hazard Evaluation |
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283 | (2) |
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285 | (3) |
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8.3 Medium and Short Term Seismic Hazard Assessments—Are They Possible? |
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288 | (7) |
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8.4 Estimation of Maximum Possible Magnitude for Seismic Events of Mode Two and Three |
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295 | (5) |
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295 | (1) |
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8.4.2 Discussion of Results |
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296 | (4) |
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300 | (1) |
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301 | (2) |
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303 | (2) |
| 9 Problems Related to Software Versions |
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305 | (22) |
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306 | (1) |
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307 | (13) |
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9.3 Comments Regarding the Seismic Energy Release Rates Based on Palabora Experience with Software Version 9.2.1. |
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320 | (5) |
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325 | (1) |
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325 | (2) |
| 10 Seismic Preconditioning Below Lift 1 and Its Influence on the Cavability of Lift 2 Cave |
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327 | (38) |
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327 | (2) |
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10.2 Comparison of Seismicity Recorded Below with that Recorded Above the Mine |
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329 | (3) |
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10.3 Seismically Active Volume |
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332 | (5) |
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10.3.1 Seismically Active Volumes Based on Six Months Seismic Data for the Whole Mine |
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332 | (3) |
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10.3.2 Seismically Active Volume Based on Three Months Seismic Data for the Whole Mine |
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335 | (1) |
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10.3.3 Comparison of Results Based on Six and Three Months Time Periods |
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336 | (1) |
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10.4 Apparent Volume and Seismically Active Volume |
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337 | (16) |
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10.4.1 Apparent Volume and Seismically Active Volume for the Whole Mine |
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337 | (3) |
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10.4.2 Seismicity Recorded Above and Below the Mine |
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340 | (6) |
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10.4.3 Seismically Active Volume Above the Mine |
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346 | (2) |
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10.4.4 Seismically Active Volume Below the Mine |
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348 | (3) |
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10.4.5 Comparison Between Apparent and Seismically Active Volumes Above and Below the Mine |
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351 | (2) |
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10.5 Distributions of Seismic Energy and Moment Above and Below the Mine Foot Print |
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353 | (7) |
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360 | (1) |
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361 | (2) |
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363 | (2) |
| 11 Palabora Lift 2 Mine Seismic System |
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365 | (14) |
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366 | (1) |
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11.2 Seismic Catalogue Completeness and Seismic Sensor Configurations |
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367 | (2) |
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11.3 Experience Based on Palabora Lift 1 Seismic System |
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369 | (3) |
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11.3.1 Lift 1 Seismic Network Successes and Failures |
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370 | (2) |
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11.4 Experience from Other Networks Monitoring the Caving Process |
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372 | (2) |
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11.5 Seismic System Management Systems |
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374 | (1) |
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11.6 Palabora Lift 2 Seismic Network |
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375 | (2) |
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11.6.1 Lift 2 Seismic System Objectives of Monitoring |
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375 | (1) |
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11.6.2 Recording Station Configuration for Lift 2 Seismic Network |
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376 | (1) |
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11.6.3 Palabora Lift 2 Expected Seismic Catalogue Completeness |
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376 | (1) |
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377 | (2) |
| 12 Lift 2 Palabora—Seismic Hazard Monitoring |
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379 | (24) |
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12.1 Lift 1 Seismic Hazard Sources |
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380 | (8) |
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381 | (3) |
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12.1.2 Remnant Mining at the West Towards the Mica Fault |
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384 | (1) |
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12.1.3 Restarting of Mining After Non-production Periods |
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385 | (2) |
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12.1.4 Movements Along the Wedge Formed by the Main Faults |
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387 | (1) |
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12.2 Statistical Hazard Estimation |
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388 | (2) |
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12.3 Parameters Used for Estimating the Seismic Hazard |
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390 | (2) |
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12.4 Seismic Hazard Monitoring Report—Example |
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392 | (7) |
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399 | (3) |
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402 | (1) |
| Appendix A: References Relating to Palabora Mine |
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403 | (4) |
| Appendix B: Press Release |
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407 | (2) |
| Index |
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409 | |