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E-raamat: Mineral Nutrition of Rice

(EMBRAPA - Arroz e Feijao, San Antonio des Goias, Brazil)
  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 22-Aug-2013
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781040160688
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Mineral Nutrition of RiceSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 22-Aug-2013
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781040160688
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The third most important cereal crop after wheat and corn, rice is a staple food for more than half of the world’s population. This includes regions of high population density and rapid growth, indicating that rice will continue to be a major food crop in the next century. Mineral Nutrition of Rice brings together a wealth of information on the ecophysiology and nutrient requirements of rice. Compiling the latest scientific research, the book explains how to manage essential nutrients to maximize rice yield.

The book examines 15 essential or beneficial nutrients used in irrigated, upland, and floating rice across a range of geographic regions. For each mineral, the text details the cycle in the soil–plant system as well as the mineral’s functions, deficiency symptoms, uptake in plants, harvest index, and use efficiency. It then outlines management practices, covering application methods and timing, adequate rates, the use of efficient genotypes, and more. The author, an internationally recognized expert in mineral nutrition for crop plants, also proposes recommendations for the judicious use of fertilizers to reduce the cost of crop production and the risk of environmental pollution. Color photographs help readers identify nutrient deficiency symptoms and take the necessary corrective measures.

Packed with useful tables and illustrations, this comprehensive reference guides readers who want to know how to increase rice yield, reduce production costs, and avoid environmental pollution from fertilizers. It offers practical information for those working in agricultural research fields, in laboratories, and in classrooms around the world.

Preface xv
About the Author xvii
Chapter 1 Ecophysiology of Rice 1(104)
1.1 Introduction
1(2)
1.2 Rice Cultivation Ecosystems
3(3)
1.2.1 Irrigated (or Flooded) Rice
3(2)
1.2.2 Upland Rice
5(1)
1.2.3 Deep Water and Floating Rice
5(1)
1.3 Soil Used for Rice Cultivation
6(6)
1.3.1 Lowland Rice
6(4)
1.3.2 Upland Rice
10(2)
1.4 Climatic Conditions
12(19)
1.4.1 Temperature
17(6)
1.4.2 Solar Radiation
23(3)
1.4.3 Water Requirements
26(5)
1.5 Growth Stages
31(31)
1.5.1 Vegetative Growth Stage
32(23)
1.5.1.1 Root Growth
34(5)
1.5.1.2 Plant Height
39(6)
1.5.1.3 Tillering
45(3)
1.5.1.4 Shoot Dry Weight
48(4)
1.5.1.5 Leaf Morphology
52(1)
1.5.1.6 Leaf Area Index
53(2)
1.5.2 Reproductive Growth Stage
55(2)
1.5.2.1 Panicle Size
55(1)
1.5.2.2 Compact Panicle
56(1)
1.5.2.3 Panicle Exsertion
56(1)
1.5.3 Spikelet-Filling or Ripening Growth Stage
57(9)
1.5.3.1 Spikelet Sterility
58(1)
1.5.3.2 Spikelet Weight
59(1)
1.5.3.3 Grain Harvest Index
59(3)
1.6 Yield and Potential Yield
62(2)
1.7 Yield Component Analysis
64(2)
1.8 Rice Ratooning
66(4)
1.8.1 Ratooning Mechanisms
67(1)
1.8.2 Ramon Crop Management Practices
68(2)
1.8.2.1 Cutting Height
68(1)
1.8.2.2 Nitrogen Fertilization
69(1)
1.8.2.3 Irrigation Water Management
69(1)
1.8.2.4 Phytosanitary Measures
70(1)
1.9 Abiotic and Biotic Stresses
70(17)
1.9.1 Soil Salinity
70(7)
1.9.1.1 Management Practices to Improve Rice Growth on Salt-Affected Soils
71(6)
1.9.2 Allelopathy
77(5)
1.9.2.1 Rice Allelochemicals
78(1)
1.9.2.2 Ameliorating Upland Rice Allelopathy
79(3)
1.9.3 Diseases
82(3)
1.9.3.1 Rice Blast
83(1)
1.9.3.2 Sheath Blight
83(1)
1.9.3.3 Brown Spot
84(1)
1.9.3.4 Leaf Scald
84(1)
1.9.3.5 Grain Discoloration
84(1)
1.9.4 Insects
85(1)
1.9.5 Weeds
85(2)
1.10 Hybrid Rice
87(1)
1.11 Conclusions
87(1)
References
88(17)
Chapter 2 Nitrogen 105(86)
2.1 Introduction
105(4)
2.2 Nitrogen Cycle in Soil-Plant System
109(4)
2.3 Functions
113(9)
2.4 Deficiency Symptoms
122(3)
2.5 Uptake in Plants
125(7)
2.5.1 Forms of Uptake
125(1)
2.5.2 Uptake in Plant Tissue
126(6)
2.6 Harvest Index
132(4)
2.7 Use Efficiency
136(6)
2.8 Management Practices
142(36)
2.8.1 Sources and Methods of Application
144(9)
2.8.2 Adequate Rate
153(3)
2.8.3 Application Timing during Growth Cycle
156(3)
2.8.4 Use of Farm Yard and Green Manure
159(2)
2.8.5 Use of Cover Crops
161(5)
2.8.6 Use of Controlled-Release Nitrogen Fertilizers and NH4+/NO3- Inhibitors
166(6)
2.8.7 Adoption of Conservation Tillage System
172(1)
2.8.8 Adopting Appropriate Crop Rotation
173(1)
2.8.9 Use of Chlorophyll Meter
174(1)
2.8.10 Use of Efficient Genotypes
174(4)
2.9 Conclusions
178(1)
References
179(12)
Chapter 3 Phosphorus 191(48)
3.1 Introduction
191(2)
3.2 Cycle in Soil-Plant System
193(3)
3.3 Functions
196(1)
3.4 Deficiency Symptoms
197(2)
3.5 Uptake in Plant Tissue
199(5)
3.6 Harvest Index
204(1)
3.7 Use Efficiency
205(7)
3.8 Management Practices
212(21)
3.8.1 Liming Acidic Soils
213(2)
3.8.2 Sources, Methods, and Timing of Application
215(8)
3.8.3 Adequate Rate
223(7)
3.8.4 Use of Efficient Genotypes
230(3)
3.9 Conclusions
233(1)
References
234(5)
Chapter 4 Potassium 239(38)
4.1 Introduction
239(5)
4.2 Cycle in Soil-Plant System
244(2)
4.3 Functions
246(4)
4.4 Deficiency Symptoms
250(1)
4.5 Uptake in Plant Tissue
250(6)
4.6 Harvest Index
256(1)
4.7 Use Efficiency
257(3)
4.8 Management Practices
260(14)
4.8.1 Sources, Methods, and Timing of Application
260(2)
4.8.2 Adequate Rate
262(1)
4.8.3 Use of Efficient Genotypes
263(11)
4.9 Conclusions
274(1)
References
274(3)
Chapter 5 Calcium and Magnesium 277(36)
5.1 Introduction
277(4)
5.2 Cycle in Soil-Plant System
281(1)
5.3 Functions
282(1)
5.4 Deficiency Symptoms
283(1)
5.5 Uptake in Plant Tissue
284(3)
5.6 Harvest Index
287(3)
5.7 Use Efficiency
290(3)
5.8 Management Practices
293(16)
5.8.1 Effective Sources
293(1)
5.8.2 Appropriate Methods and Timing of Application
293(1)
5.8.3 Adequate Rate
294(10)
5.8.4 Use of Tolerant/Efficient Genotypes
304(5)
5.9 Conclusions
309(1)
References
310(3)
Chapter 6 Sulfur 313(38)
6.1 Introduction
313(1)
6.2 Cycle in Soil-Plant System
314(2)
6.3 Functions
316(2)
6.4 Deficiency Symptoms
318(6)
6.5 Uptake in Plant Tissue
324(2)
6.6 Use Efficiency
326(2)
6.7 Management Practices
328(19)
6.7.1 Effective Sources
328(1)
6.7.2 Appropriate Methods and Timing of Application
329(1)
6.7.3 Adequate Rate
329(4)
6.7.4 Use of Efficient Genotypes
333(14)
6.8 Conclusions
347(1)
References
347(4)
Chapter 7 Zinc 351(36)
7.1 Introduction
351(2)
7.2 Cycle in Soil-Plant System
353(1)
7.3 Functions
354(4)
7.4 Deficiency Symptoms
358(1)
7.5 Uptake in Plant Tissue
358(7)
7.6 Use Efficiency
365(4)
7.7 Harvest Index
369(1)
7.8 Management Practices
370(10)
7.8.1 Effective Sources
371(1)
7.8.2 Appropriate Methods and Timing of Application
372(1)
7.8.3 Adequate Rate
373(1)
7.8.4 Use of Efficient Genotypes
374(6)
7.9 Conclusions
380(1)
References
381(6)
Chapter 8 Copper 387(22)
8.1 Introduction
387(2)
8.2 Cycle in Soil-Plant System
389(1)
8.3 Functions
390(1)
8.4 Deficiency Symptoms
391(2)
8.5 Uptake in Plant Tissue
393(5)
8.6 Use Efficiency
398(1)
8.7 Harvest Index
398(1)
8.8 Management practices
399(5)
8.8.1 Effective Sources
400(1)
8.8.2 Appropriate Methods and Timing of Application
400(1)
8.8.3 Adequate Rate
400(1)
8.8.4 Use of Efficient Genotypes
401(3)
8.9 Conclusions
404(1)
References
405(4)
Chapter 9 Manganese 409(20)
9.1 Introduction
409(3)
9.2 Cycle in Soil-Plant System
412(2)
9.3 Functions
414(1)
9.4 Deficiency Symptoms
414(1)
9.5 Uptake in Plant Tissue
415(1)
9.6 Use Efficiency
416(2)
9.7 Harvest Index
418(1)
9.8 Management Practices
419(6)
9.8.1 Effective Sources
419(1)
9.8.2 Appropriate Methods and Timing of Application
419(1)
9.8.3 Adequate Rate
420(1)
9.8.4 Use of Acidic Fertilizers in the Band and Neutral Salts
421(1)
9.8.5 Use of Efficient Genotypes
422(3)
9.9 Conclusions
425(1)
References
425(4)
Chapter 10 Iron 429(38)
10.1 Introduction
429(3)
10.2 Cycle in Soil-Plant System
432(2)
10.3 Functions
434(1)
10.4 Deficiency Symptoms
435(1)
10.5 Uptake in Plant Tissue
435(4)
10.6 Use Efficiency
439(1)
10.7 Harvest Index
440(1)
10.8 Management Practices
440(5)
10.8.1 Effective Sources
441(1)
10.8.2 Appropriate Methods and Timing of Application
441(3)
10.8.2.1 Mechanisms of Uptake of Foliar-Applied Nutrients
442(1)
10.8.2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Foliar Fertilization
443(1)
10.8.2.3 Day Timing of Foliar Fertilization
444(1)
10.8.3 Adequate Rate
444(1)
10.8.4 Use of Efficient Genotypes
445(1)
10.9 Iron Toxicity in Lowland Rice
445(14)
10.9.1 Iron Uptake Mechanism
447(1)
10.9.2 Factors Inducing Iron Toxicity
447(5)
10.9.2.1 Release of Iron from Parent Material in Soil Solution
447(1)
10.9.2.2 Oxidation-Reduction Potential
448(1)
10.9.2.3 Soil pH
449(2)
10.9.2.4 Ionic Strength
451(1)
10.9.2.5 Low Soil Fertility
451(1)
10.9.2.6 Interaction with Other Nutrients
452(1)
10.9.3 Diagnostic Techniques for Iron Toxicity
452(5)
10.9.3.1 Visual Symptoms
453(3)
10.9.3.2 Soil Testing
456(1)
10.9.3.3 Plant Analysis
456(1)
10.9.4 Physiological Disorders Related to Iron Toxicity
457(1)
10.9.5 Management Practices to Ameliorate Iron Toxicity
458(1)
10.10 Conclusions
459(2)
References
461(6)
Chapter 11 Boron 467(18)
11.1 Introduction
467(2)
11.2 Cycle in Soil-Plant System
469(1)
11.3 Functions
470(1)
11.4 Deficiency Symptoms
470(1)
11.5 Uptake in Plant Tissue
471(3)
11.6 Use Efficiency
474(1)
11.7 Harvest Index
474(1)
11.8 Management Practices
474(6)
11.8.1 Effective Sources
474(1)
11.8.2 Appropriate Methods and Timing of Application
475(1)
11.8.3 Adequate Rate
476(1)
11.8.4 Use of Efficient Genotypes
477(3)
11.9 Conclusions
480(1)
References
480(5)
Chapter 12 Molybdenum 485(14)
12.1 Introduction
485(2)
12.2 Cycle in Soil-Plant System
487(3)
12.3 Functions
490(1)
12.4 Deficiency Symptoms
490(2)
12.5 Uptake in Plant Tissue
492(1)
12.6 Management Practices
492(3)
12.6.1 Liming Acid Soils
493(1)
12.6.2 Effective Sources
493(1)
12.6.3 Appropriate Methods and Timing of Application
494(1)
12.6.4 Adequate Rate
494(1)
12.6.5 Use of Efficient Genotypes
495(1)
12.7 Conclusions
495(1)
References
496(3)
Chapter 13 Chlorine 499(12)
13.1 Introduction
499(1)
13.2 Cycle in Soil-Plant System
499(1)
13.3 Functions
500(2)
13.4 Deficiency Symptoms
502(1)
13.5 Uptake in Plant Tissue
502(3)
13.6 Management Practices
505(2)
13.6.1 Effective Sources
505(1)
13.6.2 Appropriate Methods and Timing of Application
505(1)
13.6.3 Adequate Rate
506(1)
13.6.4 Use of Efficient Genotypes
506(1)
13.7 Conclusions
507(1)
References
507(4)
Chapter 14 Nickel 511(10)
14.1 Introduction
511(1)
14.2 Cycle in Soil-Plant System
512(1)
14.3 Functions
512(1)
14.4 Deficiency Symptoms
513(1)
14.5 Uptake in Plant Tissue
514(1)
14.6 Management Practices
514(2)
14.6.1 Effective Sources
515(1)
14.6.2 Appropriate Methods and Timing of Application
515(1)
14.6.3 Liming Acidic Soils
515(1)
14.6.4 Use of Adequate Rate of Fertilizers
516(1)
14.6.5 Use of Efficient Genotypes
516(1)
14.7 Conclusions
516(1)
References
517(4)
Chapter 15 Silicon 521(20)
15.1 Introduction
521(1)
15.2 Cycle in Soil-Plant System
521(3)
15.2.1 Reaction of Silicate Minerals with Water
524(1)
15.2.2 Silicate Ions
524(1)
15.3 Functions
524(2)
15.4 Deficiency Symptoms
526(1)
15.5 Uptake in Plant Tissue
526(1)
15.6 Use Efficiency
527(2)
15.7 Silicon Harvest Index
529(1)
15.8 Management Practices
529(6)
15.8.1 Effective Sources
530(1)
15.8.2 Appropriate Methods and Timing of Application
530(1)
15.8.3 Adequate Rate
530(3)
15.8.3.1 Soil Test
531(1)
15.8.3.2 Plant Tissue Test
532(1)
15.8.4 Recycling Silicon Content of Plant Residues
533(1)
15.8.5 Use of Efficient Genotypes
534(1)
15.9 Conclusions
535(1)
References
535(6)
Index 541
Dr. Nand Kumar Fageria, doctor of science in agronomy, has been the senior research soil scientist at the National Rice and Bean Research Center, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA), since 1975. He is a nationally and internationally recognized expert in the area of mineral nutrition for crop plants and has been a research fellow and ad hoc consultant to the Brazilian Scientific and Technological Research Council (CNPq) since 1989. Dr. Fageria is the author or coauthor of 12 books and more than 320 scientific journal articles, book chapters, review articles, and technical bulletins. He has written several review articles for Advances in Agronomy and has been an invited speaker to several national and international congresses, symposiums, and workshops. He is a member of the editorial board of the Journal of Plant Nutrition and the Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology. Since 1990, he has also served as a member of an international steering committee of symposiums on plantsoil interactions at low pH. He is an active member of the American Society of Agronomy and the Soil Science Society of America.
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