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E-raamat: Mobile Backhaul

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(Senior Specialist,Nokia Siemens Networks), (Nokia Siemens Networks)
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  • Ilmumisaeg: 21-Mar-2012
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781119943556
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Mobile BackhaulSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 21-Mar-2012
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781119943556
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For engineering students engaging with networking and mobile radio technologies, this volume on mobile backhaul examines the nexus of mobile network technology and the transport layer technologies in modern data-driven wireless communications. Beginning with an overview of technologies involved, the work covers topics such as mobile backhaul and the new packet era, 3GPP mobile systems, packet networks, backhaul transport technologies, synchronization, resilience, quality of service, security, and packet backhaul solutions. Chapters include numerous illustrations and technical drawings along with concise summaries. Contributors include engineers for Nokia Siemens Finland and independent communications consultants. Annotation ©2012 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

*

Comprehensive coverage of IP/MPLS/Ethernet backhaul technologies and solutions for 3GPP mobile network systems such as LTE, HSPA and GPRS

Focusing on backhaul from a radio network viewpoint, Mobile Backhaul combines perspectives on mobile networks and transport network technologies, focusing on mobile backhaul specific functionalities, which are essential in building modern cost efficient packet networks for mobile systems, IP, MPLS and Carrier Ethernet. The key functions required for this process, Synchronization, Resiliency, Quality of Service and Security, are also explained. The reader benefits from a view of networking technology from a radio network viewpoint, which is specific to this application, as well from a data centre and more IT-oriented perspective. The book bridges the gap between radio and backhaul viewpoints to provide a holistic understanding.

Organized into two parts, the book gives an advanced introduction to the principles of the topic before moving on to more specialized areas. Part 1 gives a network level overview, with the purpose of presenting the mobile network application, its protocols, interfaces and characteristics for the backhaul. This section also presents the key packet networking technologies that are most relevant for the radio network. Part 2 offers selected case studies in Synchronization, Resiliency, QoS and Security and gives example solutions for mobile operator owned and leased mobile backhaul cases building on the network view given in Part 1.

Both radio network experts and IP networking experts will benefit from the treatment of essential material at the borderline between the radio and backhaul technologies.

Key features:

  • Unique view and coverage of both the radio network and the packet mobile backhaul
  • Includes a view into the economic motivation for a packet based mobile backhaul and discusses scenarios of a migration to the new technology
  • Covers 2G, 3G, HSPA, HSPA+ and LTE in radio technologies as well as MWR, Sonet/SDH, Ethernet, Carrier Ethernet, MPLS and IP in networking technologies

Arvustused

I recommend this book, not only because it is a rare example of clear synthesis in a field of growing importance, but also because of the high level of expertise it represents. Anyone working in the telecommunications industry or in telecommunications education will find it of interest.  (Computing Reviews, 23 July 2013)

Foreword xv
Acknowledgements xvii
List of Abbreviations
xix
List of Contributors
xxxi
1 Introduction
1(6)
Esa Metsala
Juha Salmelin
Erik Salo
1.1 Why Read This Book
1(1)
1.2 What is `Mobile Backhaul'
2(1)
1.3 Targets and Scope of the Book
3(1)
1.4 Organization of the Book
3(4)
PART I MOBILE AND PACKET NETWORKS
2 Mobile Backhaul and the New Packet Era
7(22)
Erik Salo
Juha Salmelin
2.1 Backhaul Network, Tiers and Costs
7(2)
2.1.1 Backhaul Network Tiers
7(1)
2.1.2 Backhaul Network Costs Distribution
8(1)
2.2 Legacy Backhaul Networks
9(1)
2.2.1 Backhaul Basic Technologies
9(1)
2.2.2 Backhaul Topology
10(1)
2.3 Drivers for the MBH Network Change
10(11)
2.3.1 Mobile Service Developments and Traffic Growth
13(3)
2.3.2 Mobile Network Developments
16(2)
2.3.3 Backhaul Cost-Efficiency Improvements
18(1)
2.3.4 Lower Operational Costs
19(2)
2.3.5 Developments in General Transport
21(1)
2.4 Packet Based Backhaul Networks
21(1)
2.4.1 Physical Network and Topology
22(1)
2.4.2 Logical Network and Protocol Layers
22(1)
2.5 Making Transition to Packet Technology Networks
22(7)
2.5.1 Transition Strategies for Packet-Based Backhaul
23(4)
2.5.2 Implementing Transition and Network Evolution
27(2)
3 3GPP Mobile Systems
29(39)
Esa Metsala
3.1 3GPP
29(4)
3.1.1 Radio Technologies and Backhaul
29(1)
3.1.2 Organization
30(1)
3.1.3 Specifications
31(1)
3.1.4 Releases
32(1)
3.2 2G
33(5)
3.2.1 Circuit Switched Traffic
33(3)
3.2.2 Packet Switched Traffic
36(1)
3.2.3 Abis
37(1)
3.3 3G
38(16)
3.3.1 Circuit Switched Traffic
40(1)
3.3.2 Packet Switched Traffic
41(1)
3.3.3 3G Air Interface Channels
42(1)
3.3.4 FP, MAC and RLC Protocols
43(2)
3.3.5 HSDPA (HS-DSCH) and HSUPA (E-DCH)
45(3)
3.3.6 Iub
48(2)
3.3.7 Iur
50(1)
3.3.8 Iu-cs
50(1)
3.3.9 Iu-ps
51(1)
3.3.10 GTP-U Protocol
52(2)
3.4 LTE
54(10)
3.4.1 Architecture
54(2)
3.4.2 Packet Switched Traffic
56(2)
3.4.3 Air Interface
58(1)
3.4.4 S1
58(1)
3.4.5 X2
59(1)
3.4.6 Bearers
60(1)
3.4.7 Mobility Management
61(2)
3.4.8 Interworking with 2G and 3G
63(1)
3.4.9 Voice Support
63(1)
3.4.10 Self Configuration and Self-Optimization
64(1)
3.5 Summary
64(4)
References
65(3)
4 Packet Networks
68(60)
Esa Metsala
4.1 Mobile Backhaul Application
68(5)
4.1.1 Backhaul Service
68(2)
4.1.2 Access, Aggregation and Core
70(1)
4.1.3 3GPP Guidance for the Backhaul
71(1)
4.1.4 Networking and Backhaul
72(1)
4.2 Standardization
73(3)
4.2.1 IEEE
73(1)
4.2.2 IETF
74(1)
4.2.3 ISO
74(1)
4.2.4 ITU-T
74(1)
4.2.5 MEF
75(1)
4.2.6 IP/MPLS Forum
75(1)
4.3 Physical Interfaces
76(4)
4.3.1 High Data Rates
76(1)
4.3.2 Ethernet Ports
77(1)
4.3.3 E1/T1/JT1
77(2)
4.3.4 SDH/Sonet
79(1)
4.4 PPP and ML-PPP
80(3)
4.4.1 PPP over E1/T1/JT1
80(1)
4.4.2 ML-PPP
81(2)
4.4.3 PPP over Sonet/SDH
83(1)
4.5 Ethernet and Carrier Ethernet
83(9)
4.5.1 Carrier Ethernet
84(1)
4.5.2 Ethernet and Ethernet Bridging
85(2)
4.5.3 Ethernet Link Aggregation
87(1)
4.5.4 VLANs
87(1)
4.5.5 Class of Service
88(1)
4.5.6 VLAN Example
88(1)
4.5.7 Ethernet OAM
89(2)
4.5.8 Provider Bridging
91(1)
4.5.9 Provider Backbone Bridging
92(1)
4.5.10 MPLS Based Carrier Ethernet
92(1)
4.6 IP and Transport Layer Protocols
92(17)
4.6.1 IP
93(3)
4.6.2 IP Addresses and Address Assignment
96(3)
4.6.3 Forwarding
99(1)
4.6.4 Routing Protocols
100(1)
4.6.5 Differentiated Services
101(1)
4.6.6 Address Resolution Protocol
102(1)
4.6.7 ICMP
102(1)
4.6.8 UDP
103(1)
4.6.9 RTP
104(1)
4.6.10 TCP
105(2)
4.6.11 SCTP
107(1)
4.6.12 IPv6
108(1)
4.7 MPLS/IP Applications
109(14)
4.7.1 MPLS Architecture
110(1)
4.7.2 Label Distribution Protocol
111(1)
4.7.3 BGP
111(2)
4.7.4 MPLS Ping
113(1)
4.7.5 MPLS L3 VPN and MP-BGP
113(3)
4.7.6 Pseudowire Emulation Edge to Edge
116(2)
4.7.7 MPLS L2 VPN-VPLS
118(3)
4.7.8 MPLS-TE
121(2)
4.7.9 MPLS-TP
123(1)
4.8 Summary
123(5)
References
124(4)
5 Backhaul Transport Technologies
128(39)
Jouko Kapanen
Jyri Putkonen
Juha Salmelin
5.1 Transport Systems
128(10)
5.1.1 OSI-Model
128(1)
5.1.2 Access Schemes
129(1)
5.1.3 Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH)
130(1)
5.1.4 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)
131(3)
5.1.5 SDH Protection
134(1)
5.1.6 Optical Transport Hierarchy (OTH)
135(1)
5.1.7 Next Generation SDH (NG-SDH)
136(1)
5.1.8 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
137(1)
5.1.9 Hybrid TDM/Packet
137(1)
5.2 Wireless Backhaul Technology
138(10)
5.2.1 Radio Wave Propagation
138(3)
5.2.2 Frequencies and Capacities
141(3)
5.2.3 Network Topologies
144(1)
5.2.4 Availability and Resiliency
145(1)
5.2.5 Performance
146(2)
5.2.6 Other Wireless Technologies
148(1)
5.3 Wire-Line Backhaul Technology
148(7)
5.3.1 DSL Technologies
148(2)
5.3.2 Optical Technology
150(3)
5.3.3 Ethernet Interfaces
153(1)
5.3.4 Ethernet in the First Mile
154(1)
5.3.5 DOCSIS
154(1)
5.4 Aggregation and Backbone Tiers
155(1)
5.5 Leased Line Services for Mobile Backhaul
156(7)
5.5.1 Ethernet Services and SLA's (MEF)
157(5)
5.5.2 Leased Ethernet Service Offering
162(1)
5.5.3 IP as a Backhaul Service
162(1)
5.6 Summary
163(4)
References
163(4)
PART II MOBILE BACKHAUL FUNCTIONALITY
6 Synchronization
167(37)
Antti Pietilainen
Juha Salmelin
6.1 Cellular Networks Synchronization Requirements
167(2)
6.1.1 Frequency Accuracy
167(1)
6.1.2 Time Accuracy
168(1)
6.2 Frequency Synchronization in TDM Networks
169(3)
6.2.1 Synchronization Architecture in TDM Networks
169(1)
6.2.2 PDH
170(1)
6.2.3 SDH/SONET
171(1)
6.2.4 ATM
171(1)
6.2.5 OTN
172(1)
6.3 Frequency Synchronization in Packet Networks
172(10)
6.3.1 ACR (Adaptive Clock Recovery)
173(1)
6.3.2 NTP
173(1)
6.3.3 PTP Protocol
174(3)
6.3.4 ITU PTP Telecom Profile for Frequency Synchronization
177(2)
6.3.5 Synchronous Ethernet
179(1)
6.3.6 Chaining Different Synchronization Technologies
180(1)
6.3.7 Summary of ITU Recommendations Related to Frequency Synchronization in Packet Networks
180(1)
6.3.8 TICTOC
181(1)
6.4 Synchronization Metrics for TDM and Synchronous Ethernet
182(5)
6.4.1 Stability Metric MTIE
182(2)
6.4.2 Relationship between TDM Wander Specification and Base Station Clock Accuracy
184(1)
6.4.3 TDEV
185(2)
6.5 Packet Synchronization Fundamentals and Metrics
187(12)
6.5.1 The Principles of Packet Timing for Frequency Synchronization
187(5)
6.5.2 Packet Delay Metrics for Frequency Synchronization
192(6)
6.5.3 Two-way Messaging
198(1)
6.5.4 Delay Jumps
198(1)
6.5.5 Testing Packet Timing Slaves
198(1)
6.6 Rules of Thumb for Packet Timing Network Implementation
199(2)
6.7 Time Synchronization
201(1)
6.7.1 GNSS Systems
201(1)
6.7.2 PTP for Time Synchronization
202(1)
6.8 Conclusions
202(2)
References
203(1)
7 Resilience
204(46)
Esa Metsala
7.1 Introduction
204(6)
7.1.1 Restoration and Protection
204(1)
7.1.2 Recovery
205(1)
7.1.3 Availability
206(1)
7.1.4 MTBF and MTTR
207(1)
7.1.5 Increasing Availability
207(2)
7.1.6 Network Failures
209(1)
7.1.7 Human Errors
209(1)
7.2 Native Ethernet and Resilience
210(4)
7.2.1 Ethernet Bridging
210(1)
7.2.2 Spanning Tree Operation
211(3)
7.3 Carrier Grade Ethernet
214(2)
7.3.1 Carrier Ethernet
214(1)
7.3.2 MEF Services
214(1)
7.3.3 Ethernet OAM
215(1)
7.4 IP Layer
216(8)
7.4.1 VRRP
216(1)
7.4.2 Load Sharing
217(1)
7.4.3 Routing Protocols
217(1)
7.4.4 OSPF
218(4)
7.4.5 ZFD
222(1)
7.4.6 Further Topics
223(1)
7.4.7 Loop Free Alternates
224(1)
7.5 MPLS Resilience
224(7)
7.5.1 Label Allocation
224(2)
7.5.2 LDP Sessions
226(1)
7.5.3 IP MPLS VPN
226(1)
7.5.4 VPLS
227(1)
7.5.5 MPLS TE and Fast Reroute
228(1)
7.5.6 MPLS OAM
229(1)
7.5.7 MPLS-TP
229(1)
7.5.8 GMPLS Control Plane
230(1)
7.6 Resilience in the BTS Access
231(13)
7.6.1 BTS and BTS Site
231(1)
7.6.2 BTS Access
232(1)
7.6.3 IP Addressing
232(2)
7.6.4 Active-Passive Ports
234(1)
7.6.5 IP Load Sharing
235(1)
7.6.6 Ethernet Link Aggregation
236(1)
7.6.7 OSPF in the Access
236(3)
7.6.8 Static Routes
239(1)
7.6.9 First Hop Gateway Redundancy
240(1)
7.6.10 Microwave Access Links
240(1)
7.6.11 Attachment to a MEF Service
241(3)
7.7 Resilience in the Controllers and the Core Interface
244(3)
7.7.1 BSC and RNC and Their Site Solutions
244(1)
7.7.2 VRRP Example
244(1)
7.7.3 Signaling Resilience with SCTP Multihoming
244(2)
7.7.4 Use of Multiple Core Network Nodes
246(1)
7.8 Summary
247(3)
References
248(2)
8 QoS
250(53)
Thomas Deiß
Jouko Kapanen
Esa Metsala
Csaba Vulkan
8.1 End User Service, Radio Network Layers and the Transport Layer Service
250(5)
8.1.1 Transport Layer Service
251(1)
8.1.2 End-to-End QoS
251(1)
8.1.3 Need for Backhaul QoS
252(2)
8.1.4 QoS Alignment with Radio and Backhaul
254(1)
8.2 TCP and UDP as End User Transport Layer Protocols
255(8)
8.2.1 UDP
256(1)
8.2.2 TCP
256(1)
8.2.3 TCP Congestion Control
257(5)
8.2.4 TCP Over Wireless
262(1)
8.3 DSCP, Traffic Class, and Priority Bits
263(12)
8.3.1 Differentiated Services
263(2)
8.3.2 IPv6
265(1)
8.3.3 Per-Hop Behaviours
265(1)
8.3.4 Recommended Use of DSCPs and Treatment Aggregates
266(2)
8.3.5 DSCP in IP Tunnels
268(1)
8.3.6 Use of DSCPs for Mobile Backhaul
268(2)
8.3.7 MPLS Traffic Class
270(1)
8.3.8 IEEE802.1Q Priority Bits
270(3)
8.3.9 VLANs
273(1)
8.3.10 QoS with MEF Services
273(2)
8.4 Ingress and Egress Functions
275(6)
8.4.1 Ingress Classification and Policing
275(1)
8.4.2 Single-Rate Two Color Policer
276(1)
8.4.3 Two-Rate Three Color Policer
276(1)
8.4.4 Egress Scheduling, Queue Management, and Shaping
276(1)
8.4.5 Strict Priority Scheduler
277(1)
8.4.6 Weighted Round Robin Scheduler
277(1)
8.4.7 Weighted Fair Queuing
277(1)
8.4.8 Combined Schedulers
278(1)
8.4.9 Buffering
279(1)
8.4.10 Tail Drop
279(1)
8.4.11 Active Queue Management
280(1)
8.4.12 Shaping
280(1)
8.5 2G
281(1)
8.5.1 Native PCM-Based Abis
281(1)
8.5.2 Abis Over Pseudowire
281(1)
8.5.3 Abis Example
281(1)
8.6 3G/HSPA
282(11)
8.6.1 Bearers and Their Attributes
282(1)
8.6.2 Iub
283(2)
8.6.3 Iub Example
285(3)
8.6.4 Congestion Control in MBH
288(1)
8.6.5 Congestion Control in HSPA Systems
288(1)
8.6.6 HSDPA Congestion Control
289(2)
8.6.7 HSUPA Congestion Control
291(1)
8.6.8 Co-existence of Radio Networks
292(1)
8.7 LTE
293(7)
8.7.1 QoS Architecture
293(1)
8.7.2 Packet Flows and Bearers
294(2)
8.7.3 QoS Parameters
296(1)
8.7.4 Admission Control
297(1)
8.7.5 SI Interface
298(1)
8.7.6 SI Example
298(2)
8.8 Summary
300(3)
References
301(2)
9 Security
303(43)
Esa Metsala
Jose Manuel Tapia Perez
9.1 Security in 3GPP Mobile Networks
303(10)
9.1.1 Network Domain Security
305(3)
9.1.2 2G
308(1)
9.1.3 Abis, A and Gb
308(1)
9.1.4 3G
309(1)
9.1.5 Iub
310(1)
9.1.6 Iu-cs, Iu-ps and Iur Interfaces
310(1)
9.1.7 LTE
311(1)
9.1.8 S1 and X2 Interfaces
311(1)
9.1.9 Management Traffic
312(1)
9.2 Protection of the Backhaul
313(3)
9.2.1 Cryptographic Protection Compared to Other Protection
313(1)
9.2.2 Leased Service and A Self-Deployed Backhaul
313(1)
9.2.3 Traffic Separation
314(1)
9.2.4 Ethernet Services
314(2)
9.2.5 IEEE 802.1x and IEEE802.1ae
316(1)
9.2.6 MEF
316(1)
9.3 IP Layer Protection
316(15)
9.3.1 IPsec
316(1)
9.3.2 IPsec SA
317(1)
9.3.3 IPsec ESP
317(1)
9.3.4 IPsec AH
318(2)
9.3.5 IKE Protocol
320(2)
9.3.6 Anti-Replay Protection
322(2)
9.3.7 Network Element Authentication
324(5)
9.3.8 Firewalls and Access Control Lists
329(1)
9.3.9 Network Control Protocols Protection
330(1)
9.4 IP Sec VPN Deployment
331(13)
9.4.1 Cell and Hub Site Solutions
331(1)
9.4.2 IPsec Profiles
332(1)
9.4.3 VPN Resilience
333(3)
9.4.4 Fragmentation
336(1)
9.4.5 IP sec and Quality of Service
337(3)
9.4.6 LTE S1 and X2 Study Case
340(4)
9.5 Summary
344(2)
References
344(2)
10 Packet Backhaul Solutions
346(24)
Erik Salo
Juha Salmelin
10.1 Creating a Packet Based MBH Solution
346(1)
10.2 MBH Solution Starting Points
347(2)
10.2.1 Hard Starting Points
348(1)
10.2.2 Soft Starting Points
348(1)
10.3 MBH Optimization Considerations
349(3)
10.3.1 Economic Optimization
349(1)
10.3.2 Technical Optimization
350(1)
10.3.3 Optimization for a Particular Operator
350(1)
10.3.4 Optimization for a Certain Region
351(1)
10.3.5 Optimization for Flexibility
351(1)
10.3.6 Optimization of Implementation
351(1)
10.4 MBH Solution Alternatives
352(8)
10.4.1 Enhancing SDH/Sonet Networks with NG-SDH/MSPP Equipment
352(1)
10.4.2 Enhancing SDH/Sonet Networks with a Packet Overlay
353(3)
10.4.3 Fully Packet Based Networks for MBH Backbone and Aggregation
356(1)
10.4.4 Building Fully Packet Based MBH Access Network for New Base Stations
357(3)
10.4.5 Building Fully Packet Based MBH Access Networks Area by Area
360(1)
10.4.6 Other Possible Approaches/Strategies
360(1)
10.5 Outsourcing the MBH Network or Parts of it
360(3)
10.5.1 Economic Considerations
361(1)
10.5.2 Strategic and Organizational Considerations
361(1)
10.5.3 Technical Issues
362(1)
10.6 Selecting MBH Access Solution for a Particular Case
363(5)
10.6.1 MBH Solution for LTE in a Dense Urban Area (in a Developed Environment)
364(2)
10.6.2 MBH Solution for Suburban Area for 3G + LTE (in a Developed Environment)
366(1)
10.6.3 MBH Solution in a Rural Area for a New 3G Network
367(1)
10.7 From the Selected MBH Solution to Detailed Network Plans
368(1)
10.8 Summary
369(1)
11 Summary
370(3)
Esa Metsala
Juha Salmelin
Index 373
Esa Metsälä, Senior Specialist, Transport, Technology and Architecture,Nokia Siemens Networks, Finland Esa Metsälä has held positions in Nokia and Nokia Siemens Networks in R&D, System and Business mgmt, Product Mgmt, Solution management since 1990. Esa is currently leader of Radio Network system specification team for transport, and also leads a feature screening team in Radio Network Transport product management. Esa has worked in teams responsible for mobile backhaul system level specifications for 3G/HSPA for over 10 yrs. Working in product mgmt, with a team, Esa has also been responsible for Nokia Radio Networks 3G transport solution and roadmap responsibility during System and Bus management era. Overall Esa has over 20 yrs of experience in the field. Esa has also given two conference presentations for HSPA.

Juha Salmelin, Manager, Mobile Backhaul Research, Nokia Siemens Networks, Finalnd Juha has held positions in R&D at Nokia and Nokia Siemens Networks since 1988. Beginning from Asic designer of Microwave radios, Juha's positions have continued managing many different projects in transport product R&D. Team leader, department manager and Head of Technology roles in mobile backhaul products R&D including mobile backhaul e2e-solutions. Currently managing mobile backhaul in NSN Research, some key contributions include: Wireless and Wireline Backhaul Research, Micro Wave Radios, Mobile WiMAX, Femto Home Base stations for 3G, Mobile Backhaul Vision and internal White Papers, Backhaul technology roadmapping.
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