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This book illustrates the applications of mobile robot systems in warehouse operations with an integrated decision framework for their selection and application. Mobile robot systems are an automation solution in warehouses that make order fulfillment agile, flexible and scalable to cope with the increasing volume and complexity of customer orders. Compared with manual operations, they combine higher productivity and throughput with lower operating costs. As the practical use of mobile robot systems is increasing, decision-makers are confronted with a plethora of decisions. Still, research is lagging in providing the needed academic insights and managerial guidance. The lack of a structured decision framework tailored for mobile robot system applications in warehouses increases the probability of problems when choosing automation systems.





This book demonstrates the characteristics of mobile robot systems which reinforce warehouse managers in identifying, evaluating and choosingcandidate systems through multiple criteria. Furthermore, the managerial decision framework covering decisions at strategic, tactical and operational levels in detail helps decision-makers to implement a mobile robot solution step-by-step. This book puts special emphasis on change management and operational control of mobile robots using path planning and task allocation algorithms. The book also introduces focus areas that require particular attention to aid the efficiency and practical application of these systems, such as facility layout planning, robot fleet sizing, and human-robot interaction. It will be essential reading for academics and students working on digital warehousing and logistics, as well as practitioners in warehouses looking to make informed decisions.
1 Introduction
1(10)
References
8(3)
2 Methodology
11(6)
2.1 Planning the Review
11(2)
2.2 Conducting the Review
13(4)
References
15(2)
3 Mobile Robot Systems and Their Evaluation
17(32)
3.1 Linear Route Mobile Robots
21(2)
3.2 Guided Mobile Robots
23(4)
3.2.1 Barcode-Guided Mobile Robots
24(2)
3.2.2 Laser-Guided Mobile Robots
26(1)
3.3 Freeway Mobile Robots
27(4)
3.3.1 Autonomous Forklifts
28(1)
3.3.2 Human-Collaborated Mobile Robots
28(1)
3.3.3 Mobile Picking Robots
29(2)
3.4 Hybrid Systems
31(4)
3.4.1 AS/RS, Conveyors, and Linear Mobile Robots
31(1)
3.4.2 Picker and Transport Robots
32(2)
3.4.3 Laser-Guided Mobile Robots and Pallet Shuttles
34(1)
3.5 Guided Examples of Evaluation Criteria
35(7)
3.5.1 The `Equal Weight' Approach
36(1)
3.5.2 FUCOM Approach
36(6)
3.6 Final Remarks
42(7)
References
42(7)
4 Strategic Decisions in Mobile Robot Automation
49(20)
4.1 Identifying the Criteria for Mobile Robot System Evaluation
49(1)
4.2 Identifying Key Performance Indicators
50(1)
4.2.1 Warehouse-Specific KPIs
50(1)
4.2.2 Mobile Robot System-Specific KPIs
51(1)
4.3 Type of Mobile Robots and Their Coordination
51(5)
4.3.1 Centralised Coordination
54(1)
4.3.2 Distributed Coordination
55(1)
4.3.3 Mixed Coordination
55(1)
4.4 Facility Layout
56(2)
4.4.1 Number of Floors
56(1)
4.4.2 Number, Size, and Location of Pick-Up and Delivery Points
56(1)
4.4.3 Flow Path Layout of Mobile Robots
57(1)
4.4.4 Idle Vehicle and Robot Charging Locations
58(1)
4.5 Managing Human-Robot Interactions
58(11)
4.5.1 Human Tasks
58(1)
4.5.2 Ergonomics
59(1)
4.5.3 Personnel Management
59(1)
4.5.4 Human Safety
60(1)
References
60(9)
5 Tactical Decisions in Mobile Robot Automation
69(12)
5.1 Storage Assignment Plan
69(2)
5.2 Order Management Plan
71(1)
5.2.1 Static Order Management
71(1)
5.2.2 Dynamic Order Management
72(1)
5.3 Quantity of Robots (Fleet Sizing)
72(1)
5.4 Maintenance and Failure Handling Strategies
73(1)
5.5 Robot Energy Management
74(7)
References
75(6)
6 Operational Decisions in Mobile Robot Automation
81(22)
6.1 Mobile Robot Task Allocation
81(2)
6.1.1 Static/Fixed Task Allocation
82(1)
6.1.2 Dynamic/Online Task Allocation
82(1)
6.2 Path Planning of Mobile Robots
83(6)
6.3 Deadlock Resolution and Conflict Avoidance Plans
89(14)
6.3.1 Conflicts
89(1)
6.3.2 Deadlocks
90(3)
References
93(10)
7 Managerial Decision Framework
103(18)
7.1 Further Considerations on Change Management
104(8)
7.1.1 Incremental Change Versus Change Management
105(1)
7.1.2 Change Management Methods
105(3)
7.1.3 Change Characteristics
108(4)
7.2 Further Considerations on Algorithms
112(9)
References
115(6)
8 Research Agenda
121(6)
8.1 Mobile Robot Systems and Selection Criteria
121(1)
8.2 Managerial Decision Framework
122(3)
8.2.1 Strategic-Level Focus Areas
122(1)
8.2.2 Tactical-Level Focus Areas
123(1)
8.2.3 Operational-Level Focus Areas
124(1)
8.3 Research Agenda Summary
125(2)
References
126(1)
9 Conclusion
127(2)
Reference
128(1)
Appendix: Synthesis Table 129(18)
Index 147
Alp Yildirim is on the Leadership and Management PhD programme in Cranfield School of Management, UK. Previously, he worked in the technology sector and co-founded an innovative manufacturing company, Sanayi Sepeti Ltd. His current research topic is mobile robot automation and throughput optimisation in warehouses.





Hendrik Reefke is a Senior Lecturer in Supply Chain Management and Course Director of the full-time Logistics, Procurement and Supply Chain Management MSc course at Cranfield School of Management, UK.  He is an active researcher, focusing primarily on sustainable supply chain management, service supply chains, as well as performance measurement and reporting.

Emel Aktas is Professor of Supply Chain Analytics at Cranfield School of Management, UK. Her research interests are logistics and transportation, supply chain decisions, mathematical modelling and optimisation, and she is currently working on minimising carbon emissions in maritime logistics with focus on the trade-off between service levels and fuel consumption.