Preface |
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xvii | |
Acknowledgments |
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xix | |
1 Overview of Condensed Matter Physics |
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1 | (8) |
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1.1 Definition of Condensed Matter and Goals of Condensed Matter Physics |
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1 | (2) |
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1.2 Classification (or Phases) of Condensed Matter Systems |
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3 | (3) |
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1.2.1 Atomic Spatial Structures |
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4 | (1) |
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1.2.2 Electronic Structures or Properties |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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1.3 Theoretical Descriptions of Condensed Matter Phases |
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6 | (2) |
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1.4 Experimental Probes of Condensed Matter Systems |
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8 | (1) |
2 Spatial Structure |
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9 | (11) |
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2.1 Probing the Structure |
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9 | (1) |
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2.2 Semiclassical Theory of X-Ray Scattering |
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10 | (3) |
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2.3 Quantum Theory of Electron-Photon Interaction and X-Ray Scattering |
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13 | (2) |
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2.4 X-Ray Scattering from a Condensed Matter System |
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15 | (1) |
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2.5 Relationship of S(q) and Spatial Correlations |
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16 | (1) |
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2.6 Liquid State versus Crystal State |
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17 | (3) |
3 Lattices and Symmetries |
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20 | (24) |
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3.1 The Crystal as a Broken-Symmetry State |
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20 | (4) |
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3.2 Bravais Lattices and Lattices with Bases |
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24 | (6) |
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24 | (2) |
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3.2.2 Lattices with Bases |
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26 | (3) |
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3.2.3 Lattice Symmetries in Addition to Translation |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (4) |
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3.4 X-Ray Scattering from Crystals |
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34 | (4) |
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3.5 Effects of Lattice Fluctuations on X-Ray Scattering |
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38 | (3) |
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3.6 Notes and Further Reading |
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41 | (3) |
4 Neutron Scattering |
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44 | (20) |
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4.1 Introduction to Neutron Scattering |
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44 | (2) |
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4.2 Inelastic Neutron Scattering |
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46 | (4) |
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4.3 Dynamical Structure Factor and f-Sum Rule |
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50 | (10) |
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4.3.1 Classical Harmonic Oscillator |
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54 | (2) |
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4.3.2 Quantum Harmonic Oscillator |
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56 | (4) |
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4.4 Single-Mode Approximation and Superfluid 4He |
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60 | (4) |
5 Dynamics of Lattice Vibrations |
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64 | (14) |
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5.1 Elasticity and Sound Modes in Continuous Media |
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64 | (4) |
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5.2 Adiabatic Approximation and Harmonic Expansion of Atomic Potential |
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68 | (3) |
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5.3 Classical Dynamics of Lattice Vibrations |
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71 | (7) |
6 Quantum Theory of Harmonic Crystals |
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78 | (20) |
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78 | (5) |
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6.2 Canonical Quantization of Lattice Vibrations |
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83 | (5) |
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6.3 Quantum Dynamical Structure Factor |
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88 | (3) |
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6.4 Debye-Waller Factor and Stability of Crystalline Order |
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91 | (2) |
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93 | (5) |
7 Electronic Structure of Crystals |
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98 | (66) |
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7.1 Drude Theory of Electron Conduction in Metals |
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98 | (6) |
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7.2 Independent Electron Model |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (12) |
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7.3.1 Band Gaps and Bragg Reflection |
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114 | (1) |
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7.3.2 Van Hove Singularities |
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115 | (1) |
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7.3.3 Velocity of Bloch Electrons |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (16) |
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122 | (1) |
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122 | (2) |
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7.4.3 Continuum Limit of Tight-Binding Hamiltonians |
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124 | (2) |
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7.4.4 Limitations of the Tight-Binding Model |
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126 | (3) |
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7.4.5 s-d Hybridization in Transition Metals |
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129 | (4) |
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7.5 Graphene Band Structure |
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133 | (5) |
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7.6 Polyacetylene and the Su-Schrieffer-Heeger Model |
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138 | (10) |
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7.6.1 Dirac electrons in 1D and the Peierls instability |
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138 | (4) |
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7.6.2 Ground-State Degeneracy and Solitons |
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142 | (2) |
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7.6.3 Zero Modes Bound to Solitons |
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144 | (3) |
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7.6.4 Quantum Numbers of Soliton States and Spin-Charge Separation |
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147 | (1) |
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7.7 Thermodynamic Properties of Bloch Electrons |
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148 | (5) |
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149 | (1) |
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7.7.2 Magnetic Susceptibility |
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150 | (3) |
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7.8 Spin-Orbit Coupling and Band Structure |
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153 | (3) |
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156 | (3) |
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159 | (5) |
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7.10.1 Oscillator Model of Atomic Polarizability |
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160 | (2) |
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7.10.2 Quantum Effects in Optical Lattices |
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162 | (2) |
8 Semiclassical Transport Theory |
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164 | (34) |
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8.1 Review of Semiclassical Wave Packets |
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164 | (1) |
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8.2 Semiclassical Wave-Packet Dynamics in Bloch Bands |
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165 | (6) |
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8.2.1 Derivation of Bloch Electron Equations of Motion |
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169 | (2) |
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8.2.2 Zener Tunneling (or Interband Transitions) |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (2) |
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8.4 Uniform Magnetic Fields |
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173 | (3) |
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176 | (3) |
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8.6 Semiclassical E x B Drift |
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179 | (2) |
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8.7 The Boltzmann Equation |
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181 | (5) |
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186 | (7) |
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191 | (2) |
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8.9 Thermal Transport and Thermoelectric Effects |
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193 | (5) |
9 Semiconductors |
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198 | (24) |
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9.1 Homogeneous Bulk Semiconductors |
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198 | (6) |
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204 | (3) |
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9.3 Optical Processes in Semiconductors |
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207 | (5) |
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9.3.1 Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy |
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210 | (2) |
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212 | (4) |
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9.4.1 Light-Emitting Diodes and Solar Cells |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (5) |
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9.5.1 Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (MOSFETs) |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (3) |
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9.5.3 Quantum Point Contact, Wire and Dot |
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220 | (1) |
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9.6 Notes and Further Reading |
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221 | (1) |
10 Non-local Transport in Mesoscopic Systems |
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222 | (30) |
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10.1 Introduction to Transport of Electron Waves |
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222 | (3) |
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10.2 Landauer Formula and Conductance Quantization |
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225 | (6) |
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10.3 Multi-terminal Devices |
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231 | (2) |
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10.4 Universal Conductance Fluctuations |
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233 | (5) |
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10.4.1 Transmission Eigenvalues |
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238 | (2) |
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240 | (2) |
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10.5 Noise in Mesoscopic Systems |
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242 | (6) |
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10.5.1 Quantum Shot Noise |
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245 | (3) |
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248 | (4) |
11 Anderson Localization |
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252 | (49) |
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11.1 Absence of Diffusion in Certain Random Lattices |
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253 | (3) |
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256 | (2) |
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11.3 Semiclassical Diffusion |
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258 | (9) |
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11.3.1 Review of Scattering from a Single Impurity |
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258 | (4) |
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11.3.2 Scattering from Many Impurities |
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262 | (3) |
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11.3.3 Multiple Scattering and Classical Diffusion |
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265 | (2) |
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11.4 Quantum Corrections to Diffusion |
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267 | (4) |
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11.4.1 Real-Space Picture |
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268 | (1) |
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11.4.2 Enhanced Backscattering |
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269 | (2) |
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11.5 Weak Localization in 2D |
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271 | (4) |
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11.5.1 Magnetic Fields and Spin-Orbit Coupling |
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273 | (2) |
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11.6 Strong Localization in 1D |
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275 | (2) |
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11.7 Localization and Metal-Insulator Transition in 3D |
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277 | (2) |
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11.8 Scaling Theory of Localization and the Metal-Insulator Transition |
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279 | (8) |
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11.8.1 Thouless Picture of Conductance |
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279 | (3) |
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11.8.2 Persistent Currents in Disordered Mesoscopic Rings |
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282 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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11.8.4 Scaling Hypothesis and Universality |
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284 | (3) |
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11.9 Scaling and Transport at Finite Temperature |
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287 | (7) |
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11.9.1 Mobility Gap and Activated Transport |
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291 | (1) |
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11.9.2 Variable-Range Hopping |
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292 | (2) |
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294 | (3) |
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11.11 Many-Body Localization |
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297 | (4) |
12 Integer Quantum Hall Effect |
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301 | (30) |
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12.1 Hall-Effect Transport in High Magnetic Fields |
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301 | (3) |
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304 | (1) |
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12.3 Why Disorder and Localization Are Important |
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305 | (1) |
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12.4 Classical and Semiclassical Dynamics |
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306 | (3) |
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12.4.1 Classical Dynamics |
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306 | (2) |
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12.4.2 Semiclassical Approximation |
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308 | (1) |
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12.5 Quantum Dynamics in Strong B Fields |
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309 | (6) |
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315 | (3) |
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12.7 Semiclassical Percolation Picture of the IQHE |
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318 | (3) |
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12.8 Anomalous Integer Quantum Hall Sequence in Graphene |
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321 | (3) |
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12.9 Magnetic Translation Invariance and Magnetic Bloch Bands |
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324 | (5) |
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12.9.1 Simple Landau Gauge Example |
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327 | (2) |
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12.10 Quantization of the Hall Conductance in Magnetic Bloch Bands |
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329 | (2) |
13 Topology and Berry Phase |
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331 | (31) |
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13.1 Adiabatic Evolution and the Geometry of Hilbert Space |
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331 | (5) |
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13.2 Berry Phase and the Aharonov-Bohm Effect |
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336 | (3) |
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13.3 Spin-1/2 Berry Phase |
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339 | (5) |
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13.3.1 Spin-Orbit Coupling and Suppression of Weak Localization |
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343 | (1) |
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13.4 Berry Curvature of Bloch Bands and Anomalous Velocity |
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344 | (4) |
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13.4.1 Anomalous Velocity |
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345 | (3) |
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13.5 Topological Quantization of Hall Conductance of Magnetic Bloch Bands |
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348 | (8) |
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13.5.1 Wannier Functions of Topologically Non-trivial Bands |
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351 | (1) |
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13.5.2 Band Crossing and Change of Band Topology |
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352 | (1) |
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13.5.3 Relation Between the Chern Number and Chiral Edge States: Bulk-Edge Correspondence |
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353 | (3) |
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13.6 An Example of Bands Carrying Non-zero Chern Numbers: Haldane Model |
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356 | (2) |
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13.7 Thouless Charge Pump and Electric Polarization |
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358 | (4) |
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13.7.1 Modern Theory of Electric Polarization |
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360 | (2) |
14 Topological Insulators and Semimetals |
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362 | (14) |
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362 | (2) |
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14.2 Integers2 Characterization of Topological Insulators |
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364 | (4) |
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14.3 Massless Dirac Surface/Interface States |
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368 | (3) |
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371 | (4) |
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14.4.1 Fermi Arcs on the Surface |
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372 | (1) |
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373 | (2) |
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14.5 Notes and Further Reading |
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375 | (1) |
15 Interacting Electrons |
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376 | (54) |
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15.1 Hartree Approximation |
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376 | (2) |
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15.2 Hartree-Fock Approximation |
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378 | (4) |
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381 | (1) |
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15.3 Hartree-Fock Approximation for the 3D Electron Gas |
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382 | (3) |
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15.3.1 Total Exchange Energy of the 3DEG in the Hartree-Fock Approximation |
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384 | (1) |
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15.4 Density Functional Theory |
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385 | (2) |
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15.5 Kohn-Sham Single-Particle Equations |
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387 | (2) |
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15.6 Local-Density Approximation |
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389 | (2) |
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15.7 Density-Density Response Function and Static Screening |
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391 | (5) |
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15.7.1 Thomas-Fermi Approximation |
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394 | (1) |
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15.7.2 Lindhard Approximation |
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394 | (2) |
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15.8 Dynamical Screening and Random-Phase Approximation |
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396 | (1) |
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15.9 Plasma Oscillation and Plasmon Dispersion |
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397 | (3) |
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15.9.1 Plasma Frequency and Plasmon Dispersion from the RPA |
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397 | (1) |
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15.9.2 Plasma Frequency from Classical Dynamics |
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398 | (1) |
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15.9.3 Plasma Frequency and Plasmon Dispersion from the Single-Mode Approximation |
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399 | (1) |
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15.10 Dielectric Function and Optical Properties |
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400 | (2) |
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15.10.1 Dielectric Function and AC Conductivity |
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400 | (1) |
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15.10.2 Optical Measurements of Dielectric Function |
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401 | (1) |
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15.11 Landau's Fermi-Liquid Theory |
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402 | (7) |
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15.11.1 Elementary Excitations of a Free Fermi Gas |
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402 | (2) |
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15.11.2 Adiabaticity and Elementary Excitations of an Interacting Fermi Gas |
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404 | (3) |
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15.11.3 Fermi-Liquid Parameters |
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407 | (2) |
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15.12 Predictions of Fermi-Liquid Theory |
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409 | (3) |
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409 | (1) |
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410 | (1) |
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15.12.3 Spin Susceptibility |
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411 | (1) |
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15.12.4 Collective Modes, Dynamical and Transport Properties |
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411 | (1) |
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15.13 Instabilities of Fermi Liquids |
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412 | (8) |
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15.13.1 Ferromagnetic Instability |
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412 | (1) |
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15.13.2 Pomeranchuk Instabilities |
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413 | (1) |
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15.13.3 Pairing Instability |
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414 | (4) |
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15.13.4 Charge and Spin Density-Wave Instabilities |
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418 | (1) |
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419 | (1) |
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15.13.6 Two-Dimensional Electron Gas at High Magnetic Field |
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420 | (1) |
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15.14 Infrared Singularities in Fermi Liquids |
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420 | (9) |
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15.14.1 Perfect Screening and the Friedel Sum Rule |
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420 | (2) |
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15.14.2 Orthogonality Catastrophe |
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422 | (1) |
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15.14.3 Magnetic Impurities in Metals: The Kondo Problem |
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423 | (6) |
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15.15 Summary and Outlook |
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429 | (1) |
16 Fractional Quantum Hall Effect |
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430 | (50) |
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16.1 Landau Levels Revisited |
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431 | (2) |
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16.2 One-Body Basis States in Symmetric Gauge |
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433 | (2) |
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16.3 Two-Body Problem and Haldane Pseudopotentials |
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435 | (3) |
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16.4 The v = 1 Many-Body State and Plasma Analogy |
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438 | (4) |
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16.4.1 Electron and Hole Excitations at v = 1 |
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441 | (1) |
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16.5 Laughlin's Wave Function |
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442 | (4) |
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16.6 Quasiparticle and Quasihole Excitations of Laughlin States |
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446 | (6) |
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16.7 Fractional Statistics of Laughlin Quasiparticles |
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452 | (8) |
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16.7.1 Possibility of Fractional Statistics in 2D |
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452 | (3) |
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16.7.2 Physical Model of Anyons |
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455 | (2) |
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16.7.3 Statistics Angle of Laughlin Quasiholes |
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457 | (3) |
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16.8 Collective Excitations |
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460 | (3) |
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16.9 Bosonization and Fractional Quantum Hall Edge States |
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463 | (6) |
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16.9.1 Shot-Noise Measurement of Fractional Quasiparticle Charge |
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467 | (2) |
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16.10 Composite Fermions and Hierarchy States |
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469 | (1) |
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16.10.1 Another Take on Laughlin's Wave Function |
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469 | (1) |
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470 | (1) |
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16.11 General Formalism of Electron Dynamics Confined to a Single Landau Level |
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470 | (6) |
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16.11.1 Finite-Size Geometries |
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474 | (2) |
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16.12 Relation between Fractional Statistics and Topological Degeneracy |
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476 | (2) |
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16.13 Notes and Further Reading |
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478 | (2) |
17 Magnetism |
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480 | (51) |
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480 | (1) |
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17.2 Classical Theory of Magnetism |
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481 | (1) |
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17.3 Quantum Theory of Magnetism of Individual Atoms |
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481 | (5) |
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17.3.1 Quantum Diamagnetism |
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482 | (3) |
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17.3.2 Quantum Paramagnetism |
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485 | (1) |
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486 | (1) |
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17.4 The Hubbard Model and Mott Insulators |
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486 | (5) |
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17.5 Magnetically Ordered States and Spin-Wave Excitations |
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491 | (8) |
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491 | (4) |
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495 | (4) |
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499 | (14) |
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17.6.1 Lieb-Schultz-Mattis Theorem |
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501 | (1) |
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502 | (4) |
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17.6.3 Spin-1 Chains, Haldane Gap, and String Order |
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506 | (4) |
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17.6.4 Matrix Product and Tensor Network States |
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510 | (3) |
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17.7 Valence-Bond-Solid and Spin-Liquid States in 2D and Higher Dimensions |
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513 | (8) |
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17.7.1 Integers2 Topological Order in Resonating Valence-Bond Spin Liquid |
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519 | (2) |
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17.8 An Exactly Solvable Model of Integers2 Spin Liquid: Kitaev's Toric Code |
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521 | (7) |
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17.8.1 Toric Code as Quantum Memory |
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525 | (3) |
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528 | (3) |
18 Bose-Einstein Condensation and Superfluidity |
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531 | (18) |
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18.1 Non-interacting Bosons and Bose-Einstein Condensation |
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531 | (8) |
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18.1.1 Off-Diagonal Long-Range Order |
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534 | (1) |
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18.1.2 Finite Temperature and Effects of Trapping Potential |
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535 | (1) |
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18.1.3 Experimental Observation of Bose-Einstein Condensation |
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536 | (3) |
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18.2 Weakly Interacting Bosons and Bogoliubov Theory |
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539 | (3) |
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18.3 Stability of Condensate and Superfluidity |
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542 | (3) |
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18.4 Bose-Einstein Condensation of Exciton-Polaritons: Quantum Fluids of Light |
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545 | (4) |
19 Superconductivity: Basic Phenomena and Phenomenological Theories |
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549 | (43) |
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549 | (4) |
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19.1.1 Type-I Superconductors |
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550 | (2) |
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19.1.2 Type-II Superconductors |
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552 | (1) |
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553 | (3) |
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556 | (2) |
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19.4 The Free-Energy Functional |
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558 | (1) |
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19.5 Ginzburg-Landau Theory |
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559 | (7) |
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19.6 Type-II Superconductors |
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566 | (7) |
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19.6.1 Abrikosov Vortex Lattice |
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568 | (1) |
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569 | (4) |
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19.7 Why Do Superconductors Superconduct? |
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573 | (3) |
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19.8 Comparison between Superconductivity and Superfluidity |
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576 | (3) |
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579 | (8) |
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19.9.1 Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDS) |
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585 | (2) |
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19.10 Flux-Flow Resistance in Superconductors |
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587 | (1) |
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19.11 Superconducting Quantum Bits |
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587 | (5) |
20 Microscopic Theory of Superconductivity |
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592 | (40) |
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20.1 Origin of Attractive Interaction |
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592 | (2) |
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20.2 BCS Reduced Hamiltonian and Mean-Field Solution |
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594 | (9) |
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20.2.1 Condensation Energy |
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598 | (1) |
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20.2.2 Elementary Excitations |
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599 | (3) |
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20.2.3 Finite-Temperature Properties |
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602 | (1) |
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20.3 Microscopic Derivation of Josephson Coupling |
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603 | (3) |
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20.4 Electromagnetic Response of Superconductors |
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606 | (3) |
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609 | (2) |
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20.6 Real-Space Formulation and the Bogoliubov-de Gennes Equation |
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611 | (3) |
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20.7 Kitaev's p-Wave Superconducting Chain and Topological Superconductors |
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614 | (3) |
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20.8 Unconventional Superconductors |
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|
617 | (4) |
|
20.8.1 General Solution of Cooper Problem |
|
|
617 | (2) |
|
20.8.2 General Structure of Pairing Order Parameter |
|
|
619 | (1) |
|
20.8.3 Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov States |
|
|
620 | (1) |
|
20.9 High-Temperature Cuprate Superconductors |
|
|
621 | (11) |
|
20.9.1 Antiferromagnetism in the Parent Compound |
|
|
622 | (2) |
|
|
624 | (1) |
|
20.9.3 Nature of the Superconducting State |
|
|
624 | (3) |
|
|
627 | (5) |
Appendix A: Linear-Response Theory |
|
632 | (8) |
|
|
632 | (2) |
|
|
634 | (2) |
|
A.3 Causality, Spectral Densities, and Kramers-Kronig Relations |
|
|
636 | (4) |
Appendix B: The Poisson Summation Formula |
|
640 | (2) |
Appendix C: Tunneling and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy |
|
642 | (5) |
|
|
642 | (1) |
|
|
643 | (2) |
|
C.3 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy |
|
|
645 | (2) |
Appendix D: Brief Primer on Topology |
|
647 | (10) |
|
|
647 | (1) |
|
|
648 | (1) |
|
|
648 | (2) |
|
|
650 | (1) |
|
|
651 | (3) |
|
|
654 | (3) |
Appendix E: Scattering Matrices, Unitarity, and Reciprocity |
|
657 | (2) |
Appendix F: Quantum Entanglement in Condensed Matter Physics |
|
659 | (6) |
|
F.1 Reduced Density Matrix |
|
|
659 | (2) |
|
F.2 Schmidt and Singular-Value Decompositions |
|
|
661 | (1) |
|
F.3 Entanglement Entropy Scaling Laws |
|
|
662 | (1) |
|
F.4 Other Measures of Entanglement |
|
|
663 | (1) |
|
|
664 | (1) |
Appendix G: Linear Response and Noise in Electrical Circuits |
|
665 | (8) |
|
G.1 Classical Thermal Noise in a Resistor |
|
|
665 | (3) |
|
G.2 Linear Response of Electrical Circuits |
|
|
668 | (2) |
|
G.3 Hamiltonian Description of Electrical Circuits |
|
|
670 | (2) |
|
G.3.1 Hamiltonian for Josephson Junction Circuits |
|
|
672 | (1) |
Appendix H: Functional Differentiation |
|
673 | (2) |
Appendix I: Low-Energy Effective Hamiltonian |
|
675 | (5) |
|
I.1 Effective Tunneling Hamiltonian |
|
|
675 | (2) |
|
I.2 Antiferromagnetism in the Hubbard Model |
|
|
677 | (2) |
|
|
679 | (1) |
Appendix J: Introduction to Second Quantization |
|
680 | (5) |
|
|
680 | (3) |
|
J.2 Majorana Representation of Fermion Operators |
|
|
683 | (2) |
References |
|
685 | (7) |
Index |
|
692 | |