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E-raamat: Modern Power System Analysis

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(California State University, Sacramento, USA)
  • Formaat: 734 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 19-Apr-2016
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781466570825
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Modern Power System AnalysisSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 734 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 19-Apr-2016
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781466570825
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Most textbooks that deal with the power analysis of electrical engineering power systems focus on generation or distribution systems. Filling a gap in the literature, Modern Power System Analysis, Second Edition introduces readers to electric power systems, with an emphasis on key topics in modern power transmission engineering. Throughout, the book familiarizes readers with concepts and issues relevant to the power utility industry.

A Classroom-Tested Power Engineering Text That Focuses on Power Transmission

Drawing on the author’s industry experience and more than 42 years teaching courses in electrical machines and electric power engineering, this book explains the material clearly and in sufficient detail, supported by extensive numerical examples and illustrations. New terms are defined when they are first introduced, and a wealth of end-of-chapter problems reinforce the information presented in each chapter.

Topics covered include:

  • Power system planning
  • Transmission line parameters and the steady-state performance of transmission lines
  • Disturbance of system components
  • Symmetrical components and sequence impedances
  • Analysis of balanced and unbalanced faults—including shunt, series, and simultaneous faults
  • Transmission line protection
  • Load-flow analysis

Designed for senior undergraduate and graduate students as a two-semester or condensed one-semester text, this classroom-tested book can also be used for self-study. In addition, the detailed explanations and useful appendices make this updated second edition a handy reference for practicing power engineers in the electrical power utility industry.

What’s New in This Edition

  • 35 percent new material
  • Updated and expanded material throughout
  • Topics on transmission line structure and equipment
  • Coverage of overhead and underground power transmission
  • Expanded discussion and examples on power flow and substation design
  • Extended impedance tables and expanded coverage of per unit systems in the appendices
  • New appendix containing additional solved problems using MATLAB®
  • New glossary of modern power system analysis terminology

Arvustused

"This book offers a comprehensive coverage of all classical topics in power system analysis such as basic concepts of three AC circuits and per unit calculation, transmission line, power flow analysis, fault analysis and protection system etc. This second edition is a modern update of the book, which features clear and easy-to-understand text ideally suited for power system analysis courses at senior undergraduate level and graduate level." Dr. Zhao Xu, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hunghom, Kowloon

"... the book provides a fresh perspective." Walid Hubbi, New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), USA

"This book is written specifically for the study of modern power systems with emphasis on power-transmission engineering. It introduces the reader to concepts and issues relevant to the power utility industry. ... In using this book, the reader will gain a very good understanding of power engineering fundamentals, from understanding and being able to use symmetrical component theory to writing MATLAB code for power-ftow analysis. This book is well written and has numerous illustrations and worked out examples to reinforce learning. The book could be used in a senior-level undergraduate class or graduate-level class in power engineering as well as by practicing engineers in a power utility or others who may want to teach themselves." --John J. Shea, IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine

Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv
Author xvii
Chapter 1 General Considerations
1(12)
1.1 Introduction
1(4)
1.2 Power System Planning
5(8)
References
10(1)
General References
11(2)
Chapter 2 Basic Concepts
13(38)
2.1 Introduction
13(1)
2.2 Complex Power in Balanced Transmission Lines
13(3)
2.3 One-Line Diagram
16(3)
2.4 Per-Unit System
19(19)
2.4.1 Single-Phase System
20(4)
2.4.2 Converting from Per-Unit Values to Physical Values
24(1)
2.4.3 Change of Base
24(1)
2.4.4 Three-Phase Systems
25(13)
2.5 Constant Impedance Representation of Loads
38(2)
2.6 Three-Winding Transformers
40(1)
2.7 Autotransformers
41(2)
2.8 Delta-Wye and Wye-Delta Transformations
43(1)
2.9 Short-Circuit MVA and Equivalent Impedance
44(7)
2.9.1 Three-Phase Short-Circuit MVA
45(1)
2.9.1.1 If Three-Phase Short-Circuit MVA Is Already Known
45(1)
2.9.2 Single-Phase-to-Ground Short-Circuit MVA
46(1)
2.9.2.1 If Single-Phase Short-Circuit MVA Is Already Known
46(2)
References
48(1)
General References
48(3)
Chapter 3 Steady-State Performance of Transmission Lines
51(108)
3.1 Introduction
51(1)
3.2 Conductor Size
51(7)
3.3 Transmission Line Constants
58(1)
3.4 Resistance
58(1)
3.5 Inductance and Inductive Reactance
59(2)
3.5.1 Single-Phase Overhead Lines
59(1)
3.5.2 Three-Phase Overhead Lines
60(1)
3.6 Capacitance and Capacitive Reactance
61(4)
3.6.1 Single-Phase Overhead Lines
61(3)
3.6.2 Three-Phase Overhead Lines
64(1)
3.7 Tables of Line Constants
65(3)
3.8 Equivalent Circuits for Transmission Lines
68(1)
3.9 Transmission Lines
68(12)
3.9.1 Short Transmission Lines (up to 50 mi or 80 km)
68(3)
3.9.2 Steady-State Power Limit
71(2)
3.9.3 Percent Voltage Regulation
73(6)
3.9.4 Representation of Mutual Impedance of Short Lines
79(1)
3.10 Medium-Length Transmission Lines (up to 150 mi or 240 km)
80(10)
3.11 Long Transmission Lines (above 150 mi or 240 km)
90(20)
3.11.1 Equivalent Circuit of Long Transmission Line
100(3)
3.11.2 Incident and Reflected Voltages of Long Transmission Line
103(4)
3.11.3 Surge Impedance Loading of Transmission Line
107(3)
3.12 General Circuit Constants
110(24)
3.12.1 Determination of A, B, C, and D Constants
111(1)
3.12.2 Measurement of ABCD Parameters by Test
112(4)
3.12.3 A, B, C, and D Constants of Transformer
116(1)
3.12.4 Asymmetrical π and T Networks
117(2)
3.12.5 Networks Connected in Series
119(2)
3.12.6 Networks Connected in Parallel
121(2)
3.12.7 Terminated Transmission Line
123(4)
3.12.8 Power Relations Using A, B, C, and D Line Constants
127(7)
3.13 EHV Underground Cable Transmission
134(8)
3.14 Gas-Insulated Transmission Lines
142(5)
3.15 Bundled Conductors
147(4)
3.16 Effect of Ground on Capacitance of Three-Phase Lines
151(1)
3.17 Environmental Effects of Overhead Transmission Lines
152(7)
References
153(1)
General References
153(6)
Chapter 4 Disturbance of Normal Operating Conditions and Other Problems
159(86)
4.1 Introduction
159(2)
4.2 Fault Analysis and Fault Types
161(3)
4.3 Balanced Three-Phase Faults at No Load
164(4)
4.4 Fault Interruption
168(7)
4.5 Balanced Three-Phase Faults at Full Load
175(6)
4.6 Application of Current-Limiting Reactors
181(4)
4.7 Insulators
185(12)
4.7.1 Types of Insulators
185(2)
4.7.2 Testing of Insulators
187(2)
4.7.3 Voltage Distribution over a String of Suspension Insulators
189(5)
4.7.4 Insulator Flashover due to Contamination
194(2)
4.7.5 Insulator Flashover on Overhead High-Voltage DC Lines
196(1)
4.8 Grounding
197(17)
4.8.1 Electric Shock and Its Effects on Humans
197(7)
4.8.2 Reduction of Factor Cs
204(2)
4.8.3 GPR and Ground Resistance
206(1)
4.8.4 Ground Resistance
207(2)
4.8.5 Soil Resistivity Measurements
209(1)
4.8.5.1 Wenner Four-Pin Method
209(4)
4.8.5.2 Three-Pin or Driven-Ground Rod Method
213(1)
4.9 Substation Grounding
214(4)
4.10 Ground Conductor Sizing Factors
218(3)
4.11 Mesh Voltage Design Calculations
221(2)
4.12 Step Voltage Design Calculations
223(1)
4.13 Types of Ground Faults
223(1)
4.13.1 Line-to-Line-to-Ground Fault
223(1)
4.13.2 Single-Line-to-Ground Fault
224(1)
4.14 Ground Potential Rise
224(9)
4.15 Transmission Line Grounds
233(2)
4.16 Types of Grounding
235(10)
References
238(1)
General References
239(6)
Chapter 5 Symmetrical Components and Sequence Impedances
245(48)
5.1 Introduction
245(1)
5.2 Symmetrical Components
245(2)
5.3 Operator a
247(1)
5.4 Resolution of Three-Phase Unbalanced System of Phasors into Its Symmetrical Components
248(4)
5.5 Power in Symmetrical Components
252(3)
5.6 Sequence Impedances of Transmission Lines
255(13)
5.6.1 Sequence Impedances of Untransposed Lines
255(2)
5.6.2 Sequence Impedances of Transposed Lines
257(3)
5.6.3 Electromagnetic Unbalances due to Untransposed Lines
260(7)
5.6.4 Sequence Impedances of Untransposed Line with Overhead Ground Wire
267(1)
5.7 Sequence Capacitances of Transmission Line
268(7)
5.7.1 Three-Phase Transmission Line without Overhead Ground Wire
268(3)
5.7.2 Three-Phase Transmission Line with Overhead Ground Wire
271(4)
5.8 Sequence Impedances of Synchronous Machines
275(5)
5.9 Zero-Sequence Networks
280(1)
5.10 Sequence Impedances of Transformers
281(12)
References
288(1)
General References
288(5)
Chapter 6 Analysis of Unbalanced Faults
293(80)
6.1 Introduction
293(1)
6.2 Shunt Faults
293(30)
6.2.1 SLG Fault
293(9)
6.2.2 Line-to-Line Fault
302(5)
6.2.3 DLG Fault
307(5)
6.2.4 Symmetrical Three-Phase Faults
312(5)
6.2.5 Unsymmetrical Three-Phase Faults
317(6)
6.3 Generalized Fault Diagrams for Shunt Faults
323(6)
6.4 Series Faults
329(3)
6.4.1 One Line Open
330(1)
6.4.2 Two Lines Open
330(2)
6.5 Determination of Sequence Network Equivalents for Series Faults
332(7)
6.5.1 Brief Review of Two-Port Theory
332(1)
6.5.2 Equivalent Zero-Sequence Networks
333(1)
6.5.3 Equivalent Positive- and Negative-Sequence Networks
334(5)
6.6 Generalized Fault Diagram for Series Faults
339(4)
6.7 System Grounding
343(6)
6.8 Elimination of SLG Fault Current by Using Peterson Coils
349(3)
6.9 Six-Phase Systems
352(21)
6.9.1 Application of Symmetrical Components
353(1)
6.9.2 Transformations
353(2)
6.9.3 Electromagnetic Unbalance Factors
355(2)
6.9.4 Transposition on the Six-Phase Lines
357(1)
6.9.5 Phase Arrangements
358(1)
6.9.6 Overhead Ground Wires
358(1)
6.9.7 Double-Circuit Transmission Lines
358(3)
References
361(1)
General References
361(12)
Chapter 7 System Protection
373(98)
7.1 Introduction
373(4)
7.2 Basic Definitions and Standard Device Numbers
377(3)
7.3 Factors Affecting Protective System Design
380(1)
7.4 Design Criteria for Protective Systems
380(2)
7.5 Primary and Backup Protection
382(3)
7.6 Relays
385(9)
7.7 Sequence Filters
394(2)
7.8 Instrument Transformers
396(7)
7.8.1 Current Transformers
397(3)
7.8.1.1 Method
1. The Formula Method
400(1)
7.8.1.2 Method
2. The Saturation Curve Method
401(1)
7.8.2 Voltage Transformers
402(1)
7.9 R-X Diagram
403(6)
7.10 Relays as Comparators
409(1)
7.11 Duality between Phase and Amplitude Comparators
409(1)
7.12 Complex Planes
410(2)
7.13 General Equation of Comparators
412(1)
7.14 Amplitude Comparator
413(1)
7.15 Phase Comparator
414(4)
7.16 General Equation of Relays
418(1)
7.17 Distance Relays
419(20)
7.17.1 Impedance Relay
422(5)
7.17.2 Reactance Relay
427(2)
7.17.3 Admittance (Mho) Relay
429(2)
7.17.4 Offset Mho (Modified Impedance) Relay
431(2)
7.17.5 Ohm Relay
433(6)
7.18 Overcurrent Relays
439(11)
7.19 Differential Protection
450(9)
7.20 Pilot Relaying
459(3)
7.21 Computer Applications in Protective Relaying
462(9)
7.21.1 Computer Applications in Relay Settings and Coordination
462(1)
7.21.2 Computer Relaying
462(2)
References
464(1)
General References
465(6)
Chapter 8 Power Flow Analysis
471(62)
8.1 Introduction
471(2)
8.2 Power Flow Problem
473(2)
8.3 Sign of Real and Reactive Powers
475(1)
8.4 Gauss Iterative Method
476(1)
8.5 Gauss-Seidel Iterative Method
477(1)
8.6 Application of Gauss-Seidel Method: Ybus
478(4)
8.7 Application of Acceleration Factors
482(1)
8.8 Special Features
482(6)
8.8.1 LTC Transformers
483(1)
8.8.2 Phase-Shifting Transformers
483(1)
8.8.3 Area Power Interchange Control
484(4)
8.9 Application of Gauss-Seidel Method: Zbus
488(1)
8.10 Newton-Raphson Method
489(4)
8.11 Application of Newton-Raphson Method
493(17)
8.11.1 Application of Newton-Raphson Method to Load Flow Equations in Rectangular Coordinates
493(11)
8.11.2 Application of Newton-Raphson Method to Load Flow Equations in Polar Coordinates
504(1)
8.11.2.1 Method
1. First Type of Formulation of Jacobian Matrix
505(4)
8.11.2.2 Method
2. Second Type of Formulation of Jacobian Matrix
509(1)
8.12 Decoupled Power Flow Method
510(1)
8.13 Fast Decoupled Power Flow Method
511(2)
8.14 The DC Power Flow Method
513(20)
References
525(2)
General References
527(6)
Appendix A Impedance Tables for Overhead Lines, Transformers, and Underground Cables 533(88)
Appendix B Standard Device Numbers Used in Protection Systems 621(2)
Appendix C Unit Conversions from English System to SI System 623(2)
Appendix D Unit Conversions from SI System to English System 625(2)
Appendix E Prefixes 627(2)
Appendix F Greek Alphabet Used for Symbols 629(2)
Appendix G Additional Solved Examples of Shunt Faults 631(24)
Appendix H Additional Solved Examples of Shunt Faults Using MATLAB 655(28)
Appendix I Glossary for Modern Power System Analysis Terminology 683(22)
Index 705
Turan Gönen is currently a professor of electrical engineering and director of the Electrical Power Educational Institute at California State University, Sacramento. He has taught electrical machines and electric power engineering for more than 39 years. Dr. Gönen also has a strong background in the power industry; for eight years he worked as a design engineer in numerous companies both in the United States and abroad. He has been a consultant for the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), Aramco, Black & Veatch Consultant Engineers, and the public utility industry. Dr. Gönen has written more than 100 technical papers as well as several books. He is a Life Fellow member of the IEEE and the Institute of Industrial Engineers.
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