| Contributors |
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xv | |
| Preface |
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xix | |
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1 Overview of the Visual System |
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1 | (6) |
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2 Overview of the Cornea: Structure, Function, and Development |
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7 | (18) |
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8 | (4) |
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12 | (4) |
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16 | (9) |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (5) |
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3 Stem Cells in the Cornea |
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25 | (18) |
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1 Corneal Epithelial Stem Cells |
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26 | (5) |
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2 Corneal Stromal Stem Cells |
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31 | (3) |
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3 Corneal Endothelium Stem/Progenitor Cells |
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34 | (9) |
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36 | (7) |
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4 Corneal Development: Different Cells from a Common Progenitor |
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43 | (18) |
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1 Embryonic Origin of the Corneal Tissues |
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44 | (2) |
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2 Development of the Corneal Epithelium |
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46 | (1) |
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3 Development of the Corneal Endothelium |
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47 | (1) |
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4 Development of the Corneal Stroma |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (2) |
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6 Corneal Avascularity During Development |
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51 | (2) |
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53 | (8) |
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53 | (1) |
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53 | (8) |
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5 Corneal Epithelial Wound Healing |
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61 | (12) |
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1 Three Stages of Corneal Epithelial Wound Healing |
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61 | (2) |
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2 Events Following Corneal Epithelial Wound |
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63 | (1) |
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3 Role of Basement Membrane to Epithelial Wound Healing |
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64 | (1) |
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4 Role of Integrins During Corneal Wound Healing |
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64 | (1) |
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5 Role of Growth Factors During Corneal Wound Healing |
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65 | (1) |
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6 Role of Cytokine Networks During Corneal Wound Healing |
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66 | (1) |
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7 The Mesenchymal--Epithelial Interactions During Wound Healing |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (5) |
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69 | (4) |
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6 Corneal Dystrophies: Overview and Summary |
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73 | (6) |
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73 | (6) |
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77 | (2) |
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7 Fuchs Corneal Dystrophy |
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79 | (20) |
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80 | (1) |
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2 Structural Changes in the FCD Cornea |
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80 | (3) |
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83 | (6) |
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4 Functional Mechanisms in FCD |
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89 | (10) |
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93 | (6) |
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8 Molecular Pathogenesis of Corneal Dystrophies: Schnyder Dystrophy and Granular Corneal Dystrophy type 2 |
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99 | (20) |
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99 | (13) |
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112 | (7) |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (7) |
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119 | (10) |
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119 | (1) |
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2 Structure and Cells of the Lens |
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120 | (2) |
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122 | (1) |
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122 | (7) |
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124 | (5) |
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10 Lens Development and Crystallin Gene Expression |
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129 | (40) |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (6) |
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137 | (12) |
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4 Conclusions and Future Directions |
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149 | (20) |
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153 | (1) |
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153 | (16) |
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11 Lens Biology and Biochemistry |
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169 | (34) |
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170 | (1) |
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2 Crystallins and Lens Biology |
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171 | (9) |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (2) |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (19) |
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189 | (14) |
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12 Molecular Genetics of Cataract |
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203 | (18) |
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203 | (2) |
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2 Genes Underlying Isolated or Primary Inherited Cataract |
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205 | (7) |
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3 Genes Associated with Age-Related Cataract |
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212 | (2) |
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214 | (7) |
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215 | (1) |
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215 | (6) |
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13 RPE and Choroid Mechanisms Underlying Ocular Growth and Myopia |
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221 | (20) |
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222 | (3) |
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2 The Role of the RPE in Eye Growth Regulation |
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225 | (7) |
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3 The Role of Choroid in Eye Growth Regulation |
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232 | (9) |
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235 | (6) |
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14 Scleral Mechanisms Underlying Ocular Growth and Myopia |
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241 | (8) |
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241 | (1) |
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2 Structural and Biomechanical Changes in Myopia |
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242 | (1) |
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3 Molecular Changes in Myopia |
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243 | (1) |
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4 Recent Advances in Molecular Studies |
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244 | (1) |
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5 Potential Therapeutic Approaches |
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245 | (4) |
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246 | (3) |
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15 Molecular and Biochemical Aspects of the Retina on Refraction |
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249 | (20) |
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250 | (1) |
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2 Retinal Input Essential for Ocular Growth |
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251 | (1) |
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3 Mouse--- A Novel Animal Model to Explore Retinal Mechanism of Refractive Development |
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252 | (1) |
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4 Retinal Neurotransmitters and Refractive Development |
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253 | (2) |
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5 Retinal Neurons/Pathways and Refractive Development in Mutant Mice |
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255 | (5) |
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260 | (9) |
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261 | (8) |
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16 Genetics of Refraction and Myopia |
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269 | (14) |
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1 Genetic Contribution to Refraction |
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269 | (1) |
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2 Molecular Genetics of Hyperopia |
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270 | (1) |
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3 Molecular Genetics of Myopia |
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271 | (3) |
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4 Human Variants in Genes for Experimental Myopia |
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274 | (1) |
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275 | (8) |
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275 | (8) |
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Section IV Ocular Immunity |
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17 Molecular Genetic Advances in Uveitis |
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283 | (18) |
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284 | (2) |
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2 Molecular Genetic Studies on the Genes Involved in the Innate Immune System and Their Relation to Uveitis |
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286 | (3) |
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3 Molecular Genetics Studies on the Genes Involved in the Adaptive Immune System and Uveitis |
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289 | (3) |
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4 The Role of CNVs in Uveitis |
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292 | (1) |
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293 | (8) |
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293 | (8) |
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Section V Aqueous Flow and Intraocular Pressure |
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18 Intraocular Pressure and the Mechanisms Involved in Resistance of the Aqueous Humor Flow in the Trabecular Meshwork Outflow Pathways |
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301 | (14) |
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1 Intraocular Pressure and Aqueous Humor Outflow |
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302 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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304 | (1) |
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305 | (2) |
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5 Contractile Mechanisms in the Trabecular Outflow Pathways |
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307 | (2) |
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6 Resistance of the Trabecular Outflow Pathways in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma |
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309 | (6) |
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311 | (4) |
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19 Glaucoma Genes and Mechanisms |
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315 | (28) |
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316 | (2) |
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2 Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response |
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318 | (4) |
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3 Extracellular Matrix, Cell Junctions, and Cell Adhesion |
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322 | (2) |
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324 | (2) |
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5 Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Signaling |
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326 | (1) |
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6 Regulation of Autophagy |
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326 | (1) |
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327 | (1) |
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8 Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthetase Signaling and Caveolae |
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327 | (1) |
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9 Fructose and Mannose Metabolism |
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328 | (1) |
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10 Regulation of Cell Division |
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328 | (2) |
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11 Regulation of Ocular Development |
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330 | (2) |
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12 Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure |
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332 | (1) |
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333 | (10) |
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333 | (10) |
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20 Neuroinflammation in Glaucoma and Optic Nerve Damage |
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343 | (22) |
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344 | (1) |
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2 Immune Privilege and Neuroglia |
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345 | (4) |
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3 Glaucomatous Neurodegeneration Is Compartmentalized |
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349 | (1) |
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4 Immune Response in the Optic Nerve and ONH |
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350 | (4) |
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5 Neuroinflammation in the Retina |
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354 | (3) |
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357 | (8) |
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357 | (8) |
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21 What Animal Models Can Tell Us About Glaucoma |
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365 | (18) |
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365 | (1) |
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2 Animals in Glaucoma Research |
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366 | (1) |
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367 | (3) |
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4 Models Induced by Genetic Manipulation |
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370 | (1) |
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5 Mechanisms Underlying RGC Death in Glaucoma |
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371 | (1) |
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6 Innate Immune Network in Glaucoma |
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372 | (11) |
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375 | (1) |
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376 | (7) |
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22 Introduction to the Retina |
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383 | (14) |
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383 | (1) |
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384 | (2) |
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3 The Structure of the Retina in Cross-Section |
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386 | (1) |
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4 The Blood Supply of the Retina |
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387 | (1) |
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5 En Face Imaging and Patterns in the Retina |
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387 | (3) |
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6 The Visual Transduction Cascade |
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390 | (1) |
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7 Outer Segment Disk Genesis and Shedding |
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391 | (2) |
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393 | (1) |
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9 Nobel Prizes Based on Understanding the Retina |
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394 | (3) |
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395 | (1) |
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396 | (1) |
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23 Development of the Vertebrate Eye and Retina |
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397 | (18) |
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397 | (3) |
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2 Overview of Eye Morphogenesis |
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400 | (1) |
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3 Principles of Retinal Neurogenesis |
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400 | (2) |
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4 Retinal Neuronal Diversity: Regulation by Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors |
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402 | (4) |
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5 Persistent Retinal Neurogenesis and Regeneration |
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406 | (2) |
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408 | (7) |
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408 | (1) |
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408 | (7) |
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24 Insights into the Molecular Properties of ABCA4 and Its Role in the Visual Cycle and Stargardt Disease |
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415 | (18) |
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416 | (1) |
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417 | (1) |
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417 | (2) |
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419 | (4) |
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5 Role of ABCA4 in the Visual Cycle |
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423 | (3) |
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6 Loss of ABCA4 Function and Stargardt Disease |
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426 | (1) |
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427 | (6) |
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427 | (1) |
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427 | (6) |
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25 A History of the Classical Visual Cycle |
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433 | (16) |
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434 | (1) |
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2 History of Visual Cycle Research |
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434 | (3) |
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3 RPE65: Structure, Function, and Biochemical Mechanism |
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437 | (5) |
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4 RPE65 and Its Known Disease Associations |
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442 | (2) |
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444 | (5) |
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444 | (5) |
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449 | (16) |
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450 | (1) |
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451 | (1) |
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3 A2E and Other Bis-Retinoids |
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452 | (2) |
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4 Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption--Ionization Tissue-Imaging Mass Spectrometry |
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454 | (3) |
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5 A2E and Lipofuscin in Mice |
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457 | (1) |
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6 A2E and Lipofuscin in Humans |
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457 | (3) |
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460 | (5) |
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460 | (1) |
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461 | (4) |
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27 Cone Health and Retinoids |
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465 | (12) |
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466 | (1) |
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2 Cone Pigments and Opsins |
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467 | (1) |
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3 Two Visual Cycles for Cones |
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468 | (1) |
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4 Leber Congenital Amaurosis |
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469 | (1) |
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469 | (2) |
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6 Role of Retinoids in Maintaining Healthy Cones |
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471 | (6) |
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473 | (1) |
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473 | (4) |
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28 Retinoid Processing in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cultures |
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477 | (14) |
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478 | (1) |
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2 Stem Cell Definitions and Types |
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478 | (1) |
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3 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells |
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479 | (1) |
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4 Retinal Pigment Epithelium, the Visual Cycle, and Age-Related Macular Degeneration |
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480 | (3) |
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5 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Retinal Pigment Epithelium |
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483 | (2) |
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6 Retinoid Processing in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Retinal Pigment Epithelium |
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485 | (1) |
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486 | (5) |
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487 | (1) |
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487 | (4) |
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29 Potential Role of Exercise in Retinal Health |
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491 | (12) |
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1 Exercise Is Neuroprotective in Humans and Animals |
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492 | (1) |
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2 Exercise May Be Beneficial to Retina and Vision |
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492 | (1) |
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3 Exercise Protects Retina and Vision in Animal Models of Retinal Disease |
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493 | (1) |
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4 Mechanisms That May Mediate Effects of Exercise on Retina and Vision |
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493 | (1) |
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5 BDNF Mediates Effects of Exercise in Human and Animal Models |
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494 | (1) |
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6 The Possible Role of BDNF in Exercise and Retinal Neuroprotection |
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495 | (1) |
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7 From Muscle to Retina: Systemic and Local Pathways? |
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496 | (7) |
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497 | (1) |
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498 | (5) |
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30 The Biology of Retinoblastoma |
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503 | (14) |
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503 | (1) |
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2 Genetics and Molecular Biology of Retinoblastoma |
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504 | (5) |
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3 Clinical Features of Retinoblastoma |
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509 | (1) |
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4 Pathology of Retinoblastoma |
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510 | (2) |
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5 Management of Retinoblastoma |
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512 | (5) |
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514 | (3) |
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31 The 11-cis Retinal Origins of Lipofuscin in the Retina (online chapter) |
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517 | (2) |
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| Index |
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519 | |
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta