Contributors |
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xi | |
Preface |
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xiii | |
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Chapter 1 Food Industry Current Status |
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1 | (18) |
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1 | (2) |
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Molecular Methods Currently Used |
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3 | (5) |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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Restriction Enzyme-Based Methods |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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Laboratory Automation in Molecular Methods |
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8 | (1) |
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8 | (2) |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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Live Versus Dead/Infectious Versus Noninfectious |
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9 | (1) |
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Interpretation of Results (PCR+/Culture-) |
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10 | (1) |
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Acceptance of Use by the Food Industry |
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10 | (5) |
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Compliance with Current Legal Requirements |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (2) |
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Chapter 2 Future Directions for Molecular Microbial Diagnostic Methods for the Food Industry |
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19 | (20) |
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19 | (1) |
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Evolution of Food Microbiology Diagnostics: From Petri Dishes to PCR |
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20 | (2) |
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Why Introduce an Alternative Molecular Diagnostic Method? |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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Absence of Reference or Adequate Methods |
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23 | (1) |
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Characteristics of an Ideal Food Molecular Method |
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23 | (5) |
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Past and Current Challenges |
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28 | (3) |
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28 | (1) |
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Assessment of the Results and Use of Controls |
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29 | (1) |
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Preamplification Treatment of the Food Samples |
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30 | (1) |
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Capacity for Quantification |
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30 | (1) |
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Determination of Viable Forms of Bacterial Pathogens or Infectious Viral Particles |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (3) |
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Simultaneous Detection of Several Foodborne Pathogens |
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31 | (1) |
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Harmonization in the Design and Development of a Novel Methodology, and Standardization |
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32 | (2) |
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34 | (1) |
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34 | (5) |
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Chapter 3 Current Status of Molecular Microbiological Techniques for the Analysis of Drinking Water |
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39 | (20) |
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Introduction and Overview |
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39 | (2) |
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The Current State of Play |
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41 | (1) |
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The Influence of Standard and Reference Methods |
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42 | (1) |
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Molecular Techniques for Testing Potable Water Quality |
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42 | (12) |
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Nucleic Acid Amplification Based Methods |
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42 | (7) |
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49 | (3) |
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Other Molecular Techniques |
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52 | (2) |
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Application of Molecular Techniques to Wastewater |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (4) |
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Chapter 4 What is Now Required for Water? |
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59 | (20) |
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Introduction and Overview |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (4) |
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Pathogens in Drinking Water |
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64 | (5) |
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64 | (2) |
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Bacterial Enteric Pathogens |
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66 | (1) |
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Bacterial Respiratory Pathogens |
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66 | (3) |
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69 | (1) |
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Total Heterotrophic Bacteria |
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69 | (1) |
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Feasibility of the Use of Routine Rapid Water Molecular Methods |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (6) |
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Chapter 5 CEN/ISO Standards for Both Culture and Molecular Methods |
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79 | (28) |
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79 | (1) |
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Standards, Standardization Bodies, and Structures in the Microbiology of the Food Chain |
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80 | (7) |
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Definition of the Term "Standard" |
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80 | (2) |
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Standardization Bodies at International and European Levels |
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82 | (1) |
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Standardization Structures in Microbiology of the Food Chain |
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83 | (4) |
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Standards Developed in the Microbiology of the Food Chain |
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87 | (10) |
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Standard Reference Methods |
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87 | (10) |
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Status of Novel Technologies |
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97 | (7) |
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97 | (1) |
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Molecular Biology Techniques |
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98 | (6) |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (2) |
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Chapter 6 Laboratory Validation, Verification, and Accreditation of Molecular Methods |
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107 | (28) |
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107 | (1) |
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Foundations of an Accredited Laboratory |
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108 | (5) |
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Expertise: Staff Qualifications and Experience |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (2) |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (6) |
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114 | (2) |
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116 | (3) |
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Cornerstones of Accreditation |
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119 | (10) |
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119 | (2) |
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121 | (6) |
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Reference Standards/Reference Material |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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Maintaining Accreditation |
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129 | (2) |
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129 | (1) |
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Re-verification of the Method |
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130 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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Following Documented Procedures |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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Performance Characteristics |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (2) |
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Chapter 7 DNA Extraction: Finding the Most Suitable Method |
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135 | (20) |
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136 | (3) |
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139 | (2) |
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141 | (3) |
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144 | (3) |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (3) |
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151 | (4) |
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Chapter 8 Assessing Organism Viability and Interpreting Genomic Unit Versus Colony Forming Unit Data for Water and Food Borne Microorganisms, such as Legionella, Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Listeria |
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155 | (30) |
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155 | (2) |
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Polymerase Chain Reaction |
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157 | (2) |
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Assessing Microbial Viability |
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159 | (5) |
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159 | (2) |
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Viable but Nonculturable Cells (VBNC) |
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161 | (2) |
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The Importance of Detecting VBNC in Food and Water Samples |
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163 | (1) |
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Overcoming the Viability Hurdle |
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164 | (6) |
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164 | (1) |
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Photoactivatable Chemical Compounds |
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165 | (2) |
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167 | (2) |
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Immuno-Capture PCR Techniques |
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169 | (1) |
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Reverse-Transcription PCR Methods |
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169 | (1) |
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When to Use Viability Discrimination |
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170 | (1) |
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Standardization and Quality Assurance |
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171 | (3) |
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Method Validation/Verification and Interpretation of Results |
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171 | (3) |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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175 | (10) |
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Chapter 9 MALDI-TOF MS: A Rapid Microbiological Confirmation Technique for Food and Water Analysis |
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185 | (36) |
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Introduction and Overview |
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185 | (8) |
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History and Basis of MALDI-TOF MS and Microbiology |
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185 | (3) |
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MALDI-TOF MS for Quick and Reliable Food and Water Analysis |
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188 | (1) |
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MALDI-TOF MS and Food Quality Control |
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189 | (2) |
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Utilization in Breweries and the Beverage Industry |
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191 | (1) |
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Utilization for Monitoring Water in Buildings |
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191 | (1) |
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Utilization for Monitoring Other Waters |
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192 | (1) |
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Current Confirmation Methods and Advantages of MALDI-TOF MS |
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193 | (3) |
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Overview of Current Confirmation Methods |
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193 | (3) |
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196 | (1) |
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MALDI-TOF MS Listeria Speciation Validation |
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196 | (19) |
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196 | (1) |
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Validation Project Outline |
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197 | (4) |
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201 | (3) |
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204 | (8) |
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212 | (1) |
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Discussion on the Mismatches |
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213 | (1) |
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Conclusions and Future Prospects |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (6) |
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Chapter 10 Chapter Highlights, Future Requirements, and Conclusions |
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221 | (22) |
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221 | (10) |
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Chapter 1 Food Industry Current Status |
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221 | (1) |
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Chapter 2 Future Directions for Molecular Microbial Diagnostic Methods for the Food Industry |
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222 | (1) |
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Chapter 3 Current Status of Molecular Microbiological Techniques for the Analysis of Drinking Water |
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223 | (1) |
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Chapter 4 What is now Required for Water? |
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224 | (2) |
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Chapter 5 CEN/ISO Standards for Both Culture and Molecular Methods |
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226 | (1) |
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Chapter 6 Laboratory Validation, Verification, and Accreditation of Molecular Methods |
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227 | (1) |
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Chapter 7 DNA Extraction: Finding the Most Suitable Method |
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228 | (1) |
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Chapter 8 Assessing Organism Viability and Interpreting Genomic Unit Versus Colony Forming Unit Data for Water and Food Borne Microorganisms such as Legionella, Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Listeria |
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229 | (1) |
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Chapter 9 MALDI-TOF MS: A Rapid Microbiological Confirmation Technique for Food and Water Analysis |
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229 | (2) |
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Future Requirements and Conclusions |
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231 | (10) |
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Fit for Purpose Analysis Improvements |
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231 | (2) |
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ISO/IEC 17025 Accreditation Improvements |
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233 | (1) |
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Sampling Protocol Improvements |
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234 | (1) |
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Sample Preservation, Preparation, and Bacterial Resuscitation Improvements |
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235 | (1) |
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Method Validation Protocol Improvements |
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235 | (2) |
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Proficiency Testing Improvements |
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237 | (2) |
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Microbial Reference Materials Improvements |
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239 | (1) |
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239 | (2) |
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241 | (2) |
Index |
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243 | |