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E-raamat: Money: Understandings and Misunderstandings

  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 05-Oct-2020
  • Kirjastus: Springer Nature Switzerland AG
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783030503789
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  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 05-Oct-2020
  • Kirjastus: Springer Nature Switzerland AG
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783030503789

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This book clarifies some misunderstandings about money by tying the concept of money to the goods and services sector of the economy. In addition, it demystifies the process of money creation on the part of central banks.

The phenomenon of money is ubiquitous; it has been around for tens of thousands of years, if not longer. Indeed, no modern economy could function without money. For many, however, the concept of money remains elusive. Worse still, misinformation abounds, which leaves the uninitiated vulnerable to fraud. This lack of understanding has serious policy implications as well. When policymakers lack a firm grasp of the concept, policy is likely to be flawed and its effects are likely to be detrimental to the body politic.

After providing a brief history of money, the author details the role of money in the division of labor and specialization, in economic growth, and in an interconnected world. Throughout the book, he points out the pitfalls of fallacious thinking. In recent policy debates, such thinking has led to proposals ranging from the re-institution of the gold standard to supplying limitless money as suggested by Modern Monetary Theory.  

1 Why Another Book About Money?
1(26)
1.1 From Bands of Hunter-Gatherers to Farmers
2(2)
1.2 The Need to Invent a Numeraire: The Functional Limits of Barter Exchange
4(3)
1.3 Overcoming Brain Limitations
7(2)
1.4 Misunderstandings Run Deep
9(4)
1.5 Our Reptilian Brains
13(5)
1.6 The Desire to Hold onto Something Solid
18(3)
1.7 What to Expect in
Chapters to Come
21(4)
Works Cited
25(2)
2 Imagine a World Without Money
27(14)
2.1 A Scene from Downtown Modelville
27(3)
2.2 Barter, Again
30(5)
2.3 Enter Money!
35(6)
3 A Brief History of Money
41(28)
3.1 Categories of Money
41(2)
3.2 About 11,000 Tears Ago
43(10)
3.3 Modelville in the 1500s
53(5)
3.4 Paper Currency in the United States
58(3)
3.5 The Creation of the Federal Reserve System
61(7)
Works Cited
68(1)
4 Saving, Lending, Borrowing, and the Banking Sector
69(28)
4.1 Saving, Borrowing, and Lending
69(3)
4.2 The Creation of Money
72(8)
4.2.1 Fractional Banking and Money Creation
73(5)
4.2.2 What Could Go Wrong?
78(2)
4.3 Borrowing Short and Lending Long
80(2)
4.3.1 Illiquidity Versus Insolvency
80(2)
4.4 Perils of 100 Percent Reserve Banking
82(4)
4.5 Optimal Quantity of Money
86(10)
4.5.1 Prices Serve as Signals
88(1)
4.5.2 Overall Price Level, Inflation, Deflation, and Disinflation
89(6)
4.5.3 Who Decides and How
95(1)
Works Cited
96(1)
5 Central Banks, Monetary Policy, and the Economy
97(46)
5.1 A Brief History of the Federal Reserve System
97(14)
5.1.1 The First Bank of the United States
99(5)
5.1.2 The Second Bank of the United States
104(4)
5.1.3 The Independent Treasury Bill
108(1)
5.1.4 National Monetary Commission and the National Reserve Association
109(2)
5.2 The Federal Reserve System
111(6)
5.2.1 Structure of the Federal Reserve System
112(5)
5.3 Monetary Policy
117(19)
5.3.1 Tools of Monetary Policy
121(10)
5.3.2 The Interaction of Money Supply and Money Demand
131(5)
5.4 The Impact of Changes in Money Supply on the Economy
136(1)
5.5 The Yield Curve
137(4)
5.5.7 The Expectations Theory
138(2)
5.5.2 The Segmented Markets Theory
140(1)
5.5.3 The Liquidity Premium Theory
140(1)
Works Cited
141(2)
6 The Financial Crisis of 2007-2009 and the Great Recession
143(58)
6.1 Monetary Policy and the Economy
143(8)
6.1.1 A Business Cycle
144(7)
6.2 The Financial Crisis of 2007-2009 and the Ensuing Great Recession
151(18)
6.2.1 A Timeline of the 2007-2009 Financial Crisis
152(3)
6.2.2 Subprime Lending
155(1)
6.2.3 Housing Boom and Bust
156(8)
6.2.4 Findings of the Studies by the Congress and the Senate
164(5)
6.3 The Response of the Federal Reserve System
169(19)
6.3.1 The Zero-Lower-Bound
171(6)
6.3.2 The Yield Curve Again
177(2)
6.3.3 Quantitative Easing (QE)
179(9)
6.4 Did the Unconventional Monetary Policy Work?
188(3)
6.5 Modern Monetary Theory
191(3)
6.5.1 Functional Finance Doctrine
192(2)
6.6 Back to the Modern Monetary Theory
194(4)
Works Cited
198(3)
7 Economic Growth and the Role of Money
201(40)
7.1 What Is Economic Growth?
201(21)
7.1.1 What Is Gross Domestic Product?
203(9)
7.1.2 Nominal Versus Real GDP
212(5)
7.1.3 GDP Deflator and Consumer Price Index: Measures of Aggregate Price Level
217(4)
7.1.4 Some Concerns About GDP Calculations
221(1)
7.2 Factors Affecting Economic Growth
222(15)
7.2.1 Technology
227(3)
7.2.2 Specialization and Trade
230(4)
7.2.3 Human Capital
234(1)
7.2.4 The Role of Institutions
235(2)
7.3 What Does Money Have to Do with All This?
237(1)
Works Cited
238(3)
8 Money in an Interconnected World
241(28)
8.1 An Interconnected World
241(4)
8.2 Money and International Trade
245(2)
8.3 The Determinants of Trade Patterns
247(3)
8.4 What Are Exchange Rates and Why Do We Need Them?
250(10)
8.4.1 Spots, Forwards, Swaps, Futures, and Options
254(2)
8.4.2 Foreign Currency as a Store of Value
256(2)
8.4.3 The Exchange Rate Equilibrium
258(2)
8.5 The Effects of the Foreign Central Bank Action on the Domestic Economy
260(3)
8.5.1 Changes in Money Supply, Interest Rates, and Exchange Rates
261(1)
8.5.2 Changes in Money Supply, Price Level, and Exchange Rates
262(1)
8.6 Common Currency Areas
263(3)
Works Cited
266(3)
9 Some Concluding Thoughts
269(6)
9.1 A Longing for Gold
269(3)
9.2 A Longing for the Tangible
272(2)
Works Cited
274(1)
Index 275
Mohammad Ashraf is Professor of Economics at the University of North Carolina at Pembroke, USA, where he has taught economics and statistics courses since 1999. His research interests include macroeconomics and monetary economics, economic growth and development, and gender discrimination in the labor market. He is the author of Formal and Informal Social Safety Nets: Growth and Development in the Modern Economy (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014) and numerous research articles that have appeared in scholarly journals including Contemporary Economics Policy, Annals of Economics and Finance, Applied Economic Letters, Journal of Economics (MVEA), Journal of Economic Insight, and Journal of Education for Business.