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E-raamat: Mouse Behavioral Testing: How to Use Mice in Behavioral Neuroscience

(Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Canada)
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 25-Nov-2010
  • Kirjastus: Academic Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780123756756
  • Formaat - PDF+DRM
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  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 25-Nov-2010
  • Kirjastus: Academic Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780123756756

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This book presents the essentials of behavioral test methodology needed for effective study planning and high quality behavioral data collection on laboratory mice. The broad scope of behavioral testing in relation to the neurosciences is discussed, as are the fine details of various test situations. Mistakes made in past research are scrutinized and lessons are drawn about how to avoid them in future work. Diverse factors that can influence the results of behavioral experiments are discussed, ranging from the specific parameters employed in a test to the laboratory environment outside the test situation itself. Throughout the book, emphasis is placed on special issues that arise when testing genetically different mice, including inbred strains and mice with targeted mutations. This knowledge will assist an investigator who lacks formal training in behavioral psychology to build a behavioral testing lab and insure that its output meets current standards of good practice in behavioral neuroscience research.

The book will be a convenient manual of procedures for daily use in studies of mouse behavior. It will be of interest even to experienced behavioural researchers, but of particular value to scientists just beginning work with mice, including undergraduate and graduate students as well as postdoctoral investigators who want to collect phenotypic data with knockout and other genetically defined mice. Constructed from materials used in a long running course on Advanced Animal Behavior at University of North Carolina-Greensboro, the book is an ideal text for a course on behavioral testing.

* A guide to running a behavioral testing lab, including the many aspects of mouse research beyond the confines of the specific test.

* Diagrams and photographs are shown for many kinds of apparatus and test situations with sufficient details such as dimensions to enable building of replicas

* Provides step-by-step instructions on planning and executing behavioral experiments in order to run them successfully

* A companion website will provide: access to statistical utilities in Excel and test protocols; examples of real documents used for published studies; video clips of the mice behaviors resulting from various tests



This book presents the essentials of behavioral test methodology needed for effective study planning and high quality behavioral data collection on laboratory mice. The broad scope of behavioral testing in relation to the neurosciences is discussed, as are the fine details of various test situations. Mistakes made in past research are scrutinized and lessons are drawn about how to avoid them in future work. Diverse factors that can influence the results of behavioral experiments are discussed, ranging from the specific parameters employed in a test to the laboratory environment outside the test situation itself. Throughout the book, emphasis is placed on special issues that arise when testing genetically different mice, including inbred strains and mice with targeted mutations. This knowledge will assist an investigator who lacks formal training in behavioral psychology to build a behavioral testing lab and insure that its output meets current standards of good practice in behavioral neuroscience research.

The book will be a convenient manual of procedures for daily use in studies of mouse behavior. It will be of interest even to experienced behavioural researchers, but of particular value to scientists just beginning work with mice, including undergraduate and graduate students as well as postdoctoral investigators who want to collect phenotypic data with knockout and other genetically defined mice. Constructed from materials used in a long running course on Advanced Animal Behavior at University of North Carolina-Greensboro, the book is an ideal text for a course on behavioral testing.

  • A guide to running a behavioral testing lab, including the many aspects of mouse research beyond the confines of the specific test
  • Diagrams and photographs are shown for many kinds of apparatus and test situations with sufficient details such as dimensions to enable building of replicas
  • Provides step-by-step instructions on planning and executing behavioral experiments in order to run them successfully
  • A companion website will provide access to statistical utilities in Excel and test protocols, examples of real documents used for published studies, and video clips of the mice behaviors resulting from various tests

Muu info

Authoritative step-by-step guide to methods of mouse behavioral testing
Preface xi
Acknowledgements xv
Chapter 1 Introduction to the Research Process
1(14)
The Research Process: Scientific Aspects
1(6)
Adapting the approach to the stage of an investigation
2(2)
Mice, mice, and more mice
4(1)
Measuring instruments: Tests
4(1)
The formal research design
4(1)
Sample size
4(1)
Ethics approval
5(1)
Logistics
5(1)
Obtaining subjects
5(1)
The test day
6(1)
Prelude to data analysis
6(1)
Data Analysis
7(1)
Publishing results
7(1)
The Institutional Context of Research
7(8)
People
8(1)
Facilities
9(2)
Policies
11(4)
Chapter 2 Mice
15(24)
Mice Versus Rats
15(3)
Models of Human Functions
18(1)
Origins of Standard Mouse Strains
19(1)
Kinds of Breeding Schemes
20(4)
Outbred animals
21(1)
Closed colony
21(1)
Inbred strains
22(1)
F1 hybrids
22(1)
Selectively bred lines
22(2)
The Process of Close Inbreeding
24(3)
Inbred Strains for Research
27(2)
Special Genotypes Derived from Inbred strains
29(5)
Coisogenic strains
29(1)
Congenic strains
30(2)
Consomic strains
32(1)
Conplastic strains
32(1)
Recombinant inbred strains
33(1)
Designer Mice: Transgenic Methods and Targeted Mutations
34(5)
Chapter 3 Tests of Mouse Behavior
39(14)
Popularity of Tests
39(2)
Commercial Devices
41(2)
Exploration
43(1)
Open field
44(1)
Nose poke hole board
44(1)
Symmetrical Y maze
44(1)
Home cage activity
44(1)
Anxiety
44(2)
Light-dark box
45(1)
Elevated plus maze
45(1)
Elevated zero and square mazes
46(1)
Vogel conflict test
46(1)
Geller conflict test
46(1)
Motor Function
46(1)
Ataxia observation
46(1)
Grip strenght
46(1)
Balance beam
47(1)
Grid test
47(1)
Rotarod
47(1)
Running wheel
47(1)
Treadmill
47(1)
Learning
47(4)
Operant learning
47(2)
Mazes
49(1)
Spatial memory
49(1)
Electric shock
50(1)
Other Tests
51(2)
Chapter 4 Designs
53(22)
One Group
55(2)
Two Groups
57(1)
Matched Pairs
58(1)
Repeated Measures
58(1)
Single-Factor Study With More Than Two Groups (One-Way Design)
59(2)
Two-Factor Studies
61(2)
Multi-Factor Studies
63(1)
Specialized Designs
64(5)
Reciprocal hybrid crosses
64(2)
Manipulations of the maternal environment
66(1)
Transgenerational influences
67(1)
Selective breeding with control for envionmental influences
67(2)
Complications
69(2)
Fixed and random effects
69(1)
Nested factors
69(1)
Litter as unit
70(1)
Consulting experts
71(1)
Utilities
71(4)
One-and two-factor studies
71(1)
Three-and higher factor studies
72(1)
Breeding list
73(2)
Chapter 5 Sample Size
75(32)
Utilities to do the Calculations
76(1)
Population and Sample
76(10)
Two kinds of populations
77(1)
Specifying an entire population
77(2)
Random choice of a sample
79(4)
Comparing two groups
83(1)
Comparing several groups
84(2)
Size of an Effect
86(4)
What is an effect?
86(1)
Index of effect size
86(1)
Effect size for a study with two groups
87(1)
Effect size for more than two groups
88(1)
Finding effect size from published data
89(1)
Significance of an Effect
90(4)
False positives happen
93(1)
The More tests, the higher the risk of a false positive
94(1)
Power of a Test
94(1)
Finding the Correct Sample Size
95(12)
Two independent groups
95(1)
2 × 2 design, 4 groups
95(2)
J groups, omnibus test
97(1)
J groups, linear contrast
97(3)
Two-way factorial design
100(1)
Designs with more than two factors
101(6)
Chapter 6 Ethics Approval
107(14)
Good Ethics and Good Science
107(2)
The Era Before Regulation
109(1)
The Era of Regulated Research With Animals
109(1)
Ethical Status of Mice and Rats
110(2)
The Fundamental Ethical Principle of Animal Research
112(1)
The 3Rs
113(2)
Replacement
113(1)
Reduction
114(1)
Refinement
114(1)
Case Studies
115(2)
Death as an end point
115(1)
Food deprivation
116(1)
Categories of Invasiveness and Severity
117(1)
Categories for Behavioral Tests Used with Mice
118(1)
The Future
119(2)
Chapter 7 Logistics
121(12)
The Total Experiment
121(2)
One-factor design
122(1)
Two-, three- and four-factor designs
122(1)
The Principle of Balancing and randomization
123(1)
The Total Sample Divided into Smaller Units
123(2)
Throughput
125(1)
Partitioning the Work Day
126(1)
The Balancing Act
127(1)
Enumeration
127(1)
Latin square
127(1)
Randomization to the Rescue
128(1)
Shipments, Cages, Tail Marks, and Id Numbers
129(1)
Cages in the Colony Room
130(1)
The Data Sheet
130(1)
Final Consultation
130(1)
Other Examples
130(1)
More Intricate Designs
131(2)
Chapter 8 Getting Ready for Testing
133(10)
Ordering Mice
133(1)
Shipping
134(2)
Unpacking
136(1)
Marking for Individual Identification
136(1)
Housing
137(1)
Group versus individual housing
137(1)
Cage enrichment
138(1)
Light-dark cycle
138(1)
Going to School: Test Day
138(5)
Chapter 9 Prelude to Data Analysis
143(14)
Know Your Object
144(1)
Contents of One Row of Data
144(1)
The Id Code
144(1)
Order of Variables Across a Row
144(1)
Naming Variables
145(1)
The Value of Using the Right Values
145(1)
The Plague Called Missing Data
146(1)
Importing the Spreadsheet into the Statistical Program
147(1)
Checking for Errors in the Data
148(1)
The Crucial Distinction Between Errors and Exceptions
149(2)
Looking at Results
151(4)
Statistical Data Analysis as a Final Step in the Process
155(2)
Chapter 10 Domains and Test Batteries
157(20)
Types of Observations
157(2)
Whole behavior versus criterion response
157(1)
Free expression versus highly constrained actions
158(1)
Microscopic analysis versus the whole picture
158(1)
Short duration versus full day observation
158(1)
The Ethological Method
159(4)
Domains and Subdomains
163(2)
Complexity of Domains
165(2)
Test Batteries
167(10)
Every test changes the mouse
167(1)
Advantages of using different mice for different tests
168(1)
Efficiency and economy of numbers comes at a price
168(1)
Current wisdom about test batteries
168(3)
Testing effects of batteries
171(2)
Effect size and importance of test order effects
173(1)
One solution: Standard test orders
173(1)
How stressful are tests?
174(3)
Chapter 11 Motivating Mice
177(26)
Hunger and Food Deprivation
178(10)
Appetite without deprivation
178(1)
Intellicage
179(1)
Methods of food deprivation
180(3)
A refined method for daily deprivation
183(2)
Degree of hunger and eating
185(2)
Revised eating test
187(1)
Electric Shock
188(6)
Basic features of a shock source
189(2)
Variables that influence intensity
191(1)
Determining the correct level of shock
192(1)
Threshold of sensation
192(1)
Threshold of overt reaction
192(1)
Kinds of responses and task requirements
193(1)
Water Escape
194(2)
Depth
194(1)
Temperature
194(1)
Number of trials
195(1)
Opacity
195(1)
Cleanliness
196(1)
Air Puff Aversion
196(3)
Parameters of air puffs
196(2)
Determining optimal air flow rate
198(1)
Avoidance of air puffs
199(1)
Motivation and Learning
199(4)
Chapter 12 Qualities of Behavioral Tests
203(12)
Resolution, Accuracy, and Precision
203(3)
Consistency
206(2)
Reliability
208(2)
Replicability
210(1)
Validity
211(4)
Chapter 13 Task Refinement and Standardization
215(20)
Flawed Tests and Missteps in the Research process
215(4)
The "lab cat"
216(1)
Mouse shuttle avoidance
217(1)
Bar press avoidance
218(1)
Task Complexity
219(9)
The relatively simple open field
219(3)
The submerged platform water escape task
222(2)
Do task parameters matter?
224(1)
Probe trial performance
225(1)
Escape latencies and rate of learning
225(3)
Task Refinement
228(4)
The accelerating rotarod
228(2)
The Submerged platform water escape task
230(1)
Prospects for refining other tests
230(2)
Test Standardiztion
232(1)
Standardizing Lab Environment
233(2)
Chapter 14 Video Tracking
235(14)
Basic Features
236(3)
Camera and lens
236(1)
Spectral sensitivity and filters
237(1)
Focus of the lens
238(1)
Hardware Modifications for Video Tracking
239(2)
Solid floors for uniform fields of view
239(1)
Paint in the water tank
239(1)
Eliminating shadows and blind spots
239(1)
The experimenter's hand
240(1)
Doubts about the Accuracy of Video Tracking
241(1)
Tracking in Edmonton and Portland
241(1)
VideoScan versus Any-maze
242(1)
Accuracy and Precision from a Mechanical Device
242(2)
The Solution: Ir Backlighting
244(1)
The True Path Leght
245(4)
Chapter 15 The Laboratory Environment
249(16)
Two Sources of Environmental Variance in Test Scores
249(1)
Environmental Effects on Test Scores: Early Studies
250(3)
Interactions with Lab Environment: Recent Studies
253(5)
Complexity of the Lab Environment
258(1)
Standardizing the Lab Environment
258(2)
Heterogenization of the Lab Environment
260(1)
Strategies for Standardizing the Lab Environment
261(4)
Appendix 265(4)
Reference List 269(16)
Index 285
Dr. Wahlsten received his Ph.D. degree in psychology from the University of California Irvine and completed his postdoctoral work in behavior genetics at the Institute for Behavioral Genetics at the University of Colorado. He then established research laboratories at the University of Waterloo, the University of Alberta, and the University of North Carolina. The laboratory work involved genetic and developmental analysis of mouse brain defects and methods of behavioral testing. He also acquired expertise in statistical data analysis and theoretical issues central to the field. He was a co-founder of the very successful journal Genes, Brain and Behavior, and was given the Distinguished Scientist award by the International Behavioral and Neural Genetics Society. Throughout his career, he has taught behavioral and neural genetics to undergraduate and graduate students.