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  • Formaat: 468 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 12-Jul-2017
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781351832366

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"Preface Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is a well known remote sensing technique, but conventional single-antenna SAR is inherently limited by the minimum antenna area contraint. This book deals with multi-antenna SAR in microwave remote sensing applications, such as high-resolution imaging, wide-swath remote sensing and ground moving target indication (GMTI). Particular attention is paid to the signal processing aspects of various multi-antenna SAR from a top-level system description. Multi-antenna SAR allows for simultaneous transmission and reception by multiple antennas, compared to conventional SARs with only a single antenna. This provides a potential to gather additional information and to benefit from this information to overcome the restrictionsof conventional single-antenna SARs. Multiple antennas can be placed either in a monostatic platform or distributed platforms. The simplest multi-antenna SAR is bistatic SAR which can be extended to multistatic SAR by having more than two transmitter or receiver. Many different terms for multistatic SAR are used in literature. These include multistatic SAR, multi-antenna SAR, netted SAR, multisite SAR and distributed SAR. In this book, we use the term multi-antenna SAR as a "catch-all" to embrace all possible forms. This book is a research monograph. Its backbone is a series of innovative microwave remote sensing approaches that we have developed in recent years. These approaches address different specific problems of future microwave remote sensing, yetthe topics discussed are all centered around multi-antenna SAR imaging. By stitching these approaches together in a book, we are able to tell a detailed story on various aspects of multi-antenna SAR imaging within a consistent framework"--



Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is a well-known remote sensing technique, but conventional single-antenna SAR is inherently limited by the minimum antenna area constraint. Although there are still technical issues to overcome, multi-antenna SAR offers many benefits, from improved system gain to increased degrees-of-freedom and system flexibility. Multi-Antenna Synthetic Aperture Radar explores the potential and challenges of using multi-antenna SAR in microwave remote sensing applications. These applications include high-resolution imaging, wide-swath remote sensing, ground moving target indication, and 3-D imaging. The book pays particular attention to the signal processing aspects of various multi-antenna SAR from a top-level system perspective.

Explore Recent Extensions of Synthetic Aperture Radar Systems

The backbone of the book is a series of innovative microwave remote sensing approaches developed by the author. Centered around multi-antenna SAR imaging, these approaches address specific challenges and potential problems in future microwave remote sensing. Chapters examine single-input multiple-output (SIMO) multi-antenna SAR, including azimuth and elevation multi-antenna SAR, and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) SAR. The book details the corresponding system scheme, signal models, time/phase/spatial synchronization methods, and high-precision imaging algorithms. It also investigates their potential applications.

Introductory Tutorials and Novel Approaches in Multi-Antenna SAR Imaging

Rigorous and self-contained, this is a unique reference for researchers and industry professionals working with microwave remote sensing, SAR imaging, and radar signal processing. In addition to novel approaches, the book also presents tutorials that serve as an introduction to multi-antenna SAR imaging for those who are new to the field.

Arvustused

"... a comprehensive and valuable resource for graduate students, academics, and practitioners actively pursuing research in SAR." Abduwasit Ghulam, Assistant Professor, Center for Sustainability, St. Louis University, Missouri, USA, from Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, September 2015

"A new world is opening, full of a huge amount of new, attractive, and useful applications. But a new science is needed to support the necessary vision to explore and utilize the available opportunities therein contained. The book, Multi-Antenna Synthetic Aperture Radar, is just the important necessary step in this direction, formalizing the full theory of use of multiple antennas in SAR systems, together with the appropriate novel software codes for the raw data processing. ... The book presents an exhaustive preliminary formalization of this new science, and will play a very important role for its future development. ... The book contains all the current developments of SAR procedures and techniques, including improvement of features, extension of applications, three-dimension and moving-target imaging, and other attractive new performances. ... The book is very valuable for SAR operators who want to update their backgrounds in the area of hardware and software extensions of SAR techniques." Giorgio Franceschetti, University Federico II of Napoli, Italy

List of Figures xiii
List of Tables xxi
Author Bios xxiii
Preface xxv
Abbreviations xxvii
1 Introduction 1(16)
1.1 What is Multi-Antenna SAR
1(7)
1.1.1 Multichannel SAR
2(2)
1.1.1.1 Multiple Channels in Elevation
2(1)
1.1.1.2 Multiple Channels in Azimuth
3(1)
1.1.1.3 Multiple Channels in Azimuth and Elevation
4(1)
1.1.2 Multi-Antenna SAR
4(4)
1.1.2.1 SIMO Multi-Antenna SAR
5(1)
1.1.2.2 MIMO Multi-Antenna SAR
6(2)
1.2 Multi-Antenna SAR Potentials and Challenges
8(5)
1.2.1 Benefits of Multi-Antenna SAR
8(1)
1.2.1.1 Improved System Gain
8(1)
1.2.1.2 Increased Degrees-of-Freedom
8(1)
1.2.2 Application Potentials
9(2)
1.2.2.1 High-Resolution Wide-Swath Remote Sensing
9(1)
1.2.2.2 Ground Moving Targets Indication
9(1)
1.2.2.3 Three-Dimensional Imaging
10(1)
1.2.3 Technical Challenges
11(6)
1.2.3.1 Waveform Diversity Design
11(1)
1.2.3.2 Spatial, Time and Phase, Synchronization
12(1)
1.2.3.3 High-Precision Imaging Algorithm
12(1)
1.3 Organization of the Book
13(4)
2 Background Material 17(46)
2.1 Convolution and Correlation
17(5)
2.1.1 Convolution Integral
17(3)
2.1.2 Convolution Theorem
20(1)
2.1.3 Correlation Function
21(1)
2.1.4 Relations Between Convolution and Correlation
22(1)
2.2 Sampling Theorem and Interpolation
22(5)
2.2.1 Sampling
23(1)
2.2.2 Interpolation
24(1)
2.2.3 Aliasing Effects
25(2)
2.3 Linearly Frequency Modulated Signal and Matched Filtering
27(6)
2.3.1 Principle of Stationary Phase
27(2)
2.3.2 LFM Signal
29(1)
2.3.3 Matched Filtering
30(2)
2.3.4 Pulse Compression
32(1)
2.4 Radar Ambiguity Function
33(5)
2.4.1 Range Ambiguity Function
35(1)
2.4.2 Velocity Ambiguity Function
36(1)
2.4.3 Properties of the Ambiguity Function
37(1)
2.4.4 Example: LFM Ambiguity Function
38(1)
2.5 Basic Principle of Synthetic Aperture
38(9)
2.5.1 Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging
39(3)
2.5.2 Remote Sensing Swath Width
42(1)
2.5.3 System Sensitivity
42(2)
2.5.4 Ambiguity-to-Signal Ratio
44(5)
2.5.4.1 Azimuth Ambiguity-to-Signal Ratio
44(2)
2.5.4.2 Range Ambiguity-to-Signal Ratio
46(1)
2.6 Point spread Function
47(2)
2.7 Basic Image Formation Algorithm
49(14)
2.7.1 Two-Dimensional Spectrum Model
50(2)
2.7.2 Range-Doppler (RD) Algorithm
52(2)
2.7.3 Chirp-Scaling (CS) Algorithm
54(7)
2.7.4 Numerical Simulation Examples
61(2)
3 Azimuth Multi-Antenna SAR 63(48)
3.1 Constraints on Resolution and Swath
63(3)
3.2 Displaced Phase Center Antenna Technique
66(2)
3.3 Single-Phase Center Multibeam SAR
68(8)
3.3.1 Azimuth Multichannel Signal Processing
69(3)
3.3.2 System Performance Analysis
72(4)
3.4 Multiple-Phase Center Multibeam SAR
76(13)
3.4.1 System Scheme and Signal Model
76(2)
3.4.2 Nonuniform Spatial Sampling
78(3)
3.4.3 Azimuth Signal Reconstruction Algorithm
81(4)
3.4.4 System Performance Analysis
85(2)
3.4.5 Numerical Simulation Results
87(2)
3.5 Azimuth Scanning Multibeam SAR
89(6)
3.5.1 Signal Model
91(2)
3.5.2 System Performance Analysis
93(2)
3.6 Azimuth Multi-Antenna SAR in GMTI
95(14)
3.6.1 GMTI via Two-Antenna SAR
95(3)
3.6.2 Three-Antenna SAR
98(5)
3.6.3 Simulation Results
103(6)
3.7 Conclusion
109(2)
4 Elevation-Plane Multi-Antenna SAR 111(24)
4.1 Null Steering in the Elevation-Plane
111(3)
4.2 Elevation-Plane Multi-Antenna SAR
114(3)
4.3 Several Practical Issues
117(6)
4.3.1 PRF Design
117(1)
4.3.2 Ill-Condition of the Sensing Matrix
117(1)
4.3.3 Interferences of Nadir Echoes
118(3)
4.3.4 Blind Range Problem
121(2)
4.4 Multi-Antenna Chirp Scaling Imaging Algorithm
123(4)
4.5 System Performance Analysis
127(2)
4.5.1 RASR Analysis
127(2)
4.5.2 SNR Analysis
129(1)
4.6 Numerical Simulation Results
129(2)
4.7 Conclusion
131(4)
5 MIMO SAR Waveform Diversity and Design 135(42)
5.1 Introduction
136(3)
5.2 Polyphase-Coded Waveform
139(2)
5.3 Discrete Frequency-Coding Waveform
141(3)
5.4 Random Stepped-Frequency Waveform
144(5)
5.4.1 Basic RSF Waveforms
145(2)
5.4.2 RSF-LFM Waveforms
147(1)
5.4.3 Phase-Modulated RSF Waveforms
148(1)
5.5 OFDM Waveform
149(7)
5.5.1 OFDM Single-Pulse Waveform
150(4)
5.5.2 Ambiguity Function Analysis
154(2)
5.6 OFDM Chirp Waveform
156(15)
5.6.1 Chirp Diverse Waveform
156(9)
5.6.2 OFDM Chirp Diverse Waveform
165(4)
5.6.3 Waveform Synthesis and Generation
169(2)
5.7 Constant-Envelope OFDM Waveform
171(3)
5.7.1 Peak-to-Average Power Ratio
173(1)
5.7.2 Constant-Envelope OFDM Pulse
174(1)
5.8 Conclusion
174(3)
6 MIMO SAR in High-Resolution Wide-Swath Imaging 177(50)
6.1 Introduction
178(4)
6.2 MIMO SAR System Scheme
182(6)
6.2.1 Signal Models
183(2)
6.2.2 Equivalent Phase Center
185(3)
6.3 Multidimensional Waveform Encoding SAR HRWS Imaging
188(8)
6.3.1 Multidimensional Encoding Radar Pulses
190(2)
6.3.2 Intrapulse Beamsteering in the Elevation Dimension
192(2)
6.3.3 Digital Beamforming in Azimuth
194(1)
6.3.4 Range Ambiguity to Signal Ratio Analysis
195(1)
6.4 MIMO SAR HRWS Imaging
196(18)
6.4.1 Transmit Subaperturing MIMO Technique
197(3)
6.4.2 Transmit Subaperturing for HRWS Imaging
200(3)
6.4.2.1 NTNR Operation Mode
200(2)
6.4.2.2 NTWR Operation Mode
202(1)
6.4.3 Range Ambiguity to Signal Ratio Analysis
203(4)
6.4.4 Image Formation Algorithms
207(3)
6.4.5 Numerical Simulation Results
210(4)
6.5 Space-Time Coding MIMO SAR HRWS Imaging
214(12)
6.5.1 Space-Time Block Coding
214(2)
6.5.2 Space-Time Coding MIMO SAR Scheme
216(4)
6.5.2.1 Space-Time Coding Transmission in Azimuth
217(1)
6.5.2.2 MIMO Configuration in Elevation
218(2)
6.5.3 Digital Beamforming in Elevation
220(3)
6.5.4 Azimuth Signal Processing
223(3)
6.6 Conclusion
226(1)
7 MIMO SAR in Moving Target Indication 227(24)
7.1 Introduction
227(2)
7.2 MIMO SAR with Multiple Antennas in Azimuth
229(2)
7.3 Adaptive Matched Filtering
231(3)
7.4 Moving Target Indication via Three-Antenna MIMO SAR
234(6)
7.5 Moving Target Indication via Two-Antenna MIMO SAR
240(4)
7.5.1 DPCA and ATI Combined GMTI Model
240(3)
7.5.2 Estimating the Moving Target's Doppler Parameters
243(1)
7.5.3 Focusing the Moving Targets
243(1)
7.6 Imaging Simulation Results
244(5)
7.7 Conclusion
249(2)
8 Distributed Multi-Antenna SAR Time and Phase Synchronization 251(66)
8.1 Frequency Stability in Frequency Sources
252(8)
8.1.1 Oscillator Output Signal Model
253(1)
8.1.2 Frequency-Domain Representation
254(4)
8.1.3 Time-Domain Representation
258(4)
8.1.3.1 True Variance
258(1)
8.1.3.2 Sample Variance
258(1)
8.1.3.3 Allan Variance
259(1)
8.1.3.4 Modified Allan Variance
259(1)
8.2 Time and Phase Synchronization Problem in Distributed SAR Systems
260(2)
8.3 Impacts of Oscillator Frequency Instability
262(13)
8.3.1 Analytical Model of Phase Noise
263(2)
8.3.2 Impact of Phase Synchronization Errors
265(5)
8.3.3 Impact of Time Synchronization Errors
270(5)
8.4 Direct-Path Signal-Based Time and Phase Synchronization
275(10)
8.4.1 Time Synchronization
275(2)
8.4.2 Phase Synchronization
277(4)
8.4.3 Prediction of Synchronization Performance
281(2)
8.4.3.1 Receiver Noise
281(1)
8.4.3.2 Amplifiers
281(1)
8.4.3.3 Analog-Digital-Converter (ADC)
282(1)
8.4.4 Other Possible Errors
283(2)
8.5 GPS-Based Time and Phase Synchronization
285(16)
8.5.1 System Architecture
285(1)
8.5.2 Frequency Synthesis
286(2)
8.5.3 Measuring Synchronization Errors between Osc_PPS and GPS_PPS Signals
288(2)
8.5.4 GPS_PPS Prediction in the Presence of GPS Signal
290(3)
8.5.5 Compensation for Residual Time Synchronization Errors
293(5)
8.5.6 Compensation for Residual Phase Synchronization Errors
298(3)
8.5.7 Synchronization Performance Analysis
301(1)
8.6 Phase Synchronization Link
301(11)
8.6.1 Two-Way Synchronization Link
303(1)
8.6.2 Synchronization Performance
304(2)
8.6.2.1 Continuous Duplex Synchronization
304(1)
8.6.2.2 Pulsed Duplex Synchronization
305(1)
8.6.2.3 Pulsed Alternate Synchronization
305(1)
8.6.3 One-Way Synchronization Link
306(12)
8.6.3.1 Synchronization Scheme
306(4)
8.6.3.2 Synchronization Performance
310(2)
8.7 Transponder-Based Phase Synchronization
312(4)
8.8 Conclusion
316(1)
9 Distributed Multi-Antenna SAR Antenna Synchronization 317(18)
9.1 Impacts of Antenna Directing Errors
318(5)
9.1.1 Impacts of Range Antenna Directing Errors
318(2)
9.1.2 Impacts of Azimuth Antenna Directing Errors
320(1)
9.1.3 Impacts of Antenna Directing Errors on Distributed InSAR Imaging
321(2)
9.2 Beam Scan-On-Scan Technique
323(2)
9.2.1 One Transmitting Beam and Multiple Receiving Beams
323(1)
9.2.2 One Transmitting Beam and Flood Receiving Beam
324(1)
9.2.3 Flood Transmitting Beam and One Receiving Beam
324(1)
9.2.4 Flood Transmitting Beam and Multiple Receiving Beams
324(1)
9.2.5 Flood Transmitting Beam and Flood Receiving Beam
325(1)
9.3 Pulse Chasing Technique
325(1)
9.4 sliding Spotlight and Footprint Chasing
326(2)
9.4.1 Transmitter Sliding Spotlight and Receiver Footprint Chasing
327(1)
9.4.2 Transmitter Staring Spotlight and Receiver Footprint Chasing
327(1)
9.4.3 Azimuth Resolution
328(1)
9.5 Multibeam Forming on Receiver
328(2)
9.6 Determination of Baseline and Orientation
330(4)
9.6.1 Four-Antenna-Based Method
330(2)
9.6.2 Three-Antenna-Based Method
332(2)
9.7 Conclusion
334(1)
10 Azimuth-Variant Multi-Antenna SAR Image Formulation Processing 335(28)
10.1 Introduction
336(4)
10.2 Imaging Performance Analysis
340(7)
10.2.1 Imaging Time and Imaging Coverage
340(1)
10.2.2 Range Resolution
341(1)
10.2.3 Azimuth Resolution
342(2)
10.2.4 Simulation Results
344(3)
10.3 Azimuth-Variant Characteristics Analysis
347(6)
10.3.1 Doppler Characteristics
347(2)
10.3.2 Two-Dimensional Spectrum Characteristics
349(4)
10.4 Motion Compensation
353(3)
10.5 Azimuth-Variant Bistatic SAR Imaging Algorithm
356(6)
10.6 Conclusion
362(1)
11 Multi-Antenna SAR Three-Dimensional Imaging 363(28)
11.1 Introduction
363(2)
11.2 Downward-Looking SAR Three-Dimensional Imaging
365(6)
11.2.1 Signal and Data Model
365(2)
11.2.2 Imaging Resolution Analysis
367(1)
11.2.3 Three-Dimensional Range Migration Algorithm
368(3)
11.3 Side-Looking SAR Three-Dimensional Imaging
371(3)
11.3.1 InSAR for Terrain Elevation Mapping
371(1)
11.3.2 Side-Looking Linear Array SAR
372(2)
11.4 Forward-Looking SAR Three-Dimensional Imaging
374(2)
11.5 Frequency Diverse Array SAR Three-Dimensional Imaging
376(14)
11.5.1 FDA System and Signal Model
377(4)
11.5.2 Application Potentials in Target Imaging
381(5)
11.5.3 Several Discussions
386(4)
11.5.3.1 Waveform Optimization
386(2)
11.5.3.2 Array Configuration
388(1)
11.5.3.3 Optimal Array Processing
388(2)
11.6 Conclusion
390(1)
Bibliography 391(42)
Index 433
Wen-Qin Wang, Ph.D., is currently an associate professor in the School of Communication and Information Engineering at the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu. He is also a visiting scholar at the City University of Hong Kong. From June 2011 to May 2012, Dr. Wang was a visiting scholar at the Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey. His research interests include communication and radar signal processing and novel radar imaging techniques. He has authored more than 100 papers. Dr. Wang is the recipient of several awards, including the Hong Kong Scholar (2012), the New Century Excellent Talents in University (2012), The Outstanding Young Scholars of Sichuan Province (2012), The Young Scholar of Distinction of UESTC (2012), the Excellent Ph.D. Dissertation of Sichuan Province (2011), the Project Investigator Innovation Award from the Wiser Foundation of the Institute of Digital China (2009), and the Excellent Paper Award of the 12th Chinese Annual Radar Technology Conference (2012). He is an editorial board member of two international journals and was the Technical Program Committee Co-chair of the International Conference on Computational Problem Solving, Chengdu, in 2011.