Preface |
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xi | |
Introduction |
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xiii | |
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1 | (16) |
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1.1 Heterogeneous object classification |
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1 | (3) |
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1.1.1 Natural heterogeneous object |
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1 | (1) |
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1.1.2 Artificial heterogeneous object |
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2 | (1) |
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1.1.3 Mutated heterogeneous object |
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3 | (1) |
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1.2 Characteristics and application of heterogeneous parts |
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4 | (2) |
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1.2.1 Molecular heterogeneous parts |
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5 | (1) |
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1.2.2 Functionally graded ceramics low-melting-point alloy materials |
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6 | (1) |
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1.2.3 Parts with different porosity distribution |
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6 | (1) |
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1.2.4 Functionally graded parts |
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6 | (1) |
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1.3 Manufacturing technologies and equipment for heterogeneous material parts |
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6 | (7) |
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1.3.1 Model design CAD for heterogeneous parts |
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7 | (1) |
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1.3.2 Manufacturing process of heterogeneous parts |
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7 | (2) |
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1.3.3 Prototyping technology of heterogeneous parts and prototyping equipment |
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9 | (4) |
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1.4 The structure of this book |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (3) |
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2 Foundation of 3D printing and CAD file formats used in the industry |
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17 | (26) |
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2.1 Multimaterial 3D printing: how does it work? |
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17 | (2) |
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2.2 Models and data formats for manufacturing heterogeneous objects |
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19 | (21) |
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2.2.1 Data exchange standard of 3D geometric model files |
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19 | (2) |
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2.2.2 Data storage format for 3D printing |
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21 | (7) |
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2.2.3 Stereolithography format and its refinement |
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28 | (8) |
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2.2.4 Microtetrahedral model |
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36 | (4) |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (2) |
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3 Static modeling of heterogeneous objects |
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43 | (26) |
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43 | (2) |
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3.1.1 Voxel-based heterogeneous object modeling method |
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43 | (1) |
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3.1.2 Heterogeneous object modeling method-based B-Rep |
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44 | (1) |
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3.2 Acquisition of network nodes |
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45 | (3) |
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3.2.1 Geometric contour representation and STL model refinement |
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46 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Contour node acquisition |
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46 | (1) |
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3.2.3 Network node acquisition based on microtetrahedron |
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47 | (1) |
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3.3 Voxel-based modeling method |
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48 | (14) |
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3.3.1 Acquisition of feature nodes |
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49 | (1) |
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3.3.2 The definition of material feature node |
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49 | (2) |
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3.3.3 Linear interpolation algorithm between nodes |
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51 | (4) |
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3.3.4 Representation method for material distribution of heterogeneous objects |
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55 | (7) |
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3.4 Contour-based modeling method |
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62 | (3) |
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3.4.1 Linear interpolation |
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63 | (1) |
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3.4.2 Color displacement method |
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63 | (2) |
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65 | (2) |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (2) |
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4 Modeling for dynamic heterogeneous objects |
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69 | (20) |
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4.1 Feature description of material |
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69 | (1) |
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4.1.1 Material model of heterogeneous object |
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69 | (1) |
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4.2 Functional model of heterogeneous object |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (2) |
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4.3.1 Voxelization of part models |
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72 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Representation method of parts |
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73 | (1) |
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4.4 Mapping of geometric structure and materials |
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73 | (2) |
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4.4.1 Part material mapping |
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73 | (2) |
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4.5 Multimaterial property representation method of parts |
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75 | (6) |
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4.5.1 Representation method of slice material property |
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76 | (1) |
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4.5.2 Extraction of feature nodes |
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77 | (4) |
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4.6 Dynamic material change design |
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81 | (3) |
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4.7 Voxel-based hybrid microtetrahedron |
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84 | (2) |
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85 | (1) |
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4.7.2 Algorithm implementation of material area reconstruction |
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85 | (1) |
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4.8 Dynamic model example |
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86 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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87 | (2) |
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5 Visualization of heterogeneous object models |
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89 | (24) |
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5.1 Discretization of objects |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (9) |
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91 | (3) |
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5.2.2 Color VRML 97 files |
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94 | (3) |
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5.2.3 Color mapping of STL file |
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97 | (2) |
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5.3 Visualization of material design |
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99 | (3) |
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5.3.1 The mapping of materials and colors |
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99 | (1) |
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5.3.2 Interpolation algorithm of function gradient materials |
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100 | (2) |
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5.4 Material mapping visualization of color STL model |
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102 | (2) |
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5.4.1 Material assignment of STL files |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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5.5 Material mapping visualization of color microtetrahedron |
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104 | (4) |
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5.5.1 Color mapping of the microtetrahedron |
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104 | (1) |
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5.5.2 Mesh adaptive subdivision method of feature tree |
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105 | (3) |
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5.6 Visualization examples |
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108 | (1) |
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5.6.1 Heterogeneous object models containing multimaterials |
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108 | (1) |
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5.6.2 Examples of hemispheric object |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (3) |
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6 Materials for heterogeneous object 3D printing |
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113 | (40) |
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6.1 Overview of common materials for 3D printing |
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113 | (1) |
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6.2 The design of 3D printing heterogeneous materials |
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113 | (6) |
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6.2.1 Functionally graded material design |
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114 | (2) |
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6.2.2 Composite material design |
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116 | (1) |
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6.2.3 Hybrid multiphase material design |
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117 | (1) |
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6.2.4 Biomimetic material design |
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118 | (1) |
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6.3 Heterogeneous components for 3D printing |
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119 | (2) |
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6.4 4D printing materials |
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121 | (5) |
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6.4.1 Ionic polymer--metal composites |
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121 | (2) |
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123 | (1) |
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6.4.3 Dielectric elastomer material |
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123 | (2) |
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6.4.4 Shape memory material |
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125 | (1) |
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6.4.5 Intelligent hydrophilic material |
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125 | (1) |
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6.5 Electrical and electronic material |
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126 | (15) |
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6.5.1 Conductive silver ink |
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127 | (1) |
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6.5.2 Conductive polylactic acid material |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (3) |
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6.5.4 Highly conductive graphene--polylactic acid |
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132 | (3) |
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6.5.5 Conductive carbon black composite |
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135 | (1) |
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6.5.6 Multiwalled carbon nanotubes/Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene conductive composite |
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136 | (3) |
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6.5.7 Multiwalled carbon nanotubes/polylactic acid composite |
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139 | (1) |
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6.5.8 Nanocopper-based conductive composite |
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140 | (1) |
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6.6 Biological 3D printing material |
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141 | (7) |
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6.6.1 Research progress of biological 3D printing material |
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143 | (1) |
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6.6.2 Artificial hip joint printing material |
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144 | (4) |
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6.7 Summary of this chapter |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (4) |
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7 3D printing technology for heterogeneous parts |
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153 | (36) |
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7.1 Prototyping methods for heterogeneous parts |
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153 | (11) |
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7.1.1 Forming methods based on droplet jetting |
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153 | (2) |
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7.1.2 Forming method based on photocuring |
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155 | (1) |
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7.1.3 Forming method based on powder sintering |
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156 | (2) |
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7.1.4 Forming method based on extrusion |
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158 | (1) |
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7.1.5 Forming method based on energy deposition |
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159 | (1) |
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7.1.6 Forming method based on ultrasound |
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160 | (2) |
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7.1.7 Forming method based on wire arc cladding |
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162 | (2) |
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7.2 CAD model data processing of heterogeneous parts |
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164 | (12) |
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7.2.1 CAD model visualized operation of heterogeneous parts |
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164 | (1) |
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7.2.2 CAD model slicing algorithm of heterogeneous parts |
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165 | (7) |
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7.2.3 Multidimensional slice of CAD model for heterogeneous parts |
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172 | (4) |
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7.3 Heterogeneous part forming device based on digital microinjection process |
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176 | (7) |
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7.3.1 Integrated process for design and manufacturing of heterogeneous parts |
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176 | (1) |
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7.3.2 Digital nozzle control |
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176 | (2) |
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7.3.3 Printing path planning for heterogeneous parts |
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178 | (5) |
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7.4 Heterogeneous part forming examples |
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183 | (4) |
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7.4.1 CAD modeling of heterogeneous parts |
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183 | (1) |
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7.4.2 Slicing of heterogeneous parts |
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183 | (2) |
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7.4.3 Printing and forming of heterogeneous model |
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185 | (2) |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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8 Application of heterogeneous parts based on 3D printing |
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189 | (18) |
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8.1 Application in biomedical engineering |
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189 | (5) |
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8.1.1 Medical engineering model |
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190 | (1) |
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8.1.2 Biological tissues and organs |
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190 | (1) |
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8.1.3 3D bioprinting of drugs |
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191 | (1) |
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8.1.4 Printing of medical devices |
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192 | (1) |
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8.1.5 Positive effects in the biological field |
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192 | (1) |
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8.1.6 Negative effects in the biological field |
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193 | (1) |
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8.2 Application in the defense engineering |
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194 | (6) |
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8.2.1 Application in manufacturing of the aerospace equipment |
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194 | (3) |
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8.2.2 Application in manufacturing of weapons |
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197 | (1) |
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8.2.3 Application in manufacturing of the large military equipment components |
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197 | (1) |
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8.2.4 Application in manufacturing of the miniature robots |
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198 | (1) |
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8.2.5 Application in the military logistics support |
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198 | (1) |
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8.2.6 Application in the industrial construction |
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198 | (2) |
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8.3 Applications in the industrial manufacturing |
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200 | (1) |
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8.3.1 Cemented carbide tools manufacturing |
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200 | (1) |
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8.3.2 Piezoelectric devices manufacturing |
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200 | (1) |
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8.3.3 High-temperature components manufacturing |
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200 | (1) |
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8.3.4 Optical components manufacturing |
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200 | (1) |
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8.3.5 Automobile manufacturing |
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201 | (1) |
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8.4 Application in the manufacturing of functional parts |
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201 | (3) |
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201 | (1) |
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8.4.2 Intelligent devices |
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202 | (1) |
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8.4.3 Metamaterials 3D printing |
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203 | (1) |
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8.4.4 Personalized clothing |
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204 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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205 | (2) |
Index |
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207 | |