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E-raamat: Multiprobe Pressure Analysis and Interpretation

Series edited by (M.I.T.; Caltech), Edited by (China Oilfield Services Limited), Edited by (China Oilfield Services Limited), Edited by (China Oilfield Services Limited), Edited by (China Oilfield Services Limited)
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Multiprobe Pressure Analysis and InterpretationSuurem pilt
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"Energy is one of the most important topics facing our world today, and the march toward "green energy" has been, and continues to be, a long and intricate one. Books like this one keep the veteran engineer and student, alike, up to date on current trends in the technology and offer a reference for the industry for its practical applications"--

A popular 1990s formation tester with a single "pumping" probe and one passive "observation port" displaced 180 deg away, designed to measure pressures at two locations for permeability prediction, encounters well known detection problems at low mobilities. This book, using aerodynamics methods, explains why and also reveals the existence of a wide stagnation zone that hides critical formation details. And it does much more.  An exact analytical solution is used to validate a new transient, three-dimensional, finite difference model for more general testers, one that guides new hardware designs with independent azimuthally displaced probes having with different rates, flow schedules and nozzle geometries, supports interpretation and formation evaluation, and assists with job planning at the rigsite. The methods also apply to conventional tools, allowing comparisons between older and newer technologies. Importantly, the authors introduce a completely new three-probe design with independently operable active elements that eliminate all older tool deficiencies.

Numerous subjects are discussed, such as pressure transient analyses with multiple operating probes, supercharge analysis with invasion and mudcake buildup, accurate and rapid calculations that allow more than 1,000 simulations per minute, extremely rapid batch mode calculations using convergence acceleration methods, rapid fluid withdrawal with minimal dissolved gas release, dip angle, heterogeneity and anisotropy evaluation, and many other topics.  In addition, tool operation sequences, detailed engineering and design functions, field test procedures and laboratory facilities, are discussed and illustrated in photographs that go "behind the scenes" at one of the world’s largest international oil service companies. The book hopes to educate new engineers and veteran engineers alike in hardware and software design at a time when increasing efficiency is crucial and "doing more with less" represents the new norm.

Preface xi
Acknowledgements xv
1 Formation Testing - Background, Perspectives and New Industry Requirements 1(24)
1.1 Formation Testing - A Brief Introduction
1(5)
1.2 Conventional Formation Testing Concepts
6(1)
1.3 A New Triple Probe Tool - Design Concepts and Well Logging Advantages
7(17)
1.3.1 Azimuthal flow signal strength (circumferential probes)
9(5)
1.3.2 Axial signal strength (centerline oriented dual probes)
14(7)
1.3.3 Hardware and software considerations simulation considerations
21(3)
1.3.4 Closing remarks
24(1)
1.4 References
24(1)
2 Visual Tour in Formation Testing, Design and Manufacturing 25(24)
2.1 Detailed Mechanical CAD Animation
26(9)
2.2 From Drawing Board to Engineering Prototyping
35(4)
2.3 Manufacturing Highlights and Production
39(1)
2.4 Laboratory Facilities with Formation Testing Fixtures
40(2)
2.5 Beijing Test Well and Logging Facilities
42(2)
2.6 Tool Positioning in Beijing Test Well
44(1)
2.7 Field Operations - Bohai Bay and Middle East
45(3)
2.8 Closing Remarks
48(1)
2.9 References
48(1)
3 Triple Probe Formation Tester - from Idea to Design to Field Evaluation 49(13)
3.1 Laboratory Highlights - Triple Probe Formation Tester
50(3)
3.2 Triple Probe Close-ups in Field Test
53(3)
3.3 Positioning the Tool in the Well
56(3)
3.4 Example Pressure Testing Well Logs
59(2)
3.5 References
61(1)
4 Project Background - Analysis, Modeling and Interpretation 62(14)
4.1 Well Logging Advantages
64(1)
4.2 Math Model Perspectives
65(3)
4.3 Related Formation Testing Literature
68(3)
4.4 Background Schlumberger Results
71(2)
4.5 Analysis of MDT Pressure Data
73(1)
4.6 References
74(2)
5 Dual Probe Analysis for Thamama Formation 76(16)
5.1 Thamama Formation Problem Definition
76(2)
5.2 FT-Multiprobe Simulation
78(9)
5.3 FT-00 Forward Simulation
87(2)
5.4 FT-01 Inverse Analysis
89(2)
5.5 References
91(1)
6 Dual Probe Application for Wara Formation 92(12)
6.1 Wave Formation Data Description
92(1)
6.2 FT-Multiprobe History Matching
93(7)
6.3 FT-00 and FT-01 Analysis for Sink and Vertical Probe Data
100(3)
6.4 References
103(1)
7 Multiprobe Flow Modeling Strategies 104(28)
7.1 Triple-probe Formation Testing Instrument
104(8)
7.1.1 Background remarks
104(2)
7.1.2 Multiprobe tool introduction
106(6)
7.2 Dual and Triple-probe Steady Flow Modeling
112(11)
7.2.1 Background - Sources, sinks, doublets and more
112(1)
7.2.2 Modeling hierarchies
112(2)
7.2.3 Exact steady flow pressure analysis
114(3)
7.2.4 Exact streamline tracing and geometric analysis
117(1)
7.2.5 Unbalanced doublet flows - a new approach
118(5)
7.3 Transient Numerical Model
123(7)
7.3.1 Simulator overview
123(2)
7.3.2 Computational details
125(1)
7.3.3 Flowline volume storage modeling
125(1)
7.3.4 Active flowline volume coupling at observation probes
126(1)
7.3.5 Mud filtrate invasion and supercharging, and underbalanced drilling
126(1)
7.3.6 Periodicity conditions in flows from circular wells
127(3)
7.4 References
130(2)
8 Multiprobe Applications - Detailed Examples and Assessment 132(68)
8.1 Drawdown for Round and Slot Nozzles With and Without Mud Filtrate Migration Through the Sandface
134(26)
Example
1. Simple drawdown, round nozzle, no invasion
134(9)
Example
2. Simple drawdown, round nozzle, invasion with supercharging, 200 psi overbalance
143(4)
Example
3. Simple drawdown, round nozzle, invasion with strong supercharging, 2,000 psi overbalance
147(2)
Example
4. Simple drawdown, round nozzle, underbalanced drilling, 100 psi underbalance
149(2)
Example
5. Simple drawdown, slot nozzle, no invasion
151(5)
Example
6. Simple drawdown, three pumping slot nozzles, no invasion
156(4)
8.2 Highly Transient Applications, Drawdown and Buildup, Multiple Round or Slot Nozzles, No Invasion
160(18)
Example
7. Simple drawdown and buildup, single round nozzle
160(5)
Example
8. Three round nozzles executing drawdown and buildup simultaneously and independently, no invasion
165(5)
Example
9. Two round nozzles, one withdrawing fluid, the second simultaneously injecting, no invasion
170(4)
Example
10. Invasion or supercharge characterization in transient problems
174(4)
8.3 Additional Topics
178(22)
Example
11. A complicated simulation, effect of pore pressure in output displays
178(5)
Example
12. Batch processing capabilities
183(8)
Example
13. Spherical flow evaluation and geometric factors
191(3)
Example
14. Pressure behavior at permeability extremes
194(3)
Example
15. Comparing problems with and without supercharge
197(3)
9 Special Topics - Gas Release, Convergence Acceleration, Big Data and Inverse Methods 200(84)
9.1 Suppressing Dissolved Gas Release
201(11)
Bubble point considerations
201(1)
Example
1. Undesirable dissolved gas release
202(5)
Example
2. Dissolved gas remains in solution
207(5)
9.2 Steady Flow Convergence Acceleration for Interpretation Applications
212(7)
Interpretation applications
213(1)
Validating convergence accelerations
214(5)
Big data inverse applications
219(1)
9.3 Heterogeneity and Dip Detection Using Multiple Firings
219(6)
9.4 Triple Probe Tools with Different Nozzle Geometries
225(4)
9.5 Inverse Problems for Azimuthal and Axial Probe Applications
229(53)
9.5.1 Azimuthal inverse problem
229(28)
Steady flow forward calculations
231(1)
Limited (kh,kv) range example
231(10)
Inverse permeability predictions
241(1)
Algorithm analysis
241(6)
Wider (kh,kv) permeability example
247(4)
Inverse method recapitulation
251(3)
Data integrity in "big data" implementation
254(2)
Azimuthal inverse strategies
256(1)
9.5.2 Axial inverse problem for any dip angle
257(29)
9.5.2.1 Dual probe anisotropy inverse analysis
257(10)
Existing source model simulators
258(9)
9.5.2.2 Supercharging - Effects of nonuniform initial pressure
267(8)
Conventional zero supercharge model
268(1)
Supercharge "Fast Forward" solver
269(6)
9.5.2.3 Multiprobe "DOI" inverse and barrier analysis
275(7)
9.6 Closing Remarks
282(1)
9.7 References
283(1)
10 Integrated Multiprobe Modeling System 284(78)
Section 1 - General transient 3D simulator
286(26)
10.1 Overall Capabilities and Enhancements
286(5)
10.2 The "Steady" Check-box Option for Low and High Permeability Flows
291(3)
10.3 Flows with Mixed Nozzle Designs and Different Pumping Schedules
294(9)
Run
1. All round nozzles with staggered flow rates
294(2)
Run
2. All slotted nozzles with staggered flow rates
296(1)
Run
3. All slotted nozzles with identical flow rates
297(3)
Run
4. Slot, round, slot combination with identical flow rates
300(1)
Run
5. Round, slot, round combination with identical flow rates
301(2)
10.4 Geometric Factor Role in Model and Tool Calibration
303(4)
10.4.1 Model calibration
303(3)
10.4.2 Tool and software calibration
306(1)
10.5 Pad Nozzles with Different Orifice Sizes and Shapes
307(2)
10.6 Pore Pressure Determination with Triple Probe Tool and Effects of Supercharge
309(3)
Section 2 - Steady Simulator and Inverse Applications
312(50)
10.7 Software Reference Overview
312(3)
10.8 General Transient 3D Simulator in Batch Mode
315(4)
10.9 Rapid Steady 3D Simulator in Batch Mode
319(14)
10.10 Big Data Inverse Approach and Examples
333(28)
10.10.1 Run
1. Center pumping probe, two observation probes with a first viscosity guess
333(15)
10.10.2 Run
2. Center pumping probe, two observation probes with a second viscosity guess
348(2)
10.10.3 Run
3. Three pumping probes in drawdown mode
350(9)
10.10.4 Run
4. Two pumping probes in drawdown mode
359(2)
10.11 Closing Remarks
361(1)
Cumulative References 362(15)
Index 377
About the Authors 38
Tao Lu, PhD, Vice President, China Oilfield Services Limited, leads the companys logging and directional well R&D activities, also heading its formation testing research, applications and marketing efforts. Mr. Lu is the recipient of numerous awards, including the National Technology Development Medal, National Engineering Talent and State Council Awards, and several COSL technology innovation prizes.

Minggao Zhou, Senior Mechanical Engineer at COSLs Oil Field Technology Research Institute, holds a Masters Degree in Engineering and leads the companys formation testing project team. He has worked extensively in research and development over the past two decades and has participated in several National Five Year Programs. His professional interests span a wide range of well logging instruments, presently focusing on formation testing design and interpretation.

Yongren Feng is a Professor Level Senior Engineer and Chief Engineer at the Oilfield Technology Research Institute of China Oilfield Services Limited. He has been engaged in the research and development of offshore oil logging instruments for three decades, mainly responsible for wireline formation testing technology, electric core sampling methods and formation testing while drilling (FTWD) tool development.

Yuqing Yang, PhD, Chief Engineer and Professor, Technology and Exploration, with China Oilfield Services Limited, is engaged in the research and management of geological applications of logging data. He has published several books, ten patents and sixty articles, winning a COSL Science and Technology Progress Award.

Wilson Chin earned his PhD from M.I.T. and his M.Sc. from Caltech. He has authored over twenty books with Wiley-Scrivener and other major scientific publishers, has more than four dozen domestic and international patents to his credit, and has published over one hundred journal articles, in the areas of reservoir engineering, formation testing, well logging, Measurement While Drilling, and drilling and cementing rheology. Inquiries: wilsonchin@aol.com.
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