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E-raamat: Muscle and Exercise Physiology

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Edited by (Professor, Head of Department, Chair of Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Muscle Physiology, Faculty of Rehabilitation, University School of Physical Education, Krakow, Poland)
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  • Ilmumisaeg: 05-Nov-2018
  • Kirjastus: Academic Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128145944
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Muscle and Exercise PhysiologySuurem pilt
  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 05-Nov-2018
  • Kirjastus: Academic Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128145944
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Muscle and Exercise Physiology is a comprehensive reference covering muscle and exercise physiology, from basic science to advanced knowledge, including muscle power generating capabilities, muscle energetics, fatigue, aging and the cardio-respiratory system in exercise performance. Topics presented include the clinical importance of body responses to physical exercise, including its impact on oxygen species production, body immune system, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, cardiac energetics and its functional reserves, and the health-related effects of physical activity and inactivity. Novel topics like critical power, ROS and muscle, and heart muscle physiology are explored.

This book is ideal for researchers and scientists interested in muscle and exercise physiology, as well as students in the biological sciences, including medicine, human movements and sport sciences.

  • Contains basic and state-of-the-art knowledge on the most important issues of muscle and exercise physiology, including muscle and body adaptation to physical training, the impact of aging and physical activity/inactivity
  • Provides both the basic and advanced knowledge required to understand mechanisms that limit physical capacity in both untrained people and top class athletes
  • Covers advanced content on muscle power generating capabilities, muscle energetics, fatigue and aging
List of Contributors
xvii
Preface xxi
Section I Skeletal Muscle Morphology
1(92)
1 Human Body Composition and Muscle Mass
3(24)
Krzysztof Duda
Joanna Majerczak
Zenon Nieckarz
Steven B. Heymsfield
Jerzy A. Zoladz
1.1 Introduction
3(1)
1.2 The Assessment of the System as a Whole
3(6)
1.2.1 Body Mass, Basal Metabolic Rate, and Total Daily Energy Expenditure
4(1)
1.2.2 Body Mass Index
5(1)
1.2.3 Body Circumferences and Skinfolds Measurements
6(1)
1.2.4 Body Surface Area
7(1)
1.2.5 Body Volume and Body Density
8(1)
1.3 Body Composition at Varied Levels of Complexity
9(10)
1.3.1 Body Composition at the Atomic Level
9(1)
1.3.2 Body Composition at the Molecular level
10(3)
1.3.3 Body Composition at the Cellular Level
13(2)
1.3.4 Body Composition at the Tissue-Organ Level
15(4)
1.4 Basics of Body Compartmentalization
19(2)
1.4.1 Two-Compartment Model of Body Composition
20(1)
1.4.2 Three-Compartment Model of Body Composition
21(1)
1.4.3 Four-Compartment Model of Body Composition
21(1)
1.5 Conclusions
21(1)
Acknowledgment
21(1)
References
21(6)
2 Functional Morphology of the Striated Muscle
27(12)
Wincenty Kilarski
2.1 Introduction
27(1)
2.2 Muscle Fibers, Basic Morphological and Physiological Units
27(5)
2.2.1 Microscopic Structure of Muscle Fibers
28(2)
2.2.2 Sarcomeres, the Basic Elements of Myofibrils
30(2)
2.3 Regulatory Proteins
32(1)
2.3.1 Tropomyosin
32(1)
2.3.2 Troponin
32(1)
2.4 The Capillary Network of the Muscle Fibers
32(3)
2.5 Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
35(1)
2.6 Proteins of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Membranes
36(1)
2.7 Strategic Distribution of Mitochondria
37(1)
References
37(2)
3 Mechanisms of Muscle Contraction and Relaxation
39(12)
Jonathan P. Davis
Svetlana B. Tikunova
Paul M.L. Janssen
3.1 Introduction
39(1)
3.2 The Motor---Myosin
40(2)
3.3 The Road---Actin
42(1)
3.4 The Fuel---ATP
42(2)
3.4.1 The Cross-Bridge Cycle
42(2)
3.5 The Sensor
44(2)
3.6 The Signal
46(1)
3.6.1 Length---Tension Relationship
46(1)
3.7 Types of Contractions
46(1)
3.7.1 Force-Frequency Relationship and Recruitment
46(1)
3.7.2 Force-Velocity Relationship and Power
47(1)
3.7.3 Fatigue
47(1)
3.8 Relaxation
47(1)
3.9 Conclusion
48(1)
References
48(3)
4 Motor Units and Muscle Receptors
51(42)
Jan Celichowski
Piotr Krutki
4.1 Introduction
51(1)
4.2 Motor Innervation of Skeletal Muscles
51(6)
4.2.1 The Motor Unit
51(2)
4.2.2 Motor Unit Territory and Muscle Compartments
53(1)
4.2.3 Classification of Motor Units
53(1)
4.2.4 Variability in the Contractile Properties of Motor Units
54(3)
4.3 Motoneurons
57(8)
4.3.1 Location, Morphology, and Innervation
57(3)
4.3.2 Motoneuron Excitability---Diversity of Motoneurons of S, FR, and FF Motor Units
60(2)
4.3.3 Rhythmic Firing of Motoneurons---Bistability and Adaptation
62(2)
4.3.4 Synaptic Input to Motoneurons
64(1)
4.4 Recruitment of Motor Units
65(2)
4.4.1 Henneman's Size Principle
66(1)
4.4.2 Summation of Motor Unit Forces
67(1)
4.5 The Rate Coding of Muscle Force
67(7)
4.5.1 The Force---Frequency Relationship
67(5)
4.5.2 Force Modulation by the Pattern of Motoneuronal Firing
72(2)
4.5.3 Decomposition of Tetanic Contractions
74(1)
4.6 Motor Unit Action Potentials
74(2)
4.7 Differences in Motor Unit Properties Between Muscles
76(1)
4.8 Interspecies Differences in Motor Units
77(2)
4.9 The Sex Differences in Motor Units
79(1)
4.10 Plasticity of Motor Units
79(4)
4.10.1 Plasticity of Motor Unit Contractile Properties
80(1)
4.10.2 Plasticity of Motoneurons
81(2)
4.11 Muscle Receptors
83(3)
4.11.1 Muscle Spindles
83(2)
4.11.2 Tendon Organs
85(1)
4.12 Laboratory Methods of Experimental Research on Motor Units and Muscle Receptors
86(1)
4.12.1 Electrophysiological Investigation of Functionally Isolated Motor Units
86(1)
4.12.2 Intracellular Recording of the Electrophysiological Properties of Motoneurons
87(1)
4.12.3 Studies on the Function of Muscle Receptors
87(1)
4.13 Conclusions
87(1)
References
87(6)
Section II Muscle Energetics and Its Performance
93(122)
5 Muscle Energetics
95(16)
Graham J. Kemp
5.1 Introduction
95(1)
5.2 The Basic Metabolism and Physiology of Skeletal Muscle Energetics
95(1)
5.2.1 ATP Turnover
95(1)
5.2.2 Intracellular Acid-Base Balance
95(1)
5.2.3 Metabolic Regulation
95(1)
5.2.4 Mitochondrial Capacity
96(1)
5.3 Noninvasive Access to Skeletal Muscle Metabolism
96(1)
5.4 Three Ways Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) Can Measure Metabolic Flux
97(3)
5.4.1 Magnetization Transfer Methods
97(1)
5.4.2 13C MRS Measurement of TCA Cycle Flux
97(1)
5.4.3 31P MRS Kinetic Methods
98(2)
5.5 Interpreting 31P MRS Data: Measurements in Muscle at Rest
100(1)
5.6 Interpreting 31P MRS Data: Resting Muscle Under Cuff Ischemia
101(1)
5.7 Interpreting 31P MRS Data: Exercise Responses
101(5)
5.7.1 Initial Exercise: Responses in the First Few Seconds
102(1)
5.7.2 Ischemic Exercise: Exercise Without a Blood Supply
102(1)
5.7.3 "Oxidative" Exercise, Where Glycolytic ATP Synthesis Can Be Ignored
102(1)
5.7.4 Recovery From Exercise: Studying Mitochondrial Function
103(1)
5.7.5 Recovery From Exercise: Studying Proton Efflux
104(1)
5.7.6 High Intensity Exercise: Glycolytic and Oxidative ATP Synthesis
105(1)
5.8 Approaches to Measurement of O2 Transport and Consumption In Vivo
106(1)
5.8.1 Measuring Cellular PO2
106(1)
5.8.2 Measuring Muscle O2 Content
106(1)
5.8.3 Combining NIRS and 31P MRS
106(1)
Abbreviations and Symbols
107(1)
Acknowledgments
107(1)
References
107(4)
6 Efficiency of Skeletal Muscle
111(18)
Chris J. Barclay
6.1 Introduction
111(1)
6.2 Muscle Energetics Overview
111(1)
6.2.1 Biochemical Changes in Response to Contractile Activity
111(1)
6.2.2 Time Courses of Initial and Recovery Reactions
112(1)
6.3 Thermodynamics of Muscle Contraction
112(3)
6.3.1 Energy Output From Contracting Muscle
113(1)
6.3.2 Relationship Between Muscle Biochemistry and Enthalpy Output
113(2)
6.4 Efficiency of Muscle
115(7)
6.4.1 Efficiency of Cross-Bridge Work Generation
115(5)
6.4.2 Overall Muscle Efficiency
120(2)
6.4.3 Efficiency of Mitochondrial Energy Transfer
122(1)
6.5 Efficiency of Exercise in Humans
122(2)
6.5.1 Data From Isolated Human Muscle Fibers
122(1)
6.5.2 Estimating Muscle Efficiency From Exercise Efficiency
123(1)
6.6 Conclusion
124(1)
References
125(1)
Appendices
126(3)
Appendix 6.1
126(1)
Appendix 6.2
127(2)
7 Muscle Function: Strength, Speed, and Fatigability
129(30)
Roger M. Enoka
Jacques Duchateau
7.1 Introduction
129(1)
7.2 Muscle Activation
129(6)
7.2.1 Muscle Unit
130(1)
7.2.2 Muscle Fiber Types
130(2)
7.2.3 Contractile Properties
132(1)
7.2.4 Motor Unit Activation
133(2)
7.3 Muscle Force
135(3)
7.3.1 Sarcomere
135(1)
7.3.2 Muscle Fiber Length
136(1)
7.3.3 Muscle Fiber Anatomy
137(1)
7.3.4 Force Transmission to the Skeleton
138(1)
7.4 Muscle Function
138(15)
7.4.1 Strength and Power
139(6)
7.4.2 Speed-Related Properties
145(3)
7.4.3 Fatigability
148(5)
7.5 Conclusions
153(1)
References
153(6)
8 Critical Power: Possibly the Most Important Fatigue Threshold in Exercise Physiology
159(24)
Jesse C. Craig
Anni VanhataJo
Mark Burnley
Andrew M. Jones
David C. Poole
8.1 Introduction
159(1)
8.2 Historical Bases for the Critical Power Concept
159(4)
8.3 The Critical Power Concept: Mechanistic Bases
163(6)
8.3.1 Inspiratory Hyperoxia
165(1)
8.3.2 Inspiratory Hypoxia: Acute
166(1)
8.3.3 Inspiratory Hypoxia: Chronic
166(1)
8.3.4 Impact of Duty Cycle on Critical Power
167(1)
8.3.5 Complete Blood Flow Occlusion
168(1)
8.3.6 Vascular Control Above Critical Power/Critical Speed and Nitrate Supplementation
168(1)
8.3.7 All-Out Maximal Exercise
168(1)
8.3.8 Peripheral Versus Central Fatigue and Exhaustion
169(1)
8.4 Application of the Critical Power Concept to All-Out Exercise (Whole Body, Limb, Muscle Croup, Isolated Muscle)
169(2)
8.5 Practical Applications of the Critical Power Concept: Athletics, Aged and Patient Populations and Laboratory Testing
171(4)
8.5.1 Athletics
171(2)
8.5.2 Aged and Patient Populations
173(1)
8.5.3 Why Measure Critical Power and W' as a Guide for Assessing Exercise Tolerance?
173(2)
8.6 Laboratory Testing
175(1)
8.7 Challenges to the Critical Power Concept
175(1)
8.8 Conclusions
176(1)
References
177(6)
9 Energy Cost of Human Locomotion on Land and in Water
183(32)
Pietro E. di Prampero
Cristran Osgnach
9.1 Introduction
183(1)
9.2 Locomotion on Land
184(1)
9.2.1 The Nonaerodynamic Energy Cost
184(1)
9.2.2 The Air Resistance
184(1)
9.3 Walking and Running
184(9)
9.3.1 Terrain, Locomotion Pathologies, Body Mass, Age
188(3)
9.3.2 Accelerated/Decelerated Running
191(2)
9.4 Speed Skating
193(1)
9.5 Cycling
193(9)
9.5.1 Mechanical Work and Energy Cost
193(2)
9.5.2 The Efficiency of Cycling
195(1)
9.5.3 The Rolling Resistance
196(1)
9.5.4 The Aerodynamic Resistance
196(1)
9.5.5 Altitude and Performance
197(3)
9.5.6 On Sloping Grounds
200(2)
9.6 Cross-Country Skiing
202(1)
9.7 Locomotion in Water
203(8)
9.7.1 The Energetics of Swimming
204(2)
9.7.2 The Biomechanics of Swimming: Hydrodynamic Drag and Efficiency
206(2)
9.7.3 Assisted Locomotion in Water
208(3)
9.8 Conclusion and Practical Considerations
211(4)
Acknowledgments
211(1)
References
211(4)
Section III Muscle Metabolism and Exercise Physiology
215(130)
10 The Coupling of Internal and External Gas Exchange During Exercise
217(34)
T. Scott Bowen
Alan P. Benson
Harry B. Rossiter
10.1 Introduction
217(2)
10.1.1 Introduction to Exercise Bioenergetics
217(2)
10.1.2 Definitions
219(1)
10.2 Gas Exchange During Exercise
219(11)
10.2.1 Exercise Intensity Domains
219(1)
10.2.2 Ramp-Incremental Exercise
220(6)
10.2.3 Constant Power Exercise and vO2 Kinetics
226(4)
10.3 Physiological Mechanisms Dissociating the Lung and Muscle Gas Exchange
230(2)
10.3.1 Oxygen Stores
230(1)
10.3.2 Transit Delay
231(1)
10.3.3 Flow-Weighted Venous Admixture
231(1)
10.4 Evidence That Pulmonary VO2 Kinetics Reflect Intramuscular Metabolism During Exercise
232(8)
10.4.1 Evidence From Computer Simulation
232(1)
10.4.2 Evidence From Direct Measurement
233(1)
10.4.3 Kinetic Control of Muscle VO2
234(6)
10.5 Slow Pulmonary VO2 Kinetics in Aging and Chronic Disease: What Do They Tell Us About Exercise Limitation?
240(2)
10.5.1 Aging
240(1)
10.5.2 Chronic Heart Failure
240(1)
10.5.3 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
241(1)
10.5.4 Skeletal Muscle Myopathies
242(1)
10.6 Conclusions
242(1)
References
242(9)
11 Carbohydrate Metabolism During Exercise
251(20)
Kelly M. Hammond
Marc J. Fell
Mark A. Hearris
James P. Morton
11.1 Introduction
251(1)
11.2 Overview of Carbohydrate Storage
252(1)
11.3 Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism
253(5)
11.3.1 Effects of Exercise Intensity and Duration
254(2)
11.3.2 Effects of Substrate Availability
256(1)
11.3.3 Effects of Training Status
257(1)
11.4 Carbohydrate and Exercise Performance
258(2)
11.4.1 Muscle Glycogen and Carbohydrate Loading
258(1)
11.4.2 Preexercise Carbohydrate Availability
259(1)
11.4.3 Carbohydrate Feeding During exercise
259(1)
11.5 Carbohydrate and Training Adaptation
260(6)
11.5.1 Overview of Molecular Regulation of Training Adaptations
260(1)
11.5.2 Fasted Training
261(1)
11.5.3 Postexercise Carbohydrate Restriction
262(1)
11.5.4 Twice-per-day Training Models
262(1)
11.5.5 Sleep-Low/Train-Low Models
262(1)
11.5.6 High-Fat Feeding
263(1)
11.5.7 Muscle Glycogen Threshold
264(2)
11.5.8 Practical Applications
266(1)
11.6 Conclusions
266(1)
References
267(4)
12 Muscle Lipid Metabolism
271(14)
Adrian Chabowski
Jan Gorski
12.1 Introduction
271(3)
12.1.1 Trafficking of LCFA Across Sarcolemma
271(1)
12.1.2 The Effect of Physical Exercise on the Transmembrane Transport of LCFA
271(2)
12.1.3 Mechanisms of FA Transporters Translocation
273(1)
12.1.4 The Involvement of FA Transporters in the Mitochondrial Metabolism of LCFA
274(1)
12.2 Glycerolipids
274(3)
12.2.1 Glycerophospholipids
274(2)
12.2.2 Triacylglycerols
276(1)
12.2.3 Triacylglycerol lipases
276(1)
12.2.4 Perilipins
277(1)
12.3 Sphingolipids
277(2)
12.3.1 Metabolism of Sphingolipids
277(1)
12.3.2 Ceramide
278(1)
12.3.3 Sphingosine-1-Phosphate
278(1)
12.3.4 Sphingosine-1-Phosphate and Skeletal Muscle Regeneration
278(1)
12.3.5 Other Effects of Sphingosine-1-Phosphate in Skeletal Muscles
279(1)
12.3.6 Effect of Exercise on Sphingolipid Metabolism
279(1)
12.4 Skeletal Muscle Lipids and Insulin Sensitivity
279(1)
12.4.1 Triacylglycerols
279(1)
12.4.2 Diacylglycerols
280(1)
12.4.3 Ceramides
280(1)
12.4.4 Sphingosine-1-Phosphate
280(1)
12.5 Conclusions
280(1)
References
281(4)
13 Muscle as an Endocrine Organ
285(24)
Grit E. Legard
Bente K. Pedersen
13.1 Introduction
285(1)
13.2 History: Myokines
285(2)
13.3 A Yin-Yang Concept Exists Between Myokines and Adipokines
287(1)
13.4 Myokines
287(10)
13.4.1 Characteristics of a Myokine
287(4)
13.4.2 Myostatin
291(1)
13.4.3 Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
291(2)
13.4.4 Interleukin-7
293(1)
13.4.5 Interleukin-8
293(1)
13.4.6 Interleukin-15
294(1)
13.4.7 Leukemia Inhibitory Factor
295(1)
13.4.8 Irisin
296(1)
13.5 Other Myokines with Metabolic Functions
297(1)
13.5.1 Myonectin
297(1)
13.5.2 Follistatin-Like 1
297(1)
13.5.3 Fibroblast Growth Factor 21
298(1)
13.5.4 Insulin-Like 6
298(1)
13.5.5 Interleukin-4
298(1)
13.6 Myokines with Anticancer Effect
298(1)
13.7 Myokine Screening
298(2)
13.8 Conclusions
300(1)
Acknowledgments
300(1)
References
300(9)
14 The Role of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species in Skeletal Muscle
309(8)
Zsolt Radak
Erika Koltai
14.1 Introduction
309(1)
14.2 Differentiation of Fiber Types and Biogenesis of Mitochondria
309(1)
14.3 Muscle Contraction and Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species
310(2)
14.4 RONS-Associated Oxidative Damage and Repair
312(1)
14.5 Conclusions
313(1)
References
314(3)
15 Exercise, Immunity, and Illness
317(28)
Arwel Wyn Jones
Glen Davison
15.1 Introduction
317(1)
15.2 Exercise and Upper Respiratory Illness
317(2)
15.2.1 Beneficial Effects with Moderate Exercise
317(1)
15.2.2 Effects With Strenuous Training/in Athletes
317(2)
15.3 Etiology of Upper Respiratory Illness
319(2)
15.4 Immune System and Exercise
321(13)
15.4.1 Moderate Exercise
321(1)
15.4.2 Strenuous or Intensive Exercise
322(9)
15.4.3 Exercise Training and Immune Function
331(3)
15.5 Conclusions
334(1)
References
335(10)
Section IV Body Adaptation to Exercise
345(112)
16 The Evolution of Skeletal Muscle Plasticity in Response to Physical Activity and Inactivity
347(32)
Kenneth M. Baldwin
Fadia Haddad
16.1 Introduction
347(1)
16.2 Key Discoveries Between 1910 and 1950: The Origin of Motor Units and Intrinsic Contractile Properties of Skeletal Muscle
347(4)
16.2.1 The Motor Unit
347(1)
16.2.2 Fast-and Slow-Type Muscle: Connecting a Functional Link of the Muscle Fiber to Its Motor Neuron
347(3)
16.2.3 The Contributions of Archibald Vivian Hill to Fundamental Muscle Contraction Processes
350(1)
16.3 Key Discoveries Between 1950 and 1970: Building a Foundation in Muscle Plasticity via Histochemical and Biochemical Techniques
351(2)
16.3.1 Muscle Histochemistry and the Biochemistry of Myosin
351(1)
16.3.2 The Early Science of Muscle Plasticity: Adaptive Responses of Muscle Fibers to Simulated Physical Activity
351(1)
16.3.3 Early Studies on Exercise-Induced Adaptations in Skeletal Muscle
352(1)
16.4 Key Discoveries Between 1970 and 1980: Contributions of Exercise Biochemistry to Studying Muscle Adaptations to Physical Activity
353(3)
16.4.1 Fiber-Type Characterization of Mammalian Skeletal Muscle: Linking Biochemistry to Muscle Function
353(1)
16.4.2 Adaptive Responses of Motor Units to Endurance Exercise
353(1)
16.4.3 Impact of Training on Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types During Acute Bouts of Exercise
354(1)
16.4.4 Can Fast-Type Fibers Become Converted Into Slow-Type Fibers by Physical Activity Paradigms?
355(1)
16.4.5 Polymorphism of Myofibril Proteins and Role of Myosin
356(1)
16.5 Discoveries From 1980 to 2000: Myosin Isoform Gene Discovery, Analytical Technological Advancements, and Expansion of Activity Models to Overcome the Atrophy of Inactivity
356(5)
16.5.1 Advancing Biotechnologies and Identification of the Myosin Heavy Chain Gene Family
356(2)
16.5.2 New Approaches to Identify Myosin Heavy Chain Proteins and Fiber Typing at the Protein and Molecular Level
358(1)
16.5.3 Functional Properties of the Myosin Heavy Chain Isoforms
358(1)
16.5.4 New Activity/Inactivity Paradigms Involving Animal Models
359(1)
16.5.5 Single-Fiber Myosin Heavy Chain Polymorphism: How Many Patterns and the Role of Loading Conditions
360(1)
16.6 2000--Present: Mechanisms Regulating Protein Balance and Muscle Mass, Mitochondrial Biosynthesis, and Contractile Phenotype Switching
361(9)
16.6.1 Mechanisms of Altered Protein Balance Affecting Muscle Mass
361(1)
16.6.2 Are Satellite Cells Required for Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy?
361(2)
16.6.3 The Role of Activity in Reversing Atrophy Responses to Unloading Stimuli: Importance of Resistance Exercise
363(1)
16.6.4 Mechanisms of Mitochondrial Biosynthesis Regulation Muscle Performance
364(1)
16.6.5 Transcriptional Regulation of Contractile Phenotype Switching in Response to Altered Activity and Loading States
365(2)
16.6.6 Epigenetics and Muscle Gene Regulation in Response Unloading and to Exercise
367(1)
16.6.7 Role of Noncoding Antisense RNA During Altered Loading States
368(1)
16.6.8 Role of MicroRNA
369(1)
16.6.9 Mechanisms of Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Degradation
369(1)
16.7 Conclusions
370(1)
References
371(8)
17 Muscle Blood Flow and Vascularization in Response to Exercise and Training
379(12)
Bruno Tesini Roseguini
M. Harold Laughlin
17.1 Introduction
379(1)
17.2 Anatomy and Functional Organization of the Skeletal Muscle Vasculature
380(1)
17.3 Local Control of Microvascular Perfusion During Exercise
381(1)
17.4 Interaction Between Metabolic and Sympathetic Control of Muscle Blood Flow
381(1)
17.5 Muscle Blood Flow Heterogeneity
382(1)
17.6 Impact of Exercise Training on Skeletal Muscle Blood Flow
383(2)
17.7 Effects of Exercise Training on Skeletal Muscle Arteriolar Density
385(1)
17.8 Impact of Exercise Training on Skeletal Muscle Capillarization
385(1)
17.9 Effects of Exercise Training on Skeletal Muscle Vascular Control
386(1)
17.10 Conclusions
387(1)
References
387(4)
18 Metabolic Transitions and Muscle Metabolic Stability: Effects of Exercise Training
391(32)
Jerzy A. Zoladz
Zbigniew Szkutnik
Bruno Grassi
18.1 Introduction
391(2)
18.2 The Oxygen Uptake--Power Output Relationship
393(3)
18.3 Measurement, Modeling, and Analysis of Pulmonary VO2 On-Kinetics
396(3)
18.3.1 Overall VO2 Kinetics
396(2)
18.3.2 Three Phases of Pulmonary VO2 Responses
398(1)
18.3.3 Modeling of the Pulmonary VO2 Responses
399(1)
18.4 Pulmonary VO2 On-Kinetics
399(2)
18.4.1 Primary Component of the Pulmonary VO2 On-Kinetics
399(1)
18.4.2 The Slow Component of Pulmonary VO2 On-Kinetics
400(1)
18.5 The Relationship Between Pulmonary and Muscle VO2 On-Kinetics
401(1)
18.5.1 The Primary Phase of VO2 On-Kinetics
401(1)
18.5.2 The Slow Component of VO2 On-Kinetics
401(1)
18.6 Oxygen Deficit and Oxygen Debt
401(5)
18.6.1 Oxygen Deficit
401(1)
18.6.2 The Rate of Adjustment of the V02 On-Kinetics and the Size of the O2 Deficit: What Do They Tell Us?
402(1)
18.6.3 Oxygen Debt or the Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption
403(2)
18.6.4 A Small Versus Large Muscle O2 Debt: What Does It Tell Us?
405(1)
18.6.5 VO2 Off-Kinetics: Other Approaches
405(1)
18.7 The Factors Determining VO2 On-Kinetics
406(2)
18.7.1 The Primary Component of the VO2 On-Kinetics
406(1)
18.7.2 The Slow Component of the VO2 On-Kinetics
406(2)
18.7.3 General Mechanisms for the Slow Component of Muscle VO2 On-Kinetics
408(1)
18.8 The Impact of Endurance Training on Muscle Metabolic Stability and Muscle and Pulmonary VO2 On-Kinetics
408(7)
18.8.1 Endurance Training and Muscle Metabolic Stability
408(1)
18.8.2 Endurance Training and the VO2 On-Kinetics
409(1)
18.8.3 The Mechanisms Underlying the Training-Induced Acceleration of VO2 On-Kinetics
410(3)
18.8.4 The Effect of Physical Training on the Slow Component of the Pulmonary VO2 On-Kinetics
413(2)
18.9 Conclusions
415(1)
Acknowledgment
415(1)
References
415(8)
19 Human Ageing: Impact on Muscle Force and Power
423(10)
Hans Degens
19.1 Introduction
423(1)
19.2 Muscle Ageing and Daily Life Activities
423(1)
19.3 Loss of Muscle Power During Ageing
424(1)
19.4 Force-Generating Capacity
424(2)
19.4.1 Age-Related Loss of Muscle Mass
424(1)
19.4.2 Decreased Volume Proportion of fast fibers
425(1)
19.4.3 Muscle Architecture
425(1)
19.4.4 Muscle Ultrastructure
425(1)
19.4.5 Reductions in Single Fiber Specific Tension
425(1)
19.4.6 Neural Control
425(1)
19.5 Changes in Maximal Shortening Velocity
426(1)
19.6 Muscle Wasting and Function: Causes and Mechanisms
426(3)
19.6.1 Causes of Muscle Weakness in Old Age
427(1)
19.6.2 Mechanisms of Muscle Weakness
428(1)
19.7 Conclusions
429(1)
References
429(4)
20 The Role of Exercise on Fracture Reduction and Bone Strengthening
433(24)
Wolfgang Kemmler
Simon von Stengel
20.1 Introduction
433(2)
20.2 Exercise Strategies and Optimum Protocols for Bone Strengthening
435(13)
20.2.1 Step One: Determinants of Fractures and Fracture Prevention
435(2)
20.2.2 Step Two: Individual Status of the Subject With Respect to Fracture Risk
437(1)
20.2.3 Step Three: Defining the Most Relevant Primary Aims(s) of the Exercise Protocol
437(1)
20.2.4 Step Four: Application of the Exercise Protocol
438(9)
20.2.5 Step Five: Validation of Training Aims; Reappraisal
447(1)
20.2.6 Step Six: Definition of Other Dedicated Training Aims
448(1)
20.3 Conclusion
448(1)
References
448(9)
Section V Heart Muscle and Exercise
457(124)
21 Functional Morphology of the Cardiac Myocyte
459(8)
Nicholas J. Severs
21.1 Introduction
459(1)
21.2 Morphology of the Cardiac Myocyte and its Contractile Machinery
459(1)
21.3 The Lateral Plasma Membrane and Transverse Tubules
460(1)
21.4 Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and its Couplings to the Plasma Membrane
461(1)
21.5 Intercellular Junctions Linking Cardiomyocytes
461(3)
21.6 Intermediate Filaments, Costameres, and the Plasma Membrane Skeleton
464(1)
21.7 Variation in Morphology Among Different Cardiac Myocyte Types
465(1)
21.8 Conclusions
465(1)
References
466(1)
22 Exercise and the Coronary Circulation
467(38)
Dirk J. Duncker
Robert J. Bache
Daphne Merkus
M. Harold Laughlin
22.1 Introduction
467(1)
22.2 The Coronary Circulation in Acute Exercise
467(22)
22.2.1 Myocardial O2 Demand
467(1)
22.2.2 Myocardial O2 Supply
468(2)
22.2.3 Determinants of Coronary Blood Flow
470(2)
22.2.4 Transmural Distribution of Left Ventricular Myocardial Blood Flow
472(3)
22.2.5 Coronary Blood Flow to the Right Ventricle
475(1)
22.2.6 Control of Coronary Vascular Resistance
476(11)
22.2.7 Epicardial Coronary Arteries
487(1)
22.2.8 The Coronary Circulation in Acute Exercise: Summary and Conclusions
488(1)
22.3 The Coronary Circulation in Exercise Training
489(3)
22.3.1 Structural Vascular Adaptations in the Heart
489(2)
22.3.2 Adaptations in Coronary Vascular Control
491(1)
22.3.3 Exercise Training Increases Coronary Transport Capacity
492(1)
22.3.4 Coronary Circulation in Exercise Training: Summary and Conclusions
492(1)
Acknowledgments
492(1)
References
493(12)
23 Cardiac Energetics
505(36)
June-Chiew Han
Kenneth Tran
Andrew J. Taberner
Brian Chapman
Denis S. Loiselle
23.1 Introduction
505(1)
23.2 Cardiac Thermodynamics
505(4)
23.2.1 Defining "Efficiency"
506(1)
23.2.2 Heat Production
506(1)
23.2.3 Free Energy and Bound Energy
507(1)
23.2.4 Thermodynamic Efficiency and Entropy Creation
507(1)
23.2.5 Heat Production From Oxidative Phosphorylation
508(1)
23.2.6 Total Cardiac Heat Production
508(1)
23.2.7 Mechanical Efficiency
508(1)
23.2.8 Cross-Bridge Efficiency
508(1)
23.3 Experimental Techniques of Measuring Cardiac Energetics
509(10)
23.3.1 In vivo Measurement of Cardiac Energetics
509(1)
23.3.2 Ex Vivo Measurement of Cardiac Energetics
509(3)
23.3.3 In Vitro Measurement of Cardiac Energetics
512(5)
23.3.4 "Total" Versus "Mechanical" Versus "Cross-Bridge" Efficiency
517(1)
23.3.5 Stress-length Area and Stress-Time Integral: Their Energetic Equivalence
518(1)
23.4 Partitioning of Global Cardiac Energetics
519(6)
23.4.1 Basal Metabolism
519(2)
23.4.2 Activation Metabolism
521(2)
23.4.3 Cross-Bridge Heat
523(2)
23.5 Mathematical Modeling of Cardiac Mechano-Energetics During Rest and Exercise
525(5)
23.5.1 The Cross-Bridge Cycle
525(1)
23.5.2 Ca2+ Activation
525(1)
23.5.3 Cross-Bridge Cycling
525(1)
23.5.4 Metabolic Considerations
526(1)
23.5.5 Model Details
526(1)
23.5.6 Regulation of Energy Supply and Demand
527(1)
23.5.7 In Silico Simulation of Exercise
527(3)
23.6 Effect of Acute Exercise on Global Cardiac Energetics
530(2)
23.6.1 Basal Metabolism
531(1)
23.6.2 Activation Metabolism
531(1)
23.6.3 Cross-Bridge Metabolism
532(1)
23.6.4 Total Efficiency
532(1)
23.6.5 Summary
532(1)
23.7 Conclusions
532(1)
Acknowledgments
533(1)
References
533(8)
24 Regulation of Heart Rate and Blood Pressure During Exercise in Humans
541(20)
James P. Fisher
Niels H. Secher
24.1 Introduction
541(1)
24.2 Static Exercise
541(10)
24.2.1 Onset of exercise
542(4)
24.2.2 Sustained Static Exercise
546(1)
24.2.3 Central Command Versus the Exercise Pressor Reflex
547(2)
24.2.4 Autonomic Control of Heart Rate and Blood Pressure
549(1)
24.2.5 Arterial Baroreceptors
549(1)
24.2.6 Standing
550(1)
24.2.7 Breath Hold
551(1)
24.3 Dynamic Exercise
551(5)
24.3.1 Onset of Exercise
551(1)
24.3.2 Sustained (Steady-State) Exercise
552(1)
24.3.3 Arterial Baroreceptors
553(1)
24.3.4 Central Command Versus the Exercise Pressor Reflex
553(2)
24.3.5 Autonomic Control of Heart Rate and Blood Pressure
555(1)
24.4 Conclusions
556(1)
References
556(5)
25 Sympatho-Excitation in Heart Failure: Contribution of Skeletal Muscle Reflexes and the Protective Role of Exercise Training
561(20)
Hanjun Wang
Lie Gao
Irving H. Zucker
25.1 Introduction
561(1)
25.2 Skeletal Myopathy in Chronic Heart Failure: From Functional Maladaptation to Structure Damage
562(2)
25.2.1 Exercise Intolerance in Chronic Heart Failure
562(1)
25.2.2 Oxidative Stress Contributes to Skeletal Myopathy in Chronic Heart Failure
563(1)
25.2.3 Skeletal Muscle Atrophy and the Ubiquitin Proteasorne System
563(1)
25.3 Exercise Training Ameliorates Skeletal Muscle Atrophy of Chronic Heart Failure via Antioxidant/Ubiquitin Proteasome System
564(1)
25.4 Sympatho-Excitation and Blood Flow Regulation During Exercise
564(2)
25.4.1 Neural Control Mechanisms During Exercise
564(2)
25.5 Abnormalities of Exercise Pressor Reflex in Cardiovascular Diseases
566(2)
25.5.1 The Exercise Pressor Reflex in Chronic Heart Failure
566(2)
25.5.2 The Exercise Pressor Reflex in Hypertension
568(1)
25.6 Effect of Exercise Training on the Exercise Pressor Reflex in Health and Disease
568(2)
25.6.1 Effect of Exercise Training on the Exercise Pressor Reflex in Health
568(1)
25.6.2 Effect of Exercise Training on the Exercise Pressor Reflex in Chronic Heart Failure and Hypertension
569(1)
25.7 Mechanisms Underlying the Beneficial Effect of Exercise Training on the Exaggerated Exercise Pressor Reflex in Chronic Heart Failure
570(4)
25.7.1 Exercise Training Reversal of Muscle Type Shift in Chronic Heart Failure
571(1)
25.7.2 The Role of Purinergic Receptors on the Exercise Training Effects on Group III Afferents in Chronic Heart Failure
571(1)
25.7.3 The TRPVI Receptors Arc Involved in the Mechanism by Which Exercise Training Prevents the Desensitization of Group IV Afferents in Heart Failure
571(1)
25.7.4 Other Potential Mechanisms
572(2)
25.8 Future Directions
574(1)
25.9 Conclusions
574(1)
References
574(7)
Index 581
Professor Jerzy A. Zoladz (Ph.D.) is an internationally recognised scientist specializing in human exercise physiology, with special focus on muscle energetics, muscle performance and fatigue. He received his Ph.D., from the Free University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands in 2000, based on the thesis entitled.: Limitations to sustained power output with special reference to the change point in the VO2/power output relationship. In the same year, he become an associate professor (dr hab.) at the University School of Physical Education in Kraków, Poland, based on the thesis entitled.: Power output, mechanical efficiency and fatigue in human skeletal muscles. He is currently a full professor at the University School of Physical Education in Kraków, Poland. Professor Zoladzs scientific interests include factors determining muscle power generating capabilities, muscle energetics, mechanisms determining the kinetics of oxygen uptake in human skeletal muscles and the impact of physical training on the muscle metabolic stability. He is the author/co-author of over a hundred of scientific papers/research communications published in international journals and he is a co-author of five textbooks for students. He has been a member of The Physiological Society (London) since 1996. Professor Zoladz also authored a number of successful practical applications of science into sport practice, including the design of the field running test for athletes (known as the Zoladz-test) as well as the development of a new method of training of muscle strength and power for the Polish national team in ski jumping. In connection with these activities, he has participated in the Winter Olympics Games in Salt Lake City (2002) as a member of the Medical Commission of The Polish Olympic Team.
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