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1 Introduction to Music Similarity and Retrieval |
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1 | (32) |
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1.1 Music Information Retrieval |
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2 | (1) |
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1.2 MIR from an Information Retrieval Perspective |
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3 | (9) |
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1.2.1 Retrieval Tasks and Applications in MIR |
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4 | (2) |
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1.2.2 Browsing Interfaces in MIR |
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6 | (3) |
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1.2.3 Recommendation Tasks and Applications in MIR |
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9 | (1) |
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1.2.4 MIR Beyond Retrieval, Browsing, and Recommendation |
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10 | (2) |
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12 | (6) |
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1.3.1 Computational Factors of Music Similarity |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (4) |
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1.4 Contents of this Book |
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18 | (1) |
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1.5 Evaluation of Music Similarity Algorithms |
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19 | (11) |
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1.5.1 Evaluation Using Prelabeled Data |
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20 | (4) |
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1.5.2 Evaluation Using Human Judgments |
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24 | (2) |
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1.5.3 Evaluation Using Listening Histories |
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26 | (1) |
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1.5.4 Music Collection and Evaluation in this Book |
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26 | (4) |
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30 | (3) |
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2 Basic Methods of Audio Signal Processing |
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33 | (18) |
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2.1 Categorization of Acoustic Music Features |
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33 | (3) |
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2.2 Simplified Scheme of a Music Content Feature Extractor |
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36 | (5) |
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2.2.1 Analog-Digital Conversion |
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37 | (2) |
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2.2.2 Framing and Windowing |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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2.3 Common Low-Level Features |
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41 | (8) |
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2.3.1 Time Domain Features |
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43 | (4) |
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2.3.2 Frequency Domain Features |
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47 | (2) |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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3 Audio Feature Extraction for Similarity Measurement |
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51 | (34) |
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3.1 Psychoacoustic Processing |
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51 | (4) |
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3.1.1 Physical Measurement of Sound Intensity |
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52 | (1) |
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3.1.2 Perceptual Measurement of Loudness |
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52 | (1) |
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3.1.3 Perception of Frequency |
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53 | (2) |
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3.2 Frame-Level Features and Similarity |
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55 | (12) |
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3.2.1 Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients |
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55 | (3) |
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3.2.2 Statistical Summarization of Feature Vectors |
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58 | (1) |
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3.2.3 Vector Quantization |
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58 | (2) |
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3.2.4 Gaussian Mixture Models |
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60 | (5) |
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3.2.5 Single Gaussian Model |
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65 | (2) |
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3.3 Block-Level Features and Similarity |
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67 | (11) |
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3.3.1 Fluctuation Pattern |
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68 | (2) |
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3.3.2 Logarithmic Fluctuation Pattern |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (3) |
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3.3.4 Correlation Pattern |
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74 | (3) |
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3.3.5 Similarity in the Block-Level Feature Framework |
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77 | (1) |
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3.4 Hubness and Distance Space Normalization |
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78 | (3) |
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81 | (2) |
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83 | (2) |
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4 Semantic Labeling of Music |
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85 | (22) |
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86 | (4) |
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90 | (4) |
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4.2.1 Differences to Classification |
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90 | (1) |
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4.2.2 Auto-Tagging Techniques |
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91 | (3) |
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4.3 Mood Detection and Emotion Recognition |
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94 | (8) |
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4.3.1 Models to Describe Human Emotion |
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94 | (5) |
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4.3.2 Emotion Recognition Techniques |
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99 | (3) |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (4) |
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Part II Music Context-Based MIR |
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5 Contextual Music Meta-data: Comparison and Sources |
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107 | (26) |
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5.1 Web-Based Music Information Retrieval |
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108 | (4) |
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5.1.1 The Web as Source for Music Features |
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108 | (2) |
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5.1.2 Comparison with Content-Based Methods |
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110 | (1) |
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5.1.3 Applications Using Web Data |
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111 | (1) |
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5.2 Data Formats for Web-Based MIR |
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112 | (2) |
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114 | (5) |
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115 | (1) |
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5.3.2 Collaborative Tagging |
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115 | (2) |
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5.3.3 Games with a Purpose |
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117 | (2) |
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119 | (9) |
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5.4.1 Web Pages Related to Music |
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120 | (6) |
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5.4.2 Biographies, Product Reviews, and Audio Blogs |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (3) |
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5.5.1 Analysis of Lyrics on the Web |
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128 | (1) |
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5.5.2 Retrieval and Correction |
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129 | (2) |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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6 Contextual Music Similarity, Indexing, and Retrieval |
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133 | (28) |
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6.1 Text-Based Features and Similarity Measures |
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133 | (11) |
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134 | (5) |
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6.1.2 Latent Semantic Indexing |
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139 | (3) |
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6.1.3 Applications of Latent Factor Approaches |
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142 | (2) |
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6.2 Text-Based Indexing and Retrieval |
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144 | (4) |
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6.2.1 Pseudo Document Indexing |
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145 | (1) |
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6.2.2 Document-Centered Rank-Based Scoring |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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6.3 Similarity Based on Co-occurrences |
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148 | (3) |
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6.4 Combination with Audio Content Information |
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151 | (4) |
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6.4.1 Combined Similarity Measures |
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151 | (2) |
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6.4.2 Contextual Filtering |
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153 | (1) |
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6.4.3 Combined Tag Prediction |
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154 | (1) |
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6.5 Stylistic Analysis and Similarity |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (4) |
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Part III User-Centric MIR |
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7 Listener-Centered Data Sources and Aspects: Traces of Music Interaction |
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161 | (18) |
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7.1 Definition and Comparison of Listener-Centered Features |
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161 | (2) |
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7.2 Personal Collections and Peer-to-Peer Network Folders |
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163 | (1) |
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7.3 Listening Histories and Playlists |
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164 | (5) |
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169 | (1) |
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7.5 Modeling User Context |
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170 | (4) |
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7.5.1 Sensor Data for Modeling User Context |
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170 | (3) |
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7.5.2 Social Networks and User Connections |
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173 | (1) |
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7.6 Factors of User Intentions |
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174 | (2) |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (2) |
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8 Collaborative Music Similarity and Recommendation |
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179 | (36) |
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8.1 Similarity Estimation via Co-occurrence |
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180 | (2) |
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8.2 Graph-Based and Distance-Based Similarity |
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182 | (4) |
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8.3 Exploiting Latent Context from Listening Sessions |
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186 | (5) |
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8.3.1 Latent Dirichlet Allocation |
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186 | (1) |
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8.3.2 Case Study: Artist Clustering from Listening Events |
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187 | (3) |
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8.3.3 Music Recommendation |
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190 | (1) |
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8.4 Learning from Explicit and Implicit User Feedback |
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191 | (7) |
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8.4.1 Memory-Based Collaborative Filtering |
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192 | (2) |
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8.4.2 Model-Based Collaborative Filtering |
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194 | (4) |
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8.5 Multimodal Combination |
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198 | (10) |
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8.5.1 Hybrid Recommender Systems |
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198 | (7) |
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8.5.2 Unified Metric Learning |
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205 | (3) |
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208 | (2) |
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210 | (5) |
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Part IV Current and Future Applications of MIR |
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215 | (32) |
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9.1 Music Information Systems |
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215 | (3) |
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9.1.1 Band Members and Their Roles |
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216 | (1) |
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9.1.2 Artist's or Band's Country of Origin |
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216 | (1) |
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9.1.3 Album Cover Artwork |
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217 | (1) |
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9.1.4 Data Representation |
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218 | (1) |
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9.2 User Interfaces to Music Collections |
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218 | (15) |
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9.2.1 Map-Based Interfaces |
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218 | (12) |
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9.2.2 Other Intelligent Interfaces |
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230 | (3) |
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9.3 Automatic Playlist Generation |
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233 | (6) |
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9.4 Music Popularity Estimation |
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239 | (6) |
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9.4.1 Popularity Estimation from Contextual Data Sources |
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240 | (4) |
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9.4.2 Comparison of Data Sources |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (2) |
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10 Grand Challenges and Outlook |
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247 | (8) |
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247 | (5) |
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10.1.1 Methodological Challenges |
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248 | (1) |
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10.1.2 Data-Related Challenges |
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249 | (1) |
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10.1.3 User-Centric Challenges |
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250 | (1) |
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10.1.4 General Challenges |
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251 | (1) |
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252 | (3) |
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A Description of the Toy Music Data Set |
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255 | (11) |
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255 | (2) |
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257 | (2) |
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259 | (2) |
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261 | (2) |
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263 | (3) |
References |
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266 | (27) |
Index |
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293 | |