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E-raamat: Nanofluidics: Thermodynamic and Transport Properties

Efstathios E. (Stathis) Michaelides

Formaat: PDF+DRM
Ilmumisaeg: 19-May-2014
Kirjastus: Springer International Publishing AG
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9783319056210

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Formaat: PDF+DRM
Ilmumisaeg: 19-May-2014
Kirjastus: Springer International Publishing AG
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9783319056210

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This volume offers a comprehensive examination of the subject of heat and mass transfer with nanofluids as well as a critical review of the past and recent research projects in this area. Emphasis is placed on the fundamentals of the transport processes using particle-fluid suspensions, such as nanofluids. The nanofluid research is examined and presented in a holistic way using a great deal of our experience with the subjects of continuum mechanics, statistical thermodynamics, and non-equilibrium thermodynamics of transport processes. Using a thorough database, the experimental, analytical, and numerical advances of recent research in nanofluids are critically examined and connected to past research with medium and fine particles as well as to functional engineering systems. Promising applications and technological issues of heat/mass transfer system design with nanofluids are also discussed.

This book also:

Provides a deep scientific analysis of nanofluids using classical thermodynamics and statistical thermodynamics to explain and interpret experimental observations
Presents the theory and experimental results for both thermodynamic and transport properties
Examines all transport properties and transport processes as well as their relationships through the pertinent macroscopic coefficients
Combines recent knowledge pertaining to nanofluids with the previous fifty years of research on particulate flows, including research on transient flow and heat transfer of particulate suspensions
Conducts an holistic examination of the material from more than 500 archival publications

1 Fundamentals of Nanoparticle Flow and Heat Transfer

(46)

1.1 Introduction

(7)

1.1.1 The "Size" of Particles

(2)

1.1.2 Heterogeneous Mixtures

(1)

1.1.3 Time Scales, Length Scales, and Dimensionless Groups

(3)

1.2 Continuum and Molecular Modeling

(6)

1.2.1 The Continuum Hypothesis

(3)

1.2.2 Molecular Dynamics

(3)

1.3 Hydrodynamic Drag on a Nano-Sphere

(17)

1.3.1 Fundamental Equations in Continuum Theory

(4)

1.3.2 The Knudsen Number for Particles

(2)

1.3.3 Slip Parameter and the Cunningham Factor

(4)

1.3.4 Drag on Irregular and Porous Particles

(2)

1.3.5 Terminal Velocity of Nanoparticles

(1)

1.3.6 Transient Flow

(3)

1.3.7 Lift Forces

(1)

1.3.8 Other Effects on the Hydrodynamic Force

(1)

1.4 Heat and Mass Transfer

(9)

1.4.1 Steady Convection for Spheres in Stokesian Flow

(1)

1.4.2 Knudsen Number Effects

(2)

1.4.3 Transient Effects

(1)

1.4.4 Heat Transfer from Non-spherical Particles

(2)

1.4.5 Radiation Effects

(2)

1.4.6 Other Effects on the Heat Transfer

(1)

References

(7)

2 Characteristics of Nanofluids

(44)

2.1 Methods of Preparation and Processing

(6)

2.1.1 Preparation of Nanoparticles

(1)

2.1.2 Preparation of Nanofluids

(2)

2.1.3 Particle Size Statistics

(2)

2.2 Surface-to-Volume Ratio

(1)

2.3 Brownian Movement

(10)

2.3.1 Thermophoresis

(2)

2.3.2 Thermophoretic Migration and Redistribution of Particles

(2)

2.3.3 Measurement of the Hydrodynamic Radius: Centrifuging

(2)

2.4 Electrical Effects, the Double Layer

(5)

2.4.1 The Zeta Potential

(1)

2.4.2 Electrophoresis

(2)

2.5 Aggregation

(8)

2.5.1 Kinetics of Aggregation

(2)

2.5.2 Shear-Induced Aggregation

(2)

2.5.3 Fractal Dimensions of Aggregates

(2)

2.6 Numerical Modeling

(11)

2.6.1 Lagrangian Point-Source Modeling

(2)

2.6.2 One-Way Coupling Simulations for Nanoparticles

(2)

2.6.3 Lagrangian, Resolved-Particle Model

(3)

2.6.4 Eulerian Homogeneous Model

(2)

2.6.5 Eulerian, Two-Fluid Model

(2)

References

(3)

3 Thermodynamic Properties

(26)

3.1 Density and Coefficient of Expansion

(4)

3.1.1 The Coefficients of Expansion for a Mixture

(3)

3.2 Extensive and Specific Properties

(11)

3.2.1 Enthalpy, Internal Energy, and Entropy

(3)

3.2.2 Specific Heat Capacity of Mixtures

(2)

3.2.3 Specific Heat Capacity of Nanofluids

101

(4)

3.2.4 A Note on the Specific Heat Capacity of the Solid Phase

105

(2)

3.3 Effect of Pressure and Temperature on the Thermodynamic Properties of Nanofluids

107

(7)

References

114

(3)

4 Viscosity

117

(46)

4.1 Analytical Models

119

(7)

4.1.1 The Viscosity of Homogeneous Fluids

119

(3)

4.1.2 The Effective Viscosity of Solid-Liquid Suspensions

122

(2)

4.1.3 Intrinsic Viscosity

124

(1)

4.1.4 Viscosity of Suspensions of Spheroidal Particles

125

(1)

4.2 Experimental Results: Newtonian Suspensions

126

(16)

4.2.1 Types of Viscometers for Newtonian Fluids

128

(2)

4.2.2 Measurements with Heterogeneous, Newtonian Suspensions

130

(3)

4.2.3 Experimental Studies and Correlations for Nanofluids

133

(6)

4.2.4 General Issues and Recommendations on the Correlations

139

(3)

4.3 Rheology of Solid-Liquid Suspensions

142

(10)

4.3.1 Rheological Characteristics of Materials

142

(2)

4.3.2 Rheology of Nanofluids

144

(3)

4.3.3 Viscosity of CNT Nanofluids

147

(1)

4.3.4 General Observations for Non-Newtonian Nanofluids

148

(2)

4.3.5 Drag and Heat Transfer of Spheres in Non-Newtonian Fluids

150

(2)

4.4 Friction Factors

152

(6)

4.4.1 Friction Factor with Slip at the Wall

152

(3)

4.4.2 Experimental Results for the Friction Factor

155

(2)

4.4.3 Concluding Remarks

157

(1)

References

158

(5)

5 Thermal Conductivity

163

(64)

5.1 Analytical Models

165

(13)

5.1.1 Thermal Conductivity of Fluids

165

(3)

5.1.2 Thermal Conductivity of Solids

168

(2)

5.1.3 Thermal Conductivity of Suspensions

170

(8)

5.2 Methods of Conductivity Measurement

178

(5)

5.2.1 Transient Hot Wire

178

(3)

5.2.2 Transient Plate Source

181

(1)

5.2.3 The 3ω Method

181

(1)

5.2.4 Steady Conduction Between Plates or Cylinders

182

(1)

5.2.5 Laser Heating

183

(1)

5.3 Experimental Data

183

(14)

5.3.1 Thermal Conductivity of Heterogeneous Suspensions

(104)

5.3.2 Experimental Data with CNT

187

(2)

5.3.3 Experimental Data with Metals

189

(1)

5.3.4 Experimental Data with Metal Oxides

190

(3)

5.3.5 A Benchmark Study on Thermal Conductivity

193

(2)

5.3.6 Temperature Dependence

195

(2)

5.4 Mechanisms of Thermal Conductivity Enhancement in Nanofluids

197

(18)

5.4.1 Particle Conductivity

197

(1)

5.4.2 Formation of an Interfacial Solid Layer

198

(2)

5.4.3 Electric Surface Charge

200

(1)

5.4.4 Brownian Movement

201

(4)

5.4.5 Transient Contributions

205

(2)

5.4.6 Particle Shape, Distribution, Size, and Formation of Aggregates

207

(2)

5.4.7 Preparation and Surfactants

209

(4)

5.4.8 Thermal Waves and Phonons

213

(1)

5.4.9 Other Mechanisms

214

(1)

5.5 Experimental Correlations

215

(3)

5.5.1 A Note on the Correlations for Thermal Conductivity

217

(1)

References

218

(9)

6 Convection and Boiling

227

(52)

6.1 Governing Equations

228

(9)

6.1.1 General Expressions

228

(1)

6.1.2 The Boundary Layer Approximation

229

(2)

6.1.3 Flow in Channels: Developed Flow

231

(2)

6.1.4 Laminar Velocity and Temperature Profiles

233

(1)

6.1.5 Two Analytical Solutions for the Temperature Profile

234

(2)

6.1.6 Nusselt Numbers for Channels and Tubes

236

(1)

6.2 Convection with Particulate Suspensions

237

(6)

6.2.1 A Model for the Convection in Fluid-Solid Suspensions

239

(4)

6.3 Convection with Nanofluids

243

(13)

6.3.1 Laminar Flow Experiments

243

(4)

6.3.2 Laminar Flow Numerical and Analytical Results

247

(1)

6.3.3 Turbulent Convection

248

(2)

6.3.4 Turbulence Modulation

250

(1)

6.3.5 Convection vs. Friction: Figures of Merit

251

(3)

6.3.6 Optimization of a Cooling Channel Under Constant Heat Flux

254

(2)

6.4 Natural Convection

256

(4)

6.4.1 Natural Convection Coefficients with Nanoparticles

256

(2)

6.4.2 Earlier Onset of Natural Convection: Effect on Conductivity Measurements

258

(2)

6.5 Boiling and Critical Heat Flux

260

(12)

6.5.1 Pool Boiling and Critical Heat Flux

261

(3)

6.5.2 Pool Boiling with Nanofluids

264

(2)

6.5.3 Forced/Convective Boiling with Nanofluids

266

(5)

6.5.4 Radiation Effects

271

(1)

References

272

(7)

7 Diffusivity

279

(34)

7.1 Analytical Models

282

(5)

7.1.1 Molecular Theory

282

(1)

7.1.2 Continuum Theory: Similarity with Heat Transfer

283

(3)

7.1.3 Diffusivity of Suspensions

286

(1)

7.2 Methods of Diffusivity Measurement

287

(10)

7.2.1 Rotating Disk Diffusion Meter

288

(1)

7.2.2 Permeation Cell with Membrane

289

(2)

7.2.3 Optical Methods

291

(1)

7.2.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

292

(1)

7.2.5 Liquid Reactors

292

(1)

7.2.6 Diffusion in Narrow Tubes or Membrane Pores with Nanofluids

293

(4)

7.3 Experimental Results

297

(5)

7.3.1 A Note on the Convective Mass Transfer Coefficients

297

(1)

7.3.2 Experimental Studies and Results

298

(3)

7.3.3 Conclusions on the Transport of Mass

301

(1)

7.4 Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics of Transport Processes

302

(8)

7.4.1 Conjugate Fluxes and Conjugate Forces

303

(2)

7.4.2 Reciprocal Relations

305

(1)

7.4.3 Conduction in an Anisotropic Medium

306

(2)

7.4.4 Combined Diffusion and Conduction Processes

308

(2)

References

310

(3)

8 Epilogue

313

(20)

8.1 Cost of Nanofluids and Investment Climate

314

(4)

8.1.1 Cost of Nanoparticles and Nanofluids

314

(2)

8.1.2 Nanotechnology Investments Between 2000 and 2014

316

(2)

8.2 Realistic Applications of Nanofluids

318

(6)

8.2.1 Cooling of Electronic Components

319

(1)

8.2.2 Nuclear Reactor Cooling

320

(1)

8.2.3 Engine Coolants for Vehicles

321

(1)

8.2.4 Waste Energy Utilization, Solar Energy, and HVAC

322

(1)

8.2.5 Cooling of Electricity Transformers and Other Power Elements

323

(1)

8.2.6 Mass Transfer Applications

323

(1)

8.3 Technological Challenges

324

(3)

8.3.1 Stability, Particle Sedimentation/Removal, System Reliability

324

(1)

8.3.2 Environmental and Health Concerns

325

(2)

8.4 Observations and Recommendations

327

(4)

References

331

(2)

Index

333

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