Nanoindentation of Natural Materials: Hierarchical and Functionally Graded Microstructures provides a systematic introduction and review of state-of-the-art statistical hierarchical and functionally graded structures found in bone, teeth, hair, and scales, from a nanoindentation perspective, including detailed microstructure and composition. It discusses advantages of this method in purview of characterizing natural bio-composites. The detail mechanical properties of these structures at the scale of micro/nano-structure is evaluated by micro/nano-indentation techniques. The book includes practical issues backed with experimental data.
Preface |
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xiii | |
Acknowledgments |
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xv | |
Authors |
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xix | |
Contributors |
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xxiii | |
Common Abbreviations |
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xxv | |
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1 Basics of Hierarchical and Functionally Graded Structures and Mechanical Characterization by Nanoindentation: A Paradigm Shift for Nano/Microstructural Length Scale |
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1 | (26) |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 Some Truths and Interesting Facts |
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1 | (14) |
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1.2.1 Bone: A Tough Hybrid Composite |
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1 | (4) |
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1.2.2 Teeth: A Hard but Tough Hybrid Functionally Graded Composite |
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5 | (4) |
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1.2.3 Shell and Scale: A Hard-Tough Layered Functionally Graded Hybrid Composite |
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9 | (2) |
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1.2.4 Hair Fiber: A Tough Hierarchical Layered Architecture |
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11 | (2) |
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1.2.5 Wonder of Mother Nature and Mimicking It |
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13 | (2) |
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1.3 Mechanical Characterization by Nanoindentation: A Paradigm Shift for Nano/Microstructural Length Scale |
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15 | (1) |
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1.4 What Can Nanoindentation Do? |
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16 | (1) |
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1.5 Hardness and Modulus: The Vital Properties of Materials and Their Measurement Limitations at Nano/Microstructural Length Scale |
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16 | (1) |
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1.6 Nanoindentation: A Boon for Mechanical Characterization at the Scale of Microstructure |
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17 | (1) |
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1.7 Basic Theory of Nanoindentation |
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18 | (3) |
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1.8 The Need for Finite Element (FE) Modeling of Nanoindentation |
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21 | (2) |
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23 | (4) |
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23 | (4) |
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2 Nanoindentation of Bone: A Tough Hybrid Composite |
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27 | (32) |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (3) |
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2.2.1 Structural Anisotropy at Different Length Scales |
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28 | (2) |
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2.3 Importance of Nanoindentation |
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30 | (2) |
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2.4 Factors Influencing the Nanomechanical Properties of Human Cortical Bone |
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32 | (22) |
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2.4.1 Influence of Location on Nanomechanical Properties of Bone |
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33 | (5) |
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2.4.2 Influence of Direction of Orientation on Nanomechanical Properties of Bone |
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38 | (5) |
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2.4.3 Influence of the Density Variation on the Nanomechanical Properties of Bone |
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43 | (2) |
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2.4.4 Influence of Age on the Nanomechanical Properties of Bone |
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45 | (4) |
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2.4.5 Influence of Gender on the Nanomechanical Properties of Bone |
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49 | (1) |
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2.4.6 Influence of State of Hydration on the Nanomechanical Properties of Bone |
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50 | (1) |
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2.4.7 Influence of Experimental Conditions on the Nanomechanical Properties of Bone |
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50 | (4) |
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54 | (5) |
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54 | (5) |
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3 Nanoindentation of Teeth: A Hard but Tough Hybrid Functionally Graded Composite |
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59 | (24) |
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59 | (4) |
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3.2 Formation and Structure of Tooth |
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63 | (4) |
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3.2.1 Formation and Structure of Enamel |
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64 | (2) |
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3.2.1.1 Differences between Enamel and HAp |
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66 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Formation and Structure of Dentine and DEJ |
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66 | (1) |
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3.3 Nanomechanical Property Evaluation of Tooth |
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67 | (7) |
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3.3.1 Nanomechanical Property Evaluation of Enamel Tissue |
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68 | (1) |
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3.3.1.1 Young's Modulus and Hardness of Sound Enamel |
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68 | (1) |
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3.3.1.2 Young's Modulus and Hardness of Carious Enamel |
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68 | (1) |
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3.3.1.3 Young's Modulus and Hardness of Sound Enamel in Terms of Age and Location |
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69 | (1) |
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3.3.1.4 Young's Modulus and Hardness of Hypomineralized Enamel |
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69 | (2) |
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3.3.1.5 Effect of Bleaching on Nanomechanical Property of Enamel |
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71 | (1) |
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3.3.1.6 Effect of Flouride Treatment on Nanomechanical Property of Enamel |
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72 | (1) |
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3.3.1.7 Dissolution and Erosion of Enamel |
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72 | (1) |
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3.3.2 Nanomechanical Property Evaluation of Dentine and DEJ |
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73 | (1) |
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3.3.2.1 E and H of Sound Dentine |
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73 | (1) |
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3.3.2.2 E and H of Carious Dentine |
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74 | (1) |
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74 | (9) |
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75 | (8) |
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4 Fracture Toughness of Enamel Region: Role of DEJ and Modeling of Fracture Toughness |
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83 | (20) |
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83 | (1) |
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4.2 Structural Hierarchy and Fracture Toughness |
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84 | (4) |
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88 | (5) |
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4.4 Micro-mechanical Modeling for Prediction of Fracture Toughness |
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93 | (4) |
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97 | (6) |
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97 | (6) |
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5 Nanoindentation Creep of Enamel and Dentine Tissues |
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103 | (22) |
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103 | (3) |
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5.2 Creep Behavior of Enamel |
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106 | (7) |
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5.3 Creep Behavior of Dentine |
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113 | (8) |
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121 | (4) |
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122 | (3) |
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6 Nanoindentation of Hair Fiber: A Tough Hierarchical Layered Architecture |
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125 | (16) |
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125 | (4) |
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6.2 Nanomechanical Properties of Hair Fiber: What Literature Says |
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129 | (2) |
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6.3 Macromechanical and Nanotribological Properties of Human Hair |
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131 | (6) |
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137 | (4) |
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138 | (3) |
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7 Nanoindentation of Shell and Scale: A Hard-Tough Layered Functionally Graded Hybrid Composite |
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141 | (36) |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (2) |
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7.3 Importance of Nanoindentation |
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143 | (1) |
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7.4 Nanomechanical Properties of Different Varieties of Molluscan Shells |
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144 | (20) |
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7.4.1 Nanomechanical Properties of Gastropods |
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145 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (4) |
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150 | (5) |
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7.4.2 Nanomechanical Properties of Bivalve Shells |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (2) |
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7.4.2.2 Saxidomus Purpuratus Shell |
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157 | (1) |
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7.4.2.3 Green Mussel Shell |
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158 | (2) |
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7.4.2.4 Brachiopod Shells |
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160 | (3) |
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163 | (1) |
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7.5 Nanomechanical Response of Other Varieties of Shells |
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164 | (3) |
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7.5.1 Nanomechanical Response of Arthropoda |
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164 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (2) |
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7.6 Nanomechanical Response of Fish Scales |
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167 | (4) |
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168 | (1) |
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7.6.2 Alligator Gar Scales |
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169 | (2) |
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7.6.3 Polypteridae Fish Scales |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (6) |
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173 | (4) |
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8 Combined Nanoindentation and Finite Element Approach in Natural Hierarchical Structures |
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177 | (26) |
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8.1 Basics of Finite Element Method |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (4) |
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8.2.1 Geometric Nonlinearity |
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179 | (1) |
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8.2.2 Material Nonlinearity |
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180 | (2) |
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8.2.3 Boundary Condition Nonlinearity |
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182 | (1) |
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8.3 Finite Element Analysis and Nanoindentation |
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182 | (4) |
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8.3.1 Development in the Field of Nanoindentation and Its FE Modeling |
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183 | (1) |
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8.3.2 Material Models Used in Nanoindentation Simulation |
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184 | (1) |
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8.3.3 Evaluation of Substrate Effect from Nanoindentation Simulation |
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185 | (1) |
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8.3.4 Optimization Technique Used in Nanoindentation Simulation |
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185 | (1) |
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8.4 Description of the FE Modeling of Nanoindentation |
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186 | (3) |
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8.5 Combined Nanoindentation and FE Approach |
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189 | (3) |
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8.6 Combined Nanoindentation and FEM Study of Silicon |
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192 | (1) |
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8.7 Validation of the Present FE Based Model from Literature Data |
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193 | (1) |
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8.8 Issues of Computation Time, Accuracy, and Error of the FE Based Simulation Work |
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194 | (2) |
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8.9 Case Study: Finite Element Modeling of Nanoindentation of a Fish Scale |
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196 | (3) |
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199 | (4) |
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199 | (4) |
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203 | (4) |
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Index |
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207 | |
Dr. Arjun Dey presently associates as Scientist at ISRO Satellite Centre, Indian Space Research Organisation, Bengaluru. Dr. Dey received the Bachelor Degree in Mechanical Engineering in 2003 from Biju Patnaik University of Technology; followed by Master Degree in Materials Engineering from Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology (IIEST), Shibpur, Howrah (the then Bengal Engineering and Science University) in 2007. Working as CSIR-SRF at CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute (CSIR-CGCRI), Kolkata, he earned his Doctoral Degree in Materials Science and Engineering in 2011 from the IIEST, Shibpur. He already obtained many prestigious awards like Dr. R. L. Thakur Memorial Award for the young scientist working in the field of ceramics from The Indian Ceramic Society in 2012, DST-Fast Track Young Scientist Scheme Project Grant Award from Department of Science and Technology, India in 2011, Young Engineers Award and Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Division Prize from The Institution of Engineers (India) in 2011 and 2016 and Young Scientist Award from Materials Research Society of India, Kolkata chapter in 2009 for the significant contributions, in the field of Materials Science and Engineering. Arjun also obtained the prestigious CSIR-Senior Research Fellowship Award, from the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) to accomplish his PhD. The research work of Dr. Dey culminated more than 200 publications (around 100 in SCI Journals including from NATURE Group). He has co-authored 2 books entitled i) Nanoindentation of Brittle Solids and ii) Microplasma Sprayed Hydroxyapatite Coatings from CRC Press/Taylor & Francis and 1 book chapter (Micromechanical and Finite Element Modeling for Composites) published from IGI Global, USA. He has guided 3 Ph.D. (ongoing) and 11 M.Tech. (1 ongoing) students. He has delivered several invited talks in international conferences, IITs and academic universities. For the 2016-18 period he has been an Executive Committee Member in Karnataka Chapter of The Indian Ceramic Society.
Dr. Anoop Kumar Mukhopadhyay is a Chief Scientist and Head of the Advanced Mechanical and Materials Characterization Division of CSIR-CGCRI, Kolkata, India. He also heads the Program Management Division and Business Development Group of CSIR-CGCRI. He obtained his bachelors degree with honours in Physics from Kalyani University, Kalyani in 1978 followed by a masters degree in Physics from Jadavpur University, Kolkata in 1982. Way back in 1978, he had initiated in India the research work on evaluation, analysis and microstructure mechanical properties correlation of non oxide ceramics, for high temperature applications; prior to joining CSIR-CGCRI, Kolkata, India in 1986, as a staff scientist. Working on the critical parameters that control the high temperature fracture toughness of silicon nitride and its composites, he earned his Ph D. degree in Science, in 1988 from the Jadavpur University, Kolkata. During 1990-1992 he was awarded the prestigious Australian Commonwealth Post Graduate Research Fellowship and made pioneering contribution, about the role of grain size in wear of alumina ceramics during his Post Doctoral work on development of wear and fatigue resistant oxide ceramics; with world renowned Prof. Yiu-Wing Mai and Prof. Mike Swain at the University of Sydney, Australia. At CSIR-CGCRI, Kolkata, India, Dr. Mukhopadhyay has established an enthusiastic research group on evaluation and analysis of mechanical and nanomechanical properties of glass, ceramics, bioceramic coatings and biomaterials, thin films and natural biomaterials. Dr. Mukhopadhyay has an impressive total of close to 250 publications including SCI journals (including NATURE Group), National and International Conference Proceedings/Book of Abstracts etc. with h-index of 26, i10 index of 52 and a total citation of 2181 (www.scholar.google.co.in) to his credit. He has also 7 patents with 3 of them already granted, 4 Book Chapters already published and 2 Books co-authored with Dr A. Dey of ISAC, ISRO, Bangalore, India and published by the CRC Press Inc., USA to his credit. He has supervised 11 doctoral students including 5 candidates who have already earned the Ph D degrees of Indian Institute of Engineering, Science and Technology in 2011 and from Jadavpur University in 2014, 2015 and 2016. He has also guided more than 20 M. Tech Dissertation Thesis and 30 B. Tech. Thesis. He contributed three chapters in Handbook of Ceramics edited by Dr. S. Kumar, Internationally famous Glass Technologist and former Director of CSIR-CGCRI, Kolkata, India and published by Kumar and Associates, Kolkata. Along with co-authors Dr A. K. Gupta and Dr A. Dey of ISAC, ISRO, Bangalore, India he also contributed very recently a book Chapter in the Book entitled Materials Design Using Computational Intelligence Techniques edited by Prof S. Dutta of SRM University, India and published by IGI Global, USA in 2016. He serves on the editorial board of Soft Nanoscience Letters. In 2008, he won the Best Poster Paper Award at 53rd DAE Solid State Physics Symposium. He also won in 2000 the Sir C V Raman Award of the Acoustical Society of India. In the same year he also won the Best Poster Paper Award of the Materials Research Society of India. He was also awarded in 2000 the Visiting Scientist Fellowship, to work on the fracture and nanoindentation behaviour of ceramic thermal barrier coatings with the world renowned scientist, Dr. R. W. Steinbrech at the Forschungszentrum, Juelich, Germany. He was awarded in 1997 the Outstanding Young Person Award for Science and Innovation by the Outstanding Young Achievers Association, Kolkata. The Lions Club of India award was won by him in 1996. His work was recognized in 1995 through the Best Poster Paper Award of the Materials Research Society of India. Recently in 2010, his paper won the Best Research Paper Award; at the Diamond Jubilee Celebration Ceremony of CSIR-CGCRI, Kolkata. His current research interests cover a truly diverse span e.g., physics of nano scale deformation for brittle solids, very high strain rate shock physics of ceramics, tribology of ceramics, nanotribology of ceramic coatings and thin films, microstructure - mechanical and / or functional property correlation as well as ultrasonic characterisation and fatigue of (a) structural and bio-ceramics, bio-ceramic coatings, bio-Materials (b) multilayer composites (c) thick/thin hard ceramic coatings. He also has very active interest in microwave processing of ceramics, ceramic composites and ceramic metal or ceramic / ceramic joining.