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E-raamat: Natural Gas Transmission and Distribution Business

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(Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Gandhinagar, India), (Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Gandhinagar, India)
  • Formaat: 210 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 04-Feb-2019
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780429942921
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Natural Gas Transmission and Distribution BusinessSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 210 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 04-Feb-2019
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780429942921
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The natural gas business consists of two major aspects, sourcing and transportation, and distribution has been a growing area of interest to industry, government and academia. With the emphasis on promoting natural gas sector, there is an increasing need to have a well documented book that deals with the business issues, particularly the transportation and distribution of this sector, specifically aimed at petroleum engineers and professionals. This book fills this gap to provide structured material that deals with managerial and regulatory aspects with an applied technical perspective wherever needed.
Foreword xv
Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xix
Authors xxi
1 Natural Gas Industry: An Introduction
1(14)
1.1 Natural Gas: An Introduction
1(3)
1.2 Natural Gas Exploration and Production
4(1)
1.3 Natural Gas Transmission Through Cross-Country Natural Gas Pipelines
4(1)
1.4 Transmission Pipes
5(1)
1.5 Compressor Stations
6(1)
1.6 Metering Stations
6(1)
1.7 Valves
6(1)
1.8 Monitoring Stations and Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition Systems
7(1)
1.9 Pipeline Construction
8(1)
1.10 Pipeline Integrity Management: Inspection and Safety
9(2)
1.11 Storage of Natural Gas
11(1)
1.12 Natural Gas Distribution: An Introduction
12(1)
1.13 Delivery of Natural Gas
13(1)
Bibliography
14(1)
2 Regulatory Aspects of Natural Gas Transmission and Distribution Business
15(12)
2.1 Introduction
15(1)
2.2 Role of Regulator-Balancing Act
15(2)
2.2.1 Consumer Interests and Expectations
16(1)
2.2.2 Interest and Expectations of Natural Gas Marketers
16(1)
2.3 Objectives of Natural Gas Regulators
17(1)
2.4 Drivers of Regulatory Decisions
18(1)
2.5 Regulations: An Overview
19(7)
2.5.1 Authorization by Choosing Entities Through a Transparent Bidding Process
20(1)
2.5.2 City Gas Distribution Network, Compressed Natural Gas Compression, and Pipeline Tariff
20(1)
2.5.3 Marketing and Infrastructure Exclusivity for City Gas Distribution
21(2)
2.5.4 Quality of Service
23(1)
2.5.5 Technical and Safety Standards
23(1)
2.5.6 Integrity Management for City Gas Distribution Networks and Cross-Country Transmission Pipelines
24(1)
2.5.7 Operating Code
25(1)
Bibliography
26(1)
3 Natural Gas Transmission Business: Project Management Aspects
27(36)
3.1 Natural Gas Transmission Pipeline Projects
27(1)
3.2 Natural Gas Transmission Pipeline System Description
28(6)
3.2.1 Receiving Stations and Dispatch Stations
29(1)
3.2.2 Intermediate Pigging Stations
29(1)
3.2.3 Sectionalizing Valve Stations
29(3)
3.2.4 Compressor Stations and Sectionalizing Valves
32(1)
3.2.5 Tap-Off Stations
33(1)
3.2.6 Blow Down
33(1)
3.3 Transmission Line Project Planning
34(7)
3.3.1 Route Optimization (Pipeline Route Planning)
34(1)
3.3.1.1 Criteria and Guidelines for Route Selection
35(1)
3.3.1.2 Characteristics of the Analytical Hierarchy Process Approach
36(1)
3.3.1.3 Route Selection Process Using the Analytical Hierarchy Process Methodology
36(1)
3.3.1.4 Factors and Sub-factors Used for Route Selection
36(1)
3.3.1.5 Decision Support System for Deciding Importance of Factors
37(1)
3.3.2 Optimization of Diameter of Pipes and Locations and Number of Valves, Regulators, and Compressors (Machines)
37(4)
3.4 Designing and Scope of the Transmission Pipeline (Technical Aspects)
41(9)
3.4.1 Pipeline and Related Machines/Equipments
41(1)
3.4.1.1 Broad Specifications
41(1)
3.4.1.2 Ultimate Flowing Capacity
42(1)
3.4.1.3 Compressors and Intermediate Pigging Stations
42(1)
3.4.1.4 Pipeline Design
42(1)
3.4.1.5 Corrosion Protection Coating
43(1)
3.4.1.6 Pig Launcher and Receiver
44(1)
3.4.1.7 Flow Tees
45(1)
3.4.1.8 Piping
45(1)
3.4.1.9 Insulating Joints
45(1)
3.4.1.10 Sectionalizing Valves and Ball Valves
45(1)
3.4.2 Civil and Structural Work
45(2)
3.4.3 Electrical Work
47(1)
3.4.4 Instrumentation Work
48(1)
3.4.5 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System (Control Room)
48(1)
3.4.6 Telecommunication System
49(1)
3.4.7 Cathodic Protection System
50(1)
3.5 Project Financial Analysis
50(3)
3.5.1 Project Cost Estimates
50(2)
3.5.2 Project Economic and Financial Feasibility
52(1)
3.5.3 Methodology for Fixing the Tariffs
53(1)
3.5.4 Sensitivity Analysis
53(1)
3.6 Project Implementation Strategy
53(8)
3.6.1 Engineering Management
54(1)
3.6.1.1 Basic Engineering
54(1)
3.6.1.2 Detailed Engineering
55(1)
3.6.2 Procurement Management
55(1)
3.6.2.1 Work Packages
56(1)
3.6.2.2 Priority Procurement Items
56(1)
3.6.2.3 Procurement Procedure
57(1)
3.6.2.4 Expediting Procedure
57(1)
3.6.2.5 Quality Control and Inspection
57(1)
3.6.3 Construction Management
58(1)
3.6.3.1 Construction Spreads
58(1)
3.6.3.2 Construction Supervision
58(1)
3.6.3.3 Quality, Health, Safety, and Environment
59(1)
3.6.3.4 Stores Management
60(1)
Bibliography
61(2)
4 Natural Gas Transmission Business: Operations and Maintenance Aspects
63(22)
4.1 Operations of Main Equipments
63(7)
4.1.1 Filter
63(1)
4.1.2 Meters
64(1)
4.1.3 Compressor and Compressor Control System and Natural Gas Turbine
65(1)
4.1.4 After-Cooler Control System
66(1)
4.1.5 Pigging Operations
66(1)
4.1.6 Fire Fighting System
66(2)
4.1.7 Pressure Reduction Station
68(1)
4.1.8 Emergency Shutdown System
68(1)
4.1.9 Depressurization System
69(1)
4.1.10 Valves
69(1)
4.2 Maintenance of Natural Gas Transmission Lines
70(6)
4.2.1 Pipeline Maintenance
70(1)
4.2.1.1 Visual Surveys
70(1)
4.2.1.2 Coating Defect Survey
71(1)
4.2.1.3 Intelligent Pig Survey
71(1)
4.2.2 Cathodic Protection Maintenance
72(1)
4.2.2.1 Monitoring of Cathodic Protection
72(1)
4.2.3 Station Maintenance
73(1)
4.2.3.1 Functional and Diagnostic Checks
74(1)
4.2.3.2 Minor Equipment Inspection
74(1)
4.2.3.3 Major Equipment Inspection
74(1)
4.2.3.4 Filter Maintenance
75(1)
4.2.3.5 Instrumentation and Metering System Maintenance
75(1)
4.3 Control Philosophy to Manage the Natural Gas Transmission System
76(7)
4.3.1 Manned and Unmanned Facilities
76(1)
4.3.1.1 Manned Facilities
76(1)
4.3.2 Central Control System
77(1)
4.3.2.1 Main Central Control Room
77(1)
4.3.2.2 Metering Data Transmitted to the Central Control Room
78(1)
4.3.2.3 Secondary and Back-Up Central Control Room
78(1)
4.3.2.4 Other Functionality
79(1)
4.3.3 Flow Management
79(1)
4.3.3.1 Nomination Management
80(2)
4.3.3.2 Relations with Shippers and Between Shippers and End Users
82(1)
4.3.3.3 Administrative Assistance
82(1)
4.3.4 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition and Telecommunication
82(1)
4.3.5 Geographical Information System
82(1)
Bibliography
83(2)
5 Natural Gas Distribution Business: Project Management Aspects
85(26)
5.1 Natural Gas Distribution System Description
85(8)
5.1.1 City Gate Station
87(4)
5.1.2 Pipeline Network
91(1)
5.1.3 Regulating Stations
91(1)
5.1.4 Metering and Regulating Stations
92(1)
5.1.5 Compressed Natural Gas Stations
92(1)
5.2 Project Management
93(16)
5.2.1 Project Planning: Natural Gas Distribution Network
93(1)
5.2.2 Project Analysis: Natural Gas Distribution Business
94(1)
5.2.2.1 Market Analysis
94(2)
5.2.2.2 Technical Analysis
96(8)
5.2.3 Financial Analysis
104(1)
5.2.3.1 Project Cost Estimates
104(1)
5.2.3.2 Operating Cost
105(2)
5.2.3.3 Scenarios Building and Sensitivity Analysis
107(1)
5.2.4 Project Implementation
107(2)
5.2.4.1 Critical Success Factors for Project Implementation
109(1)
Bibliography
109(2)
6 Natural Gas Distribution Business: Operations and Maintenance Aspects
111(36)
6.1 Operations & Maintenance Policy and Philosophy for Natural Gas Distribution Business
111(2)
6.2 Geographical Information System-Based Asset Management System and Mapping
113(1)
6.3 Built-In Design Features of the Natural Gas Distribution System for Operations and Maintenance
114(2)
6.4 Operations and Maintenance of the Natural Gas Distribution Network
116(12)
6.4.1 Corrosion Control
117(1)
6.4.1.1 External Corrosion Control
117(1)
6.4.1.2 Internal Corrosion Control
117(1)
6.4.1.3 Records Related to Corrosion
118(1)
6.4.2 Operations and Maintenance Activities
118(1)
6.4.2.1 Operations and Maintenance of Equipment and Assets
118(10)
6.5 Maintenance Processes
128(6)
6.5.1 Patrolling and Surveillance
128(1)
6.5.2 Annual Leakage Survey
128(1)
6.5.3 Pipeline Marker and Signage
128(1)
6.5.4 Repairing Pipelines
129(1)
6.5.5 Abandonment or Inactivation of Facilities
129(1)
6.5.6 Compressor Station Maintenance
129(1)
6.5.7 Valves and Pressure Limiting Devices
129(1)
6.5.8 Valve Maintenance
130(1)
6.5.9 Prevention of Accidental Ignition
130(1)
6.5.10 Plastic Pipe Maintenance
130(1)
6.5.11 Miscellaneous Facilities Maintenance
131(3)
6.5.12 Statutory Compliance Monitoring
134(1)
6.6 Essential Features of the Operations and Maintenance Plan and Processes Related to Operations and Maintenance
134(8)
6.6.1 Operator Qualification and Training Program
134(1)
6.6.2 Identify and Document All Covered Tasks for Operators
135(1)
6.6.3 Third-Party Companies and Contractors Responsibilities
135(1)
6.6.4 Pipeline Start Up and Shut Down Procedures
135(1)
6.6.5 Class Location Review
135(1)
6.6.6 Damage Prevention Program
136(1)
6.6.7 Blasting
136(1)
6.6.8 Emergency Response and Disaster Management Plan
136(3)
6.6.9 Public Awareness Program
139(1)
6.6.10 Pressure Testing Pipelines and Pressure Limiting Devices
139(1)
6.6.11 Abnormal Operating Conditions
140(1)
6.6.12 Effective Liaison with Concerned Authorities and Other Utility Departments
140(1)
6.6.13 Pipeline Failure Investigation
141(1)
6.6.14 Records
141(1)
6.6.15 Other Operations and Maintenance Processes
141(1)
6.7 Accidents and Leaks
142(4)
Bibliography
146(1)
7 Natural Gas Transmission and Distribution Business: Health, Safety, and Environment Issues
147(8)
7.1 Introduction
147(1)
7.2 Hazards Associated with Natural Gas Pipelines
147(1)
7.3 Tools and Techniques of Health, Safety, and Environment Management in the Natural Gas Transmission Pipeline System
148(1)
7.4 Hazard and Operability Study
149(1)
7.5 Computational Pipeline Monitoring
149(1)
7.6 Engineering Tools Used for Safety in Pipeline Systems
150(1)
7.7 Organization Culture and Health, Safety, and Environment
151(2)
7.8 Conclusion
153(1)
Bibliography
153(2)
8 Marketing Aspects of Natural Gas Transmission and Distribution Business
155(12)
8.1 Introduction
155(1)
8.2 Marketing Issues of Natural Gas Transportation Entities
155(2)
8.3 Marketing Issues for Natural Gas Distribution Business
157(9)
8.3.1 City Gas Distribution Market Segmentation
158(1)
8.3.1.1 Compressed Natural Gas Station Types
159(1)
8.3.2 Build-Up of the Piped Natural Gas Selling Price
160(1)
8.3.3 Market Development Challenges for City Gas Distribution Markets
161(1)
8.3.4 Fuel Economics and City Gas Distribution Market Development
162(2)
8.3.5 Customer Service
164(1)
8.3.6 Challenges for City Gas Distribution Businesses
165(1)
Bibliography
166(1)
9 Innovation in Natural Gas Distribution: The Case of LNG Express
167(16)
9.1 Background
167(2)
9.2 LNG Express
169(12)
9.2.1 Company and Activity Brief
169(1)
9.2.2 Business Model
169(1)
9.2.3 Products and Services
170(1)
9.2.3.1 Re-gasified Liquid Natural Gas for Industrial Customers
171(1)
9.2.3.2 Build, Own, Operate, and Maintain Model
171(1)
9.2.3.3 Liquid Natural Gas for Marine Fuel Applications
171(1)
9.2.3.4 Liquid Natural Gas for Earth Moving Equipments
172(1)
9.2.3.5 Regasified Liquid Natural Gas for Temporary and Peak Shaving Requirement Using Portable Solutions
172(1)
9.2.3.6 Customized Liquid Natural Gas Storage and Regasification for Heavy Industrial Consumers
172(2)
9.2.3.7 Regasified Liquid Natural Gas for Municipal Corporations and City Gas Distribution Companies
174(1)
9.2.3.8 Stations Making Compressed Natural Gas from Liquid Natural Gas
174(2)
9.2.3.9 LCNG Caskets for Remote Locations
176(1)
9.2.3.10 Liquid Natural Gas for Trailers and Buses
177(1)
9.2.3.11 Liquid Natural Gas in Micro Bulk Liquid Natural Gas Cylinders
177(1)
9.2.3.12 Liquid Natural Gas Dispensing Equipment for Mining Industry
178(3)
9.3 Implications for the Conventional Natural Gas Transmission and Distribution Business Model
181(1)
9.4 Conclusion
182(1)
Acknowledgments
182(1)
Index 183
Pramod Paliwal has over 26 years of corporate and academic experience. An MBA and PhD in Management, he is a Fellow of The Chartered Institute of Marketing, U.K. He has been with the School of Petroleum Management, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Gandhinagar-Gujarat, India since 2006. In the profession since 1991, Dr. Paliwals earlier associations have been with The ACC Limited (a subsidiary of Holcim, Switzerland), Pacific Institute of Management, M.L.S. University, India and the India Offshore Campus of Oxford Brookes University, U.K. He has been featured in the 30th Pearl Anniversary Edition of Marquis Whos Who in the World, 2013. In 2017 he was selected to be on the panel of Chair of Indian Studies Abroad by Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR), MEA, Govt. of India. He is associated with international crowdsourcing consulting firm Wikistrat as a Senior Analyst in the area of Energy.  He also speaks and writes on Sustainable Development and Public Policy. Given his academic, professional and research interest in Sustainability, Sustainable Marketing and Energy and Resources Sector, he has made presentations, been a panelist and conducted workshops at international events spanning India, Europe, Middle East, North Africa, South East Asia and the USA. He has published on Sustainability, Marketing, and Energy Sector issues in refereed international journals, including a book by McGraw Hill. Sudhir Yadav has more than 27 years of experience including about 7 years in industry and 20 years in academics. He has been with the School of Petroleum Management, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Gandhinagar-Gujarat, India since 2006. As an industry professional he has worked in marketing and international business divisions of various companies. Dr. Yadav has developed and delivered academic and training modules in the area of Oil and Gas Operations Management, Oil and Gas Project Management and Oil and Gas Value Chain. His case studies and publications in Oil and Gas Management have been acclaimed by learners. He has conducted in-company and executive management programmes for corporate executives. In the past he has contributed to the Natural Gas Technical Skill Development initiatives of Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board (PNGRB). He has visited USA, Europe, Middle East and South East Asia for his academic and professional assignments. Dr. Yadav has delivered an Oil and Gas training programme in the Middle East.
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