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E-raamat: Natural Wastewater Treatment Systems

(Brown and Caldwell, Davis, California, USA), , (Superior, Colorado, USA)
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 14-Mar-2014
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781466583276
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Natural Wastewater Treatment SystemsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 14-Mar-2014
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781466583276
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Written for engineers and scientists involved in wastewater management, this guide describes water treatment methods and land planning approaches that use the least amount of mechanical elements when constructing ponds, wetlands, and soil absorption systems. The authors discuss nitrogen removal in lagoons, on-site wastewater systems, sludge freezing, pond effluent upgrading, soil aquifer treatment systems, subsurface flow constructed wetlands, and vertical flow wetlands. Appendixes list conversion factors, physical properties of water, and dissolved oxygen solubility in freshwater. Annotation ©2014 Ringgold, Inc., Portland, OR (protoview.com)

Calling for ecologically and economically sound wastewater treatment systems, the authors of Natural Wastewater Treatment Systems explore the use of wetlands, sprinkler or deep irrigation, groundwater recharge, and other natural systems as sustainable methods for the treatment and management of wastewater. Based on work by prominent experts in natural waste treatment, this text provides a thorough explanation on how soil and plants can successfully sustain microbial populations in the treatment of wastewater. Determining that natural systems cost less to construct and operate, and require less energy than mechanical treatment alternatives, this book also explains how these processes produce lower amounts of residual solids, and use little or no chemicals.

What’s New in the Second Edition:

This revised edition includes current design and regulatory and operational developments in the natural wastewater treatment field. It provides detailed examples and analyses along with significant operational data in each chapter. It also considers how processes provide passive treatment with a minimum of mechanical elements, and describes new approaches to partially mixed ponds, including dual-powered aeration ponds.

  • Introduces the planning procedures and treatment mechanisms responsible for treatment in ponds, wetlands, land application, and soil absorption systems
  • Provides new case studies of constructed wetlands and water reuse systems
  • Presents design criteria and methods of pond treatment and pond effluent upgrading
  • Describes constructed wetlands design procedures, process applications, treatment performance data, and land treatment concepts and design equations
  • Includes information on constituents of emerging concern (CEC) and their fate in natural systems

The text discusses wastewater pond systems, free water surface constructed wetlands, subsurface and vertical flow constructed wetlands, land treatment, sludge management, and onsite wastewater systems. It describes residuals and biosolids management, including nitrogen removal pretreatment methods, and uses U.S. customary and metric units in all chapters. It presents case studies of new applications of natural systems and includes worked examples of design equations for ponds and land treatment. It also provides a biosolids regulatory update from a top EPA scientist, and algae reduction technologies for ponds and wetlands.

Designed for practicing wastewater engineers and scientists involved in the planning, design, and operation of ponds, wetlands, land treatment, biosolids, and onsite soil-based treatment systems, the book integrates many natural treatment systems into one single source.

Arvustused

"This text provides a thorough explanation on how soil and plants can successfully sustain microbial populations in the treatment of wastewater and also how these processes produce lower amounts of residual solids, and use little or no chemicals The book is of particular interest for practicing wastewater engineers and scientists involved in the planning , design, and operation of ponds, wetlands, land treatment, biosolids, and onsite soil-based treatment systems."International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 2014

"The first edition of Natural Wastewater Treatment Systems has long served as the basis for understanding the design and performance of natural systems in treating wastewater. This updated edition will only enhance its recognition as an industry standard."Michael Hines, M.S., P.E., Founding Principal, Southeast Environmental Engineering, LLC

"In an age of concrete, steel, and chemicals and their associated carbon/energy footprint it is with whole-hearted enthusiasm that I commend this reference text to any reader who is interested in the common-sense, economical, and environmentally friendly alternative of natural wastewater treatment."Michael J. Cook, Idaho Department of Environmental Quality

" emphasizes a method to assess sites, soils, wastestreams, and available treatment options leading to appropriate solutions for wastewater systems. Designers, regulators, clients and the general public need a reliable reference addressing options and alternatives; this book provides that. provides a pathway to assure water and nutrients are utilized and recovered effectively and efficiently while protecting public health and the environment with options that are economically feasible." A. Robert Rubin, NCSU BAE, Emeritus Professor

"The second edition of Natural Wastewater Treatment Systems contains sufficient technical material to be scientifcially sound, and yet it it easily comprehended. The authors do an excellent job of translating science and technology into readable text. The examples incorporate lessons learned from operating systems into easily readable text. Each of the technologies addressed utilize a sound desing approach, and this approach is vital to understanding the natural system approach. The four authors collaborated in the development of text that reads as though from a single voice." Vadose Zone Journal, December 2015 "This text provides a thorough explanation on how soil and plants can successfully sustain microbial populations in the treatment of wastewater and also how these processes produce lower amounts of residual solids, and use little or no chemicals The book is of particular interest for practicing wastewater engineers and scientists involved in the planning , design, and operation of ponds, wetlands, land treatment, biosolids, and onsite soil-based treatment systems." International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 2014

"The first edition of Natural Wastewater Treatment Systems has long served as the basis for understanding the design and performance of natural systems in treating wastewater. This updated edition will only enhance its recognition as an industry standard."Michael Hines, M.S., P.E., Founding Principal, Southeast Environmental Engineering, LLC

"In an age of concrete, steel, and chemicals and their associated carbon/energy footprint it is with whole-hearted enthusiasm that I commend this reference text to any reader who is interested in the common-sense, economical, and environmentally friendly alternative of natural wastewater treatment."Michael J. Cook, Idaho Department of Environmental Quality

" emphasizes a method to assess sites, soils, wastestreams, and available treatment options leading to appropriate solutions for wastewater systems. Designers, regulators, clients and the general public need a reliable reference addressing options and alternatives; this book provides that. provides a pathway to assure water and nutrients are utilized and recovered effectively and efficiently while protecting public health and the environment with options that are economically feasible." A. Robert Rubin, NCSU BAE, Emeritus Professor

"The second edition of Natural Wastewater Treatment Systems contains sufficient technical material to be scientifcially sound, and yet it it easily comprehended. The authors do an excellent job of translating science and technology into readable text. The examples incorporate lessons learned from operating systems into easily readable text. Each of the technologies addressed utilize a sound desing approach, and this approach is vital to understanding the natural system approach. The four authors collaborated in the development of text that reads as though from a single voice." Vadose Zone Journal, December 2015

Preface xxi
Authors xxiii
Chapter 1 Natural Wastewater Treatment Systems: An Overview
1(10)
1.1 Natural Treatment Processes
1(7)
1.1.1 Background
1(1)
1.1.2 Wastewater Treatment Concepts and Performance Expectations
2(1)
1.1.2.1 Aquatic Treatment Units
2(1)
1.1.2.2 Wetland Treatment Units
2(3)
1.1.2.3 Terrestrial Treatment Methods
5(1)
1.1.2.4 Sludge Management Concepts
5(2)
1.1.2.5 Costs and Energy
7(1)
1.2 Project Development
8(3)
References
9(2)
Chapter 2 Planning, Feasibility Assessment, and Site Selection
11(30)
2.1 Concept Evaluation
11(8)
2.1.1 Information Needs and Sources
13(1)
2.1.2 Land Area Required
13(1)
2.1.2.1 Treatment Ponds
13(2)
2.1.2.2 Free Water Surface Constructed Wetlands
15(1)
2.1.2.3 Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands
16(1)
2.1.2.4 Vertical Flow Wetlands
16(1)
2.1.2.5 Overland Flow Systems
16(1)
2.1.2.6 Slow-Rate Systems
17(1)
2.1.2.7 Soil Aquifer Treatment Systems
18(1)
2.1.2.8 Land Area Comparison
18(1)
2.1.2.9 Biosolids Systems
18(1)
2.2 Site Identification
19(7)
2.2.1 Site Screening Procedure
20(5)
2.2.2 Climate
25(1)
2.2.3 Flood Hazard
26(1)
2.2.4 Water Rights
26(1)
2.3 Site Evaluation
26(12)
2.3.1 Soils Investigation
27(2)
2.3.1.1 Soil Texture and Structure
29(1)
2.3.1.2 Soil Chemistry
29(2)
2.3.2 Infiltration and Permeability
31(1)
2.3.2.1 Saturated Permeability
31(2)
2.3.2.2 Infiltration Capacity
33(1)
2.3.2.3 Porosity
33(1)
2.3.2.4 Specific Yield and Specific Retention
34(1)
2.3.2.5 Field Tests for Infiltration Rate
35(2)
2.3.3 Subsurface Permeability and Groundwater Flow
37(1)
2.3.3.1 Buffer Zones
38(1)
2.4 Site and Process Selection
38(3)
References
39(2)
Chapter 3 Basic Process Responses and Interactions
41(48)
3.1 Water Management
41(16)
3.1.1 Fundamental Relationships
41(1)
3.1.1.1 Permeability
41(1)
3.1.1.2 Groundwater Flow Velocity
42(1)
3.1.1.3 Aquifer Transmissivity
43(1)
3.1.1.4 Dispersion
43(1)
3.1.1.5 Retardation
44(1)
3.1.2 Movement of Pollutants
45(3)
3.1.3 Groundwater Mounding
48(7)
3.1.4 Underdrainage
55(2)
3.2 Biodegradable Organics
57(2)
3.2.1 Removal of BOD
57(1)
3.2.2 Removal of Suspended Solids
58(1)
3.3 Organic Priority Pollutants and CECs
59(8)
3.3.1 Removal Methods
59(1)
3.3.1.1 Volatilization
59(2)
3.3.1.2 Adsorption
61(4)
3.3.2 Removal Performance
65(1)
3.3.3 Travel Time in Soils
66(1)
3.4 Pathogens
67(9)
3.4.1 Aquatic Systems
67(1)
3.4.1.1 Bacteria and Virus Removal
67(2)
3.4.2 Wetland Systems
69(1)
3.4.3 Land Treatment Systems
70(1)
3.4.3.1 Ground Surface Aspects
70(1)
3.4.3.2 Groundwater Contamination
71(1)
3.4.4 Sludge Systems
71(1)
3.4.5 Aerosols
72(4)
3.5 Metals
76(4)
3.5.1 Aquatic Systems
77(1)
3.5.2 Wetland Systems
78(1)
3.5.3 Land Treatment Systems
78(2)
3.6 Nutrients
80(9)
3.6.1 Nitrogen
80(1)
3.6.1.1 Pond Systems
80(1)
3.6.1.2 Aquatic Systems
81(1)
3.6.1.3 Wetland Systems
81(1)
3.6.1.4 Land Treatment Systems
81(1)
3.6.2 Phosphorus
82(1)
3.6.3 Potassium and Other Micronutrients
83(1)
3.6.3.1 Boron
84(1)
3.6.3.2 Sulfur
84(1)
3.6.3.3 Sodium
84(1)
References
85(4)
Chapter 4 Design of Wastewater Pond Systems
89(106)
4.1 Introduction
89(2)
4.2 Facultative Ponds
91(12)
4.2.1 Areal Loading Rate Method
91(2)
4.2.2 Gloyna Method
93(2)
4.2.3 Complete-Mix Model
95(1)
4.2.4 Plug-Flow Model
96(1)
4.2.5 Wehner--Wilhelm Equation
97(4)
4.2.6 ASM3 Extended Version
101(1)
4.2.7 Comparison of Facultative Pond Design Models
101(2)
4.3 Partial-Mix Aerated Ponds
103(14)
4.3.1 Partial-Mix Design Model
104(1)
4.3.1.1 Selection of Reaction Rate Constants
105(1)
4.3.1.2 Influence of Number of Cells
105(1)
4.3.1.3 Temperature Effects
106(1)
4.3.2 Pond Configuration
106(1)
4.3.3 Mixing and Aeration
107(10)
4.4 Complete-Mix Aerated Pond Systems
117(11)
4.4.1 Design Equations
118(1)
4.4.1.1 Selection of Reaction Rate Constants
118(1)
4.4.1.2 Influence of Number of Cells
119(1)
4.4.1.3 Temperature Effects
119(1)
4.4.2 Pond Configuration
120(1)
4.4.3 Mixing and Aeration
121(5)
4.4.4 Comparison of Conventional and Metcalf and Eddy Aerated Lagoon Designs
126(2)
4.5 ASM1, ASM2, and ASM3 Models
128(1)
4.5.1 Introduction
128(1)
4.5.2 Description of Models
128(1)
4.6 Anaerobic Ponds
128(7)
4.6.1 Introduction
128(2)
4.6.2 Design
130(5)
4.7 Controlled Discharge Pond System
135(1)
4.8 Complete Retention Pond System
135(1)
4.9 Hydrograph Controlled Release
135(1)
4.10 High-Performance Aerated Pond Systems (Rich Design)
135(4)
4.10.1 Performance Data
136(3)
4.11 Proprietary Systems
139(22)
4.11.1 Advanced Integrated Wastewater Pond Systems
139(1)
4.11.1.1 Hotchkiss, Colorado
140(1)
4.11.1.2 Dove Creek, Colorado
140(1)
4.11.2 BIOLAC Process (Activated Sludge in Earthen Ponds)
141(1)
4.11.2.1 BIOLAC Processes
142(9)
4.11.2.2 Unit Operations
151(2)
4.11.2.3 Performance Data
153(3)
4.11.2.4 Operational Problems
156(1)
4.11.3 LEMNA Systems
156(1)
4.11.3.1 Lemna Duckweed System
156(3)
4.11.3.2 Performance Data
159(1)
4.11.3.3 LemTec Biological Treatment Process
160(1)
4.11.4 Las International, Ltd.
160(1)
4.11.5 Praxair, Inc.
161(1)
4.11.6 Ultrafiltration Membrane Filtration
161(1)
4.12 Nitrogen Removal in Lagoons
161(23)
4.12.1 Introduction
161(1)
4.12.2 Facultative Systems
162(1)
4.12.2.1 Theoretical Considerations
163(3)
4.12.2.2 Design Models
166(1)
4.12.2.3 Applications
167(1)
4.12.2.4 Summary
167(1)
4.12.3 Aerated Lagoons
168(2)
4.12.3.1 Comparison of Equations
170(4)
4.12.3.2 Summary
174(1)
4.12.4 Pump Systems, Inc., Batch Study
175(2)
4.12.5 Commercial Products
177(1)
4.12.5.1 Add Solids Recycle
177(1)
4.12.5.2 Convert to Sequencing Batch Reactor Operation
178(1)
4.12.5.3 Install Biomass Carrier Elements
178(1)
4.12.5.4 Commercial Lagoon Nitrification Systems
179(3)
4.12.5.5 Other Process Notes
182(2)
4.12.5.6 Ultrafiltration Membrane Filtration
184(1)
4.12.5.7 BIOLAC® Process (Parkson Corporation)
184(1)
4.13 Modified High-Performance Aerated Pond Systems for Nitrification and Denitrification
184(1)
4.14 Nitrogen Removal in Ponds Coupled with Wetlands and Gravel Bed Nitrification Filters
185(1)
4.15 Control of Algae and Design of Settling Basins
185(1)
4.16 Hydraulic Control of Ponds
186(1)
4.17 Removal of Phosphorus
187(1)
4.17.1 Batch Chemical Treatment
187(1)
4.17.2 Continuous-Overflow Chemical Treatment
187(1)
4.18 Removal of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products and Antibiotic Resistant Genes
188(7)
References
189(6)
Chapter 5 Pond Modifications for Polishing Effluents
195(48)
5.1 Solids Removal Methods
195(33)
5.1.1 Introduction
195(1)
5.1.2 Intermittent Sand Filtration
195(1)
5.1.2.1 Summary of Performance
196(7)
5.1.2.2 Operating Periods
203(1)
5.1.2.3 Maintenance Requirements
203(1)
5.1.2.4 Hydraulic Loading Rates
203(1)
5.1.2.5 Design of Intermittent Sand Filters
203(7)
5.1.3 Rock Filters
210(1)
5.1.3.1 Performance of Rock Filters
211(7)
5.1.3.2 Design of Rock Filters
218(1)
5.1.3.3 Aerated Rock Filters
219(2)
5.1.4 Normal Granular Media Filtration
221(1)
5.1.5 Coagulation-Flocculation
222(1)
5.1.6 Dissolved-Air Flotation
223(5)
5.2 Modifications and Additions to Typical Designs
228(8)
5.2.1 Controlled Discharge
228(2)
5.2.2 Hydrograph Controlled Release
230(1)
5.2.3 Complete Retention Ponds
231(1)
5.2.4 Autoflocculation and Phase Isolation
231(1)
5.2.5 Baffles and Attached Growth
231(1)
5.2.6 Land Application
232(1)
5.2.7 Macrophyte and Animal Systems
232(1)
5.2.7.1 Floating Plants
232(1)
5.2.7.2 Submerged Plants
232(1)
5.2.7.3 Daphnia and Brine Shrimp
232(1)
5.2.7.4 Fish
233(1)
5.2.7.5 Living Machine®
233(1)
5.2.8 Control of Algae Growth by Shading and Barley Straw
233(1)
5.2.8.1 Dyes
233(1)
5.2.8.2 Fabric Structures
233(2)
5.2.8.3 Barley Straw
235(1)
5.2.8.4 Lemna Systems
235(1)
5.3 Performance Comparisons with other Removal Methods
236(7)
References
238(5)
Chapter 6 Free Water Surface Constructed Wetlands
243(70)
6.1 Process Description
243(2)
6.2 Wetland Components
245(7)
6.2.1 Types of Plants
245(1)
6.2.2 Emergent Species
246(1)
6.2.2.1 Cattail
246(1)
6.2.2.2 Bulrush
246(1)
6.2.2.3 Reeds
246(1)
6.2.2.4 Rushes
247(1)
6.2.2.5 Sedges
247(1)
6.2.3 Submerged Species
247(1)
6.2.4 Floating Species
248(1)
6.2.5 Evapotranspiration Losses
248(1)
6.2.6 Oxygen Transfer
249(1)
6.2.7 Plant Diversity
249(1)
6.2.8 Plant Functions
250(1)
6.2.9 Soils
251(1)
6.2.10 Organisms
251(1)
6.3 Performance Expectations
252(8)
6.3.1 BOD Removal
252(1)
6.3.2 Suspended Solids Removal
252(2)
6.3.3 Nitrogen Removal
254(1)
6.3.4 Phosphorus Removal
255(1)
6.3.5 Metals Removal
255(1)
6.3.6 Temperature Reduction
256(2)
6.3.7 Trace Organics Removal
258(1)
6.3.8 Pathogen Removal
258(1)
6.3.9 Background Concentrations
259(1)
6.4 Potential Applications
260(16)
6.4.1 Municipal Wastewaters
260(3)
6.4.2 Commercial and Industrial Wastewaters
263(1)
6.4.3 Stormwater Runoff
263(2)
6.4.4 Combined Sewer Overflow
265(2)
6.4.5 Agricultural Runoff
267(2)
6.4.6 Livestock Wastewaters
269(2)
6.4.7 Food-Processing Wastewater
271(1)
6.4.8 Landfill Leachates
271(4)
6.4.9 Mine Drainage
275(1)
6.4.10 Water Reuse Wetlands
276(1)
6.5 Planning and Design
276(4)
6.5.1 Site Evaluation
278(1)
6.5.2 Preapplication Treatment
278(1)
6.5.3 General Design Procedures
278(2)
6.6 Hydraulic Design Procedures
280(2)
6.7 Thermal Aspects
282(6)
6.7.1 Case
1. Free Water Surface Wetland Prior to Ice Formation
284(1)
6.7.2 Case
2. Flow under an Ice Cover
285(1)
6.7.3 Case
3. Free Water Surface Wetland and Thickness of Ice Formation
286(2)
6.7.4 Summary
288(1)
6.8 Design Models and Effluent Quality Prediction
288(7)
6.8.1 Volumetric Model
289(1)
6.8.1.1 Advantages
289(1)
6.8.1.2 Limitations
289(1)
6.8.2 Areal Loading Model
289(1)
6.8.2.1 Advantages
289(1)
6.8.2.2 Limitations
289(1)
6.8.3 Effluent Quality Prediction
289(6)
6.8.4 Design Criteria
295(1)
6.9 Physical Design and Construction
295(5)
6.9.1 Earthwork
295(1)
6.9.2 Liners
296(1)
6.9.3 Inlet and Outlet Structures
297(1)
6.9.4 Vegetation
298(2)
6.10 Operation and Maintenance
300(4)
6.10.1 Vegetation Establishment
300(3)
6.10.2 Nuisance Animals
303(1)
6.10.3 Mosquito Control
303(1)
6.10.4 Monitoring
304(1)
6.11 Costs
304(4)
6.11.1 Geotechnical Investigations
306(1)
6.11.2 Clearing and Grubbing
306(1)
6.11.3 Earthwork
306(1)
6.11.4 Liners
306(1)
6.11.5 Vegetation Establishment
306(1)
6.11.6 Inlet and Outlet Structures
307(1)
6.11.7 Piping, Equipment, and Fencing
307(1)
6.11.8 Miscellaneous
307(1)
6.12 Troubleshooting
308(5)
References
308(5)
Chapter 7 Subsurface and Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands
313(46)
7.1 Hydraulics of Subsurface Flow Wetlands
313(4)
7.2 Thermal Aspects
317(4)
7.3 Performance Expectations
321(2)
7.3.1 BOD Removal
321(1)
7.3.2 TSS Removal
322(1)
7.3.3 Nitrogen Removal
322(1)
7.3.4 Phosphorus Removal
322(1)
7.3.5 Metals Removal
322(1)
7.3.6 Pathogen Removal
323(1)
7.4 Design of SSF Wetlands
323(7)
7.4.1 BOD Removal
323(1)
7.4.2 TSS Removal
324(1)
7.4.3 Nitrogen Removal
325(1)
7.4.3.1 Nitrification
326(2)
7.4.3.2 Denitrification
328(1)
7.4.3.3 Total Nitrogen
329(1)
7.4.4 Aspect Ratio
330(1)
7.5 Design Elements of Subsurface Flow Wetlands
330(2)
7.5.1 Pretreatment
330(1)
7.5.2 Media
330(1)
7.5.3 Vegetation
331(1)
7.5.4 Inlet Distribution
331(1)
7.5.5 Outlet Collection
332(1)
7.6 Alternative Application Strategies
332(1)
7.6.1 Batch Flow
333(1)
7.6.2 Reciprocating (Alternating) Dosing (TVA)
333(1)
7.7 Potential Applications
333(2)
7.7.1 Domestic Wastewater
333(1)
7.7.2 Landfill Leachate
334(1)
7.7.3 Cheese-Processing Wastewater
334(1)
7.7.4 Airport Deicing Fluids Treatment
335(1)
7.8 Case Study: Minoa, New York
335(2)
7.9 Nitrification Filter Bed
337(3)
7.10 Design of On-Site Systems
340(3)
7.11 Vertical-Flow Wetland Beds
343(9)
7.11.1 Municipal Systems
344(1)
7.11.2 Tidal Vertical-Flow Wetlands
345(2)
7.11.3 Winery Wastewater
347(1)
7.11.4 Case Study: Lake Elmo, Minnesota (Courtesy Natural Systems Utilities)
347(1)
7.11.4.1 Project Background
347(3)
7.11.4.2 Process Flow
350(1)
7.11.4.3 Implementation Challenges and Resolutions
351(1)
7.12 Construction Considerations
352(1)
7.12.1 Vegetation Establishment
353(1)
7.13 Operation and Maintenance
353(1)
7.14 Costs
354(1)
7.15 Troubleshooting
355(4)
References
355(4)
Chapter 8 Land Treatment Systems
359(52)
8.1 Types of Land Treatment Systems
359(4)
8.1.1 Slow-Rate Systems
359(1)
8.1.2 Overland Flow Systems
359(1)
8.1.3 Soil Aquifer Treatment Systems
360(3)
8.2 Slow-Rate Land Treatment
363(17)
8.2.1 Design Objectives
363(1)
8.2.1.1 Management Alternatives
364(1)
8.2.2 Preapplication Treatment
364(1)
8.2.2.1 Distribution System Constraints
365(1)
8.2.2.2 Water Quality Considerations
365(2)
8.2.2.3 Groundwater Protection
367(1)
8.2.3 Design Procedure
367(1)
8.2.4 Crop Selection
367(1)
8.2.4.1 Type 1 System Crops
367(1)
8.2.4.2 Type 2 System Crops
368(1)
8.2.5 Hydraulic Loading Rates
368(1)
8.2.5.1 Hydraulic Loading for Type 1 Slow-Rate Systems
368(2)
8.2.5.2 Hydraulic Loading for Type 2 Slow-Rate Systems
370(1)
8.2.6 Design Considerations
371(1)
8.2.6.1 Nitrogen Loading Rate
371(1)
8.2.6.2 Organic Loading Rate
372(1)
8.2.6.3 Land Requirements
373(2)
8.2.6.4 Storage Requirements
375(2)
8.2.6.5 Distribution Techniques
377(1)
8.2.6.6 Application Cycles
378(1)
8.2.6.7 Surface Runoff Control
378(1)
8.2.6.8 Underdrainage
379(1)
8.2.7 Construction Considerations
379(1)
8.2.8 Operation and Maintenance
379(1)
8.3 Overland Flow Systems
380(9)
8.3.1 Design Objectives
380(1)
8.3.2 Site Selection
380(1)
8.3.3 Treatment Performance
381(1)
8.3.3.1 BOD Loading and Removal
381(1)
8.3.3.2 Suspended Solids Removal
381(1)
8.3.3.3 Nitrogen Removal
382(1)
8.3.3.4 Phosphorus and Heavy Metal Removal
383(1)
8.3.3.5 Trace Organics
383(1)
8.3.3.6 Pathogens
383(1)
8.3.4 Preapplication Treatment
383(1)
8.3.5 Design Criteria
384(1)
8.3.5.1 Application Rate
384(1)
8.3.5.2 Slope Length
384(1)
8.3.5.3 Hydraulic Loading Rate
385(1)
8.3.5.4 Application Period
385(1)
8.3.6 Design Procedure
386(1)
8.3.6.1 Municipal Wastewater, Secondary Treatment
386(1)
8.3.6.2 Industrial Wastewater, Secondary Treatment
386(1)
8.3.7 Design Considerations
386(1)
8.3.7.1 Land Requirements
387(1)
8.3.7.2 Storage Requirements
387(1)
8.3.7.3 Vegetation Selection
388(1)
8.3.7.4 Distribution System
388(1)
8.3.7.5 Runoff Collection
389(1)
8.3.8 Construction Considerations
389(1)
8.3.9 Operation and Maintenance
389(1)
8.4 Soil Aquifer Treatment Systems
389(12)
8.4.1 Design Objectives
389(1)
8.4.2 Site Selection
389(1)
8.4.3 Treatment Performance
390(1)
8.4.3.1 BOD and TSS Removal
390(1)
8.4.3.2 Nitrogen Removal
391(1)
8.4.3.3 Phosphorus Removal
391(1)
8.4.3.4 Heavy Metal Removal
392(1)
8.4.3.5 Trace Organics
392(1)
8.4.3.6 Constituents of Emerging Concern
392(3)
8.4.3.7 Pathogens
395(1)
8.4.4 Preapplication Treatment
395(1)
8.4.5 Design Procedure
396(1)
8.4.6 Design Considerations
397(1)
8.4.6.1 Hydraulic Loading Rates
397(1)
8.4.6.2 Nitrogen Loading Rates
397(1)
8.4.6.3 Organic Loading Rates
398(1)
8.4.6.4 Land Requirements
398(1)
8.4.6.5 Hydraulic Loading Cycle
399(1)
8.4.6.6 Infiltration System Design
399(1)
8.4.6.7 Groundwater Mounding
399(2)
8.4.7 Construction Considerations
401(1)
8.4.8 Operation and Maintenance
401(1)
8.4.8.1 Cold Climate Operation
401(1)
8.4.8.2 System Management
401(1)
8.5 Phytoremediation
401(1)
8.6 Industrial Wastewater Management
402(9)
8.6.1 Organic Loading Rates and Oxygen Balance
402(2)
8.6.2 Total Acidity Loading
404(1)
8.6.3 Salinity
405(1)
References
406(5)
Chapter 9 Sludge Management and Treatment
411(54)
9.1 Sludge Quantity and Characteristics
411(5)
9.1.1 Sludges from Natural Treatment Systems
414(1)
9.1.2 Sludges from Drinking-Water Treatment
415(1)
9.2 Stabilization and Dewatering
416(1)
9.2.1 Methods for Pathogen Reduction
417(1)
9.3 Sludge Freezing
417(7)
9.3.1 Effects of Freezing
417(1)
9.3.2 Process Requirements
417(1)
9.3.2.1 General Equation
417(1)
9.3.2.2 Design Sludge Depth
418(1)
9.3.3 Design Procedures
419(1)
9.3.3.1 Calculation Methods
419(1)
9.3.3.2 Effect of Thawing
420(1)
9.3.3.3 Preliminary Designs
420(1)
9.3.3.4 Design Limits
421(1)
9.3.3.5 Thaw Period
421(1)
9.3.4 Sludge Freezing Facilities and Procedures
422(1)
9.3.4.1 Effect of Snow
422(1)
9.3.4.2 Combined Systems
423(1)
9.3.4.3 Sludge Removal
423(1)
9.3.4.4 Sludge Quality
424(1)
9.4 Reed Beds
424(5)
9.4.1 Function of Vegetation
425(1)
9.4.2 Design Requirements
425(1)
9.4.3 Performance
426(2)
9.4.4 Benefits
428(1)
9.4.5 Sludge Quality
429(1)
9.5 Vermistabilization
429(2)
9.5.1 Worm Species
429(1)
9.5.2 Loading Criteria
430(1)
9.5.3 Procedures and Performance
430(1)
9.5.4 Sludge Quality
431(1)
9.6 Comparison of Bed-Type Operations
431(1)
9.7 Composting
432(5)
9.8 Land Application and Surface Disposal of Biosolids
437(28)
9.8.1 Concept and Site Selection
443(1)
9.8.2 Process Design, Land Application
444(1)
9.8.2.1 Metals
445(3)
9.8.2.2 Phosphorus
448(1)
9.8.2.3 Nitrogen
448(2)
9.8.2.4 Calculation of Land Area
450(4)
9.8.3 Design of Surface Disposal Systems
454(1)
9.8.3.1 Design Approach
454(1)
9.8.3.2 Data Requirements
455(1)
9.8.3.3 Half-Life Determination
455(2)
9.8.3.4 Loading Nomenclature
457(2)
9.8.3.5 Site Details for Surface Disposal Systems
459(1)
References
460(5)
Chapter 10 On-Site Wastewater Systems
465(36)
10.1 Types of On-Site Systems
465(2)
10.2 Effluent Disposal and Reuse Options
467(1)
10.3 Site Evaluation and Assessment
467(4)
10.3.1 Preliminary Site Evaluation
469(1)
10.3.2 Applicable Regulations
469(1)
10.3.3 Detailed Site Assessment
470(1)
10.3.4 Hydraulic Assimilative Capacity
471(1)
10.4 Cumulative Areal Nitrogen Loadings
471(2)
10.4.1 Nitrogen Loading from Conventional Effluent Leachfields
471(1)
10.4.2 Cumulative Nitrogen Loadings
472(1)
10.5 Alternative Nutrient Removal Processes
473(10)
10.5.1 Nitrogen Removal
473(1)
10.5.1.1 Intermittent Sand Filters
473(2)
10.5.1.2 Recirculating Gravel Filters
475(3)
10.5.1.3 Septic Tank with Attached Growth Reactor
478(1)
10.5.1.4 RSF2 Systems
479(3)
10.5.1.5 Other Nitrogen Removal Methods
482(1)
10.5.2 Phosphorus Removal
483(1)
10.6 Disposal of Variously Treated Effluents in Soils
483(1)
10.7 Design Criteria for On-Site Disposal Alternatives
484(7)
10.7.1 Gravity Leachfields
484(2)
10.7.2 Shallow Gravity Distribution
486(1)
10.7.3 Pressure-Dosed Distribution
486(1)
10.7.4 Imported Fill Systems
487(1)
10.7.5 At-Grade Systems
487(1)
10.7.6 Mound Systems
487(1)
10.7.7 Artificially Drained Systems
488(1)
10.7.8 Constructed Wetlands
489(1)
10.7.9 Evapotranspiration Systems
489(2)
10.8 Design Criteria for On-Site Reuse Alternatives
491(1)
10.8.1 Drip Irrigation
491(1)
10.8.2 Spray Irrigation
492(1)
10.8.3 Graywater Systems
492(1)
10.9 Correction of Failed Systems
492(2)
10.9.1 Use of Effluent Screens
493(1)
10.9.2 Use of Hydrogen Peroxide
493(1)
10.9.3 Use of Upgraded Pretreatment
493(1)
10.9.4 Retrofitting Failed Systems
493(1)
10.9.5 Long-Term Effects of Sodium on Clay Soils
494(1)
10.10 Role of On-Site Management
494(7)
References
497(4)
Appendix 1 Metric Conversion Factors (SI to U.S. Customary Units) 501(2)
Appendix 2 Conversion Factors for Commonly Used Design Parameters 503(2)
Appendix 3 Physical Properties of Water 505(2)
Appendix 4 Dissolved Oxygen Solubility in Freshwater 507(2)
Index 509
Ronald W. Crites is a senior associate with Brown and Caldwell in Davis, California. He consults on land treatment, water recycling and reuse, constructed wetlands, biosolids land application, decentralized wastewater treatment, and industrial wastewater land application systems. He received his BS in civil engineering from California State University in Chico and his MS and engineers degree in sanitary engineering from Stanford University. He is the recipient of the 2009 Camp Applied Research Medal from Water Environment Federation for innovation in natural systems. He has 44 years of experience in wastewater treatment and reuse experience. He has authored or coauthored over 200 technical publications, including seven textbooks. He is a registered civil engineer in California, Hawaii, and Oregon.







E. Joe Middlebrooks

is a consulting environmental engineer based in Superior, Colorado. His 45 years as an engineering college professor as well as administrative positions, including dean of engineering at Utah State University, provided a platform for his extensive research and contributions to the environment engineering field. He received his BS and MS in civil engineering from the University of Florida and his PhD in civil engineering (environmental engineering) from Mississippi State University, followed by postdoctoral studies at the University of California at Berkeley. He has authored or coauthored 14 books and over 300 articles and reports.

Robert K. Bastian

is a senior environmental scientist in the office of wastewater management at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in Washington, DC. He has extensive experience dealing with natural systems for wastewater treatment, wastewater, and biosolids reuse practices, and has coordinated the development of numerous agency policy and guidance documents, technology assessments, planning and design guidance documents, demonstration projects, and special studies related to treatment technologies and management practices involving natural systems. He received his BS and MS in biology, earth sciences, and mathematics from Bowling Green State University in Ohio and served as an officer in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

Sherwood C. Reed

(19322003) was an environmental engineer who was a leader in the planning and design of constructed wetlands and land treatment systems. He was the principal of Environmental Engineering Consultants (E.E.C.). He was a graduate of the University of Virginia (BSCE, 1959) and the University of Alaska (MS, 1968) and had a distinguished career with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, during which he spent most of his time at the Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) in Hanover, New Hampshire. He was the author of four textbooks and over 100 technical articles.
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