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E-raamat: Negation, Expectation and Ideology in Written Texts: A textual and communicative perspective

(Liverpool Hope University)
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Negation, Expectation and Ideology in Written Texts: A textual and communicative perspectiveSuurem pilt
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"During an election campaign in 2008, Ken Livingstone said to a newspaper reporter "this election is not a joke". By doing so, he introduced an expectation into the discourse that someone does, in fact, think it is a joke. This book explores how it is that saying what is not the case communicates something about what is. Bringing together a focus on text with cognitive and pragmatic approaches, a case is made for an application of linguistic negation as a tool of analysis. This tool is used to explore the ideological implications of projecting or reflecting readerly expectations. This book contributes to the growing field of Critical stylistics and aims to add to the range of stylistic insights which anchor the analysis of discourse to a consideration ofthe nuances of language choice"--

During an election campaign in 2008, Ken Livingstone said to a newspaper reporter “this election is not a joke”. By doing so, he introduced an expectation into the discourse that someone does, in fact, think it is a joke. This book explores how it is that saying what is not the case communicates something about what is. Bringing together a focus on text with cognitive and pragmatic approaches, a case is made for an application of linguistic negation as a tool of analysis. This tool is used to explore the ideological implications of projecting or reflecting readerly expectations. This book contributes to the growing field of Critical stylistics and aims to add to the range of stylistic insights which anchor the analysis of discourse to a consideration of the nuances of language choice.
List of figures and tables
xi
Acknowledgements xiii
Chapter 1 Something and nothing
1(20)
1.1 Introduction
1(2)
1.2 Initial definition
3(1)
1.3 Negation in discourse
4(11)
1.3.1 In literary texts
6(5)
1.3.2 In non-literary texts and implications for ideology
11(4)
1.4 An integrated approach to negation in discourse
15(1)
1.5 The place of negation in stylistics
16(1)
1.6 Format of this book
17(4)
Chapter 2 Negation, duality and expectation
21(24)
2.1 Introduction
21(2)
2.2 Experimental evidence
23(4)
2.2.1 Processing times and plausible context
23(2)
2.2.2 Retaining negated concepts
25(2)
2.3 Grammatical evidence
27(4)
2.3.1 Anaphoric reference
27(1)
2.3.2 Ellipsis
28(3)
2.4 Discourse evidence
31(4)
2.4.1 Giora's (2006) resonance, comparison and accessibility of negated concepts
31(1)
2.4.2 Processing negated metaphors
32(3)
2.5 Stasis and change/ground and figure
35(2)
2.6 Negation and mental spaces
37(2)
2.7 Negation and intersubjectivity
39(4)
2.7.1 Verhagen's intersubjectivity
39(2)
2.7.2 Morphological negation and multiple mental representations
41(2)
2.8 Conclusions
43(2)
Chapter 3 Linguistic realisations of negation-motivated variation
45(52)
3.1 Introduction
45(1)
3.2 Issues around constructing a typology: Describing and defining negation
46(6)
3.2.1 Definitions and descriptions
46(5)
3.2.2 Defining negation
51(1)
3.3 Textual vehicles
52(30)
3.3.1 The analytic versus synthetic distinction
53(1)
3.3.2 Syntactic forms
54(6)
3.3.3 Morphological forms
60(6)
3.3.4 Semantic forms
66(9)
3.3.5 Pragmatic forms
75(7)
3.4 Motivations for variation
82(13)
3.4.1 Scope
82(5)
3.4.2 Synthesis and co-text, text-type and lexical gaps
87(2)
3.4.3 Variable force
89(6)
3.5 Motivated variation
95(2)
Chapter 4 Understanding negation in context -- presuppositions and implicatures
97(38)
4.1 Introduction
97(1)
4.2 Interpreting negation: Presupposition
98(11)
4.2.1 Conversational implicature
98(3)
4.2.2 Conventional implicature
101(3)
4.2.3 Pragmatic presupposition
104(2)
4.2.4 Conceptual practice as a presupposition trigger
106(1)
4.2.5 Negation, presupposition and ambiguity
107(2)
4.3 What is presupposed and by whom?
109(12)
4.3.1 Who expects
109(6)
4.3.2 What is expected?
115(1)
4.3.3 Sources of expectation
115(6)
4.4 Interpreting negation: implicatures
121(12)
4.4.1 Levels of meaning
122(1)
4.4.2 Negation and implicatures
123(1)
4.4.3 Moeschler's Relevance Theory approach
124(2)
4.4.4 Using Grice's Cooperative principle and maxims to explain the role of negation in implicatures
126(7)
4.5 The three inter-related features of negation: presupposition, variable form and potential conversational implicatures
133(2)
Chapter 5 Negation, expectation and ideology
135(26)
5.1 Introduction
135(1)
5.2 Negation, background knowledge and ideology
136(23)
5.2.1 Ideology
136(2)
5.2.2 Background knowledge
138(5)
5.2.3 Projecting expectations and behaviours
143(8)
5.2.4 Reflecting expectations
151(4)
5.2.5 Varying form and ideological effects
155(4)
5.3 Conclusion
159(2)
Chapter 6 Negation and ideology in advertising
161(16)
6.1 Introduction
161(3)
6.2 Advertising data analyses
164(12)
6.2.1 Life is a problem
164(2)
6.2.2 Eating is a problem
166(1)
6.2.3 Bodies are a problem
167(1)
6.2.4 Institutions are a problem
168(2)
6.2.5 Women are the problem!
170(2)
6.2.6 Is that even a problem?
172(1)
6.2.7 You're the problem!
173(3)
6.3 Conclusion
176(1)
Chapter 7 Negation, the press and politics
177(26)
7.1 Introduction
177(3)
7.1.1 Background to the election
177(1)
7.1.2 Data
178(2)
7.2 Analyses: Types and frequencies of negation
180(5)
7.2.1 The candidates
183(2)
7.3 Analyses: ideological effects of negation
185(14)
7.3.1 The three main candidates
186(1)
7.3.1.1 Boris Johnson
186(6)
7.3.1.2 Ken Livingstone
192(4)
7.3.1.3 Brian Paddick
196(3)
7.4 Conclusion
199(4)
Chapter 8 The power of nothing
203(4)
References 207(6)
Index 213
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