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E-raamat: Neosporosis in Animals

(Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Germany), (USDA ARS, Beltsville, Maryland, USA), (USDA ARS, Beltsville, Maryland, USA), (University of Bern, Switzerland)
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  • Ilmumisaeg: 12-Jul-2017
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781498752565
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Neosporosis in AnimalsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 12-Jul-2017
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781498752565
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Key features:

Written by the scientist who named this parasite and was the first to set up proper diagnostic techniques Serves as the first ever book to provide information on the parasite structure, biology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, epidemiology, prevention, and control of neosporosis Covers both approaches toward preventing & controlling this disease: Developing an efficacious vaccine and sound cattle management practices Contains a wealth of illustrations, including many of the author's original photographs of the parasite Provides basic information on immunologic and molecular aspects of the disease Abortion is a worldwide problem in the livestock industry accounting for annual economic losses of billions of dollars, and N. caninum is a major cause of it. Neosporosis is a newly recognized disease of animals. Until 1988 it was misdiagnosed as toxoplasmosis. Considerable progress in understanding the biology of neosporosis has been made in the last 30 years, resulting in more than 2,000 scientific publications. The economic importance of abortion in cattle, and the availability of knowledge, reagents, and technology used to study toxoplasmosis, have contributed to the rapid progress in understanding the biology of neosporosis.

Written by pioneers in this field, Neosporosis in Animals presents a comprehensive summary of the biology of neosporosis, starting with chapter 1 on the historical background of the discovery of the disease. Subsequent chapters deal with general aspects of the biology of N. caninum (chapter 2), techniques (chapter 3), and the disease caused by this parasite in cattle (chapter 4), dogs (chapter 5), and all other animals including sheep, pigs, primates and humans (chapters 6-18).

This book provides, for the first time in a single authoritative source, a complete account of the structure, biology, clinical disease, diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment, attempts at immunoprophylaxis, and control in all hosts. There are 175 illustrations and tables devoted to the life cycle, structure of parasitic stages, and lesions. More than 2100 references are cited, allowing the reader to locate additional information on specific topics in an efficient way. This book will be useful to a broad range of researchers in biology and veterinarians.
Preface xiii
Authors xv
Abbreviations Commonly Used xvii
Chapter 1 History of Neospora and Neosporosis 1(6)
1.1 History
1(4)
1.1.1 Discovery of the Organism in Dogs
1(1)
1.1.2 In Vitro Cultivation of Viable N. caninum
2(1)
1.1.3 Linking N. caninum to Abortions in Cattle
2(1)
1.1.4 Retrospective Studies
3(2)
1.1.4.1 Dogs in USA
3(1)
1.1.4.2 Dogs in Norway
3(2)
1.1.5 Cattle and Other Hosts
5(1)
1.2 Landmarks in the Biology of Neospora
5(1)
Bibliography
5(2)
Chapter 2 General Biology 7(108)
2.1 Introduction
7(1)
2.2 Taxonomic Classification
7(1)
2.3 Hosts
8(1)
2.3.1 Definitive Hosts
8(1)
2.3.2 Intermediate Hosts
8(1)
2.4 Life Cycle Stages
8(22)
2.4.1 Tachyzoite
9(11)
2.4.2 Bradyzoites and Tissue Cysts
20(6)
2.4.2.1 Conversion of Tachyzoites to Bradyzoites
23(3)
2.4.3 Oocyst
26(4)
2.5 Transmission and Epidemiology
30(2)
2.6 Host-Parasite Relationship
32(3)
2.7 Molecular and Cell Biology
35(18)
2.7.1 Genome and Transcriptome Analysis of N. caninum
35(5)
2.7.2 Modulation of Host Gene Expression upon Infection
40(1)
2.7.3 Proteomics Approaches
41(1)
2.7.4 Genetic Manipulation of N. caninum
41(1)
2.7.5 Neospora-Host Cell Interactions and Invasion
42(11)
2.7.5.1 Initial Host Cell Contact is Mediated by Parasite Surface Antigens (SAGS)
43(7)
2.7.5.2 Secretory Organelle Discharge Governs Host Cell Invasion
50(1)
2.7.5.3 Microneme Proteins
50(1)
2.7.5.4 ROPs and Rhoptry Neck Proteins (RONs)
50(1)
2.7.5.5 Dense Granule Proteins
51(1)
2.7.5.6 Intracellular Host Cell Modulation and Parasite-Host Cell Crosstalk
52(1)
2.7.5.7 Monoclonal Antibodies
53(1)
2.8 Rodent Models of Neosporosis
53(21)
2.8.1 Mice
53(17)
2.8.1.1 Outbred Mice
53(4)
2.8.1.2 Inbred Mice
57(13)
2.8.1.3 Nude Mice and IFN-gamma-KO Mice
70(1)
2.8.2 Gerbils
70(3)
2.8.2.1 Common Pet Gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus)
70(3)
2.8.2.2 Tristram's Jird (Meriones tristrami)
73(1)
2.8.2.3 Wagner Gerbil (Gerbillus dasyurus)
73(1)
2.8.3 Multimammate Rat (Mastomys natalensis)
73(1)
2.8.4 Sand Rat (Psammomys obesus)
73(1)
2.8.5 Norwegian Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
73(1)
2.8.6 Djungarian Hamster (Phodopus sungorus)
74(1)
2.9 General Diagnosis
74(27)
2.9.1 Cytology
74(1)
2.9.2 Conventional Histopathology
74(1)
2.9.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy
74(1)
2.9.4 Immunohistochemical Staining (IHC)
75(1)
2.9.5 Isolation of Viable N. caninum by Bioassay
76(1)
2.9.6 Serological Methods
77(13)
2.9.6.1 Antibody Detection
77(13)
2.9.6.2 Antigen Detection
90(1)
2.9.7 Detection of DNA (PCR)
90(14)
2.9.7.1 General Aspects of PCR
90(1)
2.9.7.2 Target Genes for Diagnostic N. caninum PCRs
91(6)
2.9.7.3 Quantitative PCR
97(1)
2.9.7.4 Typing Different Neospora sp. Strains
98(3)
2.10 Treatment
101(3)
2.11 Vaccines
104(7)
2.11.1 Vaccination Studies in Small Laboratory Animals
104(11)
2.11.1.1 Live Vaccines
104(7)
2.11.1.2 Subunit Vaccines
111(1)
2.12 Prevention, Prophylaxis
111(1)
Bibliography
111(4)
Chapter 3 Techniques 115(18)
3.1 Bioassay of Tissues for Isolation of Neospora
115(1)
3.1.1 Tissues of Acutely Infected Animals
115(1)
3.1.2 Tissues of Chronically Infected Animals
115(1)
3.2 Parasite Cultures
116(4)
3.2.1 Obtaining Tachyzoites
116(3)
3.2.1.1 In Vitro Cultivation
116(3)
3.2.2 Obtaining Tissue Cysts
119(1)
3.2.3 Obtaining Oocysts
119(1)
3.2.4 Cryopreservation
120(1)
3.3 Diagnostic Procedures
120(12)
3.3.1 Examination of Canine Feces for Oocysts
120(1)
3.3.2 Cytology, Histopathologic, and IHC Procedures
121(3)
3.3.3 Serologic Procedures
124(6)
3.3.3.1 NAT
124(1)
3.3.3.2 IFAT
124(1)
3.3.3.3 ELISAs
125(2)
3.3.3.4 Immunoblots
127(3)
3.3.4 PCR
130(3)
3.3.4.1 Sampling, Sample-Treatment and DNA Extraction
130(1)
3.3.4.2 Fecal, Environmental, and Water Samples
131(1)
3.3.4.3 Options for Transporting DNA Prior to Analysis
132(1)
Bibliography
132(1)
Chapter 4 Neosporosis in Cattle 133(128)
4.1 Natural Infections
133(50)
4.1.1 Serologic Prevalence
133(1)
4.1.2 Clinical Infections
133(47)
4.1.2.1 Abortion and Stillbirth
133(42)
4.1.2.2 Congenitally Infected Calves
175(3)
4.1.2.3 Lesions in Weaned Calves and Adult Cattle
178(2)
4.1.3 Isolation of Viable N. caninum from Bovine Tissues
180(3)
4.2 Experimental Infections
183(20)
4.2.1 Calves and Adult Cattle
183(8)
4.2.2 Cows during Pregnancy
191(12)
4.2.2.1 Early Studies
191(1)
4.2.2.2 Pathogenesis of Neosporosis
191(12)
4.3 Diagnosis
203(22)
4.3.1 General Considerations
203(1)
4.3.2 Submission of Samples to a Diagnostic Laboratory
204(1)
4.3.3 Routine Histopathological Examination
204(1)
4.3.4 Immunohistological Examinations
205(2)
4.3.5 Demonstration of Viable Neospora
207(1)
4.3.6 Detection of N. caninum DNA
207(2)
4.3.6.1 Clinical Cases
208(1)
4.3.6.2 Asymptomatic Cattle
209(1)
4.3.7 Detection of Antibodies
209(16)
4.3.7.1 Antibody Types and Isotypes
209(1)
4.3.7.2 Ratio of Specific IgG1 and IgG2
210(1)
4.3.7.3 Fluctuating Antibody Levels in Relation to Risk of Abortion and Vertical Transmission
210(1)
4.3.7.4 Avidity Maturation
211(1)
4.3.7.5 Antibodies in Adult Cattle due to Vaccination
211(1)
4.3.7.6 Antibodies in Fetuses
211(1)
4.3.7.7 Antibodies in Newborn Calves
212(1)
4.3.7.8 In-House and Commercial Serological Assays
213(9)
4.3.7.9 Testing of Individual Aborting Dams or Dams at Abortion Risk
222(1)
4.3.7.10 Serological Testing on a Herd Level
223(1)
4.3.7.11 Avidity Tests to Define the Time Point of Infection
224(1)
4.3.7.12 Serological Tests to Estimate the Herd Seroprevalence
224(1)
4.4 Epidemiology
225(28)
4.4.1 Transmission and Risk Factors in Cattle
225(5)
4.4.1.1 Prenatal (Transplacental) Transmission
225(3)
4.4.1.2 Postnatal (Horizontal) Transmission
228(1)
4.4.1.3 Epidemic and Endemic N. caninum-Associated Abortion
229(1)
4.4.1.4 Persistent N. caninum Infection and Fertility
230(1)
4.4.1.5 Effect of Infection on Fetal Survival
230(1)
4.4.2 Risk Factors Associated with Infection
230(13)
4.4.2.1 Age
231(5)
4.4.2.2 Parity Number of Dam
236(1)
4.4.2.3 Definitive Hosts (e.g., Dogs, Coyotes, and Wolves)
236(1)
4.4.2.4 Carnivores Other than Canids
237(1)
4.4.2.5 Intermediate Hosts Other than Cattle
237(1)
4.4.2.6 Grazing, Fodder, and Drinking Water
238(1)
4.4.2.7 Feeding Colostrum or Milk
239(1)
4.4.2.8 Calving Management
239(1)
4.4.2.9 History of Reproduction Problems
239(1)
4.4.2.10 Cattle Stocking Density and Size of Farm Land
239(1)
4.4.2.11 Herd Size
240(1)
4.4.2.12 Source of Replacement Heifers
240(1)
4.4.2.13 Breed
240(1)
4.4.2.14 Type of Cattle
241(1)
4.4.2.15 Type of Housing
241(1)
4.4.2.16 Hygienic Status and Biosecurity
241(1)
4.4.2.17 Factors Related to Concurrent Infections
241(1)
4.4.2.18 Climatic Season
242(1)
4.4.2.19 Vegetation
242(1)
4.4.2.20 Human Population Density
242(1)
4.4.2.21 Geographic Clustering
242(1)
4.4.3 Risk Factors Associated with Reproduction
243(10)
4.4.3.1 Abortion Risk Associated with Seropositivity of Individual Cattle
243(1)
4.4.3.2 Abortion Risk Associated with N. caninum Seroprevalence in the Herd
244(1)
4.4.3.3 Factors Related to Infection Risk
244(7)
4.4.3.4 Factors Associated with Reproduction
251(2)
4.5 Economics and Control of Bovine Neosporosis
253(6)
4.5.1 Economic Considerations
253(1)
4.5.2 Vaccination against Neosporosis in Cattle
254(4)
4.5.2.1 Live-Attenuated Vaccines
254(2)
4.5.2.2 N. caninum Tachyzoite Lysate-Based Vaccines
256(1)
4.5.2.3 Subunit Vaccines
257(1)
4.5.3 Reproductive Management
258(1)
Bibliography
259(2)
Chapter 5 Neosporosis in Dogs 261(56)
5.1 Natural Infections
261(34)
5.1.1 Sources of Infection and Transmission of N. caninum for Dogs
261(1)
5.1.2 Serologic Prevalence
261(14)
5.1.2.1 Risk Factors for Infection in Dogs
262(13)
5.1.3 Prevalence of N. caninum Oocysts in Dog Feces
275(1)
5.1.4 Isolation of Viable N. caninum from Dogs
275(1)
5.1.5 Clinical Infections
275(20)
5.2 Diagnosis of Canine Neosporosis and Canine N. caninum Infection
295(15)
5.2.1 General Considerations on Clinical Examination
295(1)
5.2.2 Histopathologic Diagnosis
295(5)
5.2.2.1 Antemortem Findings
296(2)
5.2.2.2 Lesions in Dogs with Canine Neosporosis, Postmortem Findings
298(2)
5.2.3 Demonstration of Viable N. caninum in Dogs
300(2)
5.2.3.1 Demonstration of Viable N. caninum in Cases of Canine Neosporosis
300(2)
5.2.3.2 Demonstration of Viable N. caninum Oocysts
302(1)
5.2.4 Detection of N. caninum DNA in Dogs
302(1)
5.2.4.1 N. caninum DNA in Canine Neosporosis
302(1)
5.2.4.2 N. caninum DNA in Canine Feces
303(1)
5.2.4.3 Genotyping of N. caninum Strains Isolated from Dogs
303(1)
5.2.5 N. caninum-Specific Antibodies in Dogs with Canine Neosporosis
303(5)
5.2.5.1 Antibody Development and Antibody Types
305(1)
5.2.5.2 Persistence of Antibodies
305(1)
5.2.5.3 Antibodies and Vertical Transmission in Dogs
305(1)
5.2.5.4 Antibodies in Dogs with Myositis, Polyradiculoneuritis, and Encephalomyelitis
306(2)
5.2.5.5 Antibodies in Dogs with Other Forms of Canine Neosporosis
308(1)
5.2.5.6 Antibody Detection in CSF
308(1)
5.2.5.7 Effect of chemotherapeutical Treatment on Antibody Levels
308(1)
5.2.5.8 Avidity Maturation of a Specific IgG Response in Dogs
308(1)
5.2.6 Serological Reactions in Dogs after Excreting Oocysts
308(1)
5.2.6.1 Reactions against Conventional Tachyzoite Antigen
308(1)
5.2.6.2 Serological Reactions against a 152 kDa Tachyzoite Antigen in Oocyst Shedding Dogs
309(1)
5.2.7 Serological Assays
309(5)
5.2.7.1 Available Types of Assays
309(1)
5.2.7.2 Commercial Assays
310(1)
5.3 Therapy
310(1)
5.4 Prevention
310(4)
5.5 Experimental Infections
314(1)
5.5.1 Using Dogs as Intermediate Hosts
314(1)
5.5.2 Using Dogs as Definitive Hosts
315(1)
Bibliography
315(2)
Chapter 6 Neosporosis in Sheep 317(12)
6.1 Natural Infections
317(7)
6.1.1 Serologic and DNA Prevalence
317(1)
6.1.2 Clinical Infections
317(12)
6.1.2.1 Histologically Confirmed Abortion and Stillbirth
317(6)
6.1.2.2 Detection of N. caninum DNA in Aborted Fetuses
323(1)
6.1.2.3 Clinical and Subclinical Neosporosis in Adult Sheep
323(1)
6.2 Experimental Infections
324(1)
6.3 Immunity, Protection, and Vaccination
324(3)
Bibliography
327(2)
Chapter 7 Neosporosis in Goats 329(8)
7.1 Natural Infections
329(4)
7.1.1 DNA Serologic Prevalence
329(1)
7.1.2 Clinical Disease
329(4)
7.2 Experimental Infections
333(3)
Bibliography
336(1)
Chapter 8 Neosporosis in Water Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) 337(6)
8.1 Natural Infections
337(2)
8.1.1 Serologic Prevalence
337(1)
8.1.2 Parasitologic Prevalence
337(1)
8.1.3 Clinical Disease
338(1)
8.2 Experimental Infections
339(2)
8.2.1 Infection in Nonpregnant Animals
339(1)
8.2.2 Infection in Pregnant Animals
339(2)
Bibliography
341(2)
Chapter 9 Neosporosis in Pigs 343(4)
9.1 Natural Infections
343(1)
9.1.1 DNA Serologic Prevalence
343(1)
9.1.2 Clinical Infections
343(1)
9.2 Experimental Infections
343(3)
Bibliography
346(1)
Chapter 10 Neosporosis in Camels and South American Camelids 347(4)
10.1 Natural Infections
347(1)
10.1.1 One Humped Camel (Camelus dromedarius)
347(1)
10.1.2 South American Camelids
347(4)
10.1.2.1 Serologic Prevalence
347(1)
10.1.2.2 Clinical Infections
347(1)
Bibliography
347(4)
Chapter 11 Neosporosis in Felids 351(6)
11.1 Natural Infections
351(1)
11.1.1 Serologic Prevalence
351(1)
11.1.2 Clinical Infections
351(1)
11.2 Experimental Infections
351(1)
Bibliography
351(6)
Chapter 12 Neosporosis in Avian Species 357(6)
12.1 Natural Infections
357(1)
12.2 Experimental Infections
357(1)
Bibliography
357(6)
Chapter 13 Neosporosis in Humans and Primates 363(2)
13.1 Neosporosis in Humans
363(1)
13.2 Experimental Neosporosis in Rhesus Monkeys
363(1)
Bibliography
363(2)
Chapter 14 Neosporosis in Cervids and Other Wild Herbivores 365(14)
14.1 Natural Infections in Cervids
365(1)
14.1.1 White Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus)
365(1)
14.1.1.1 Prevalence
365(1)
14.2 Other Cervids
365(12)
14.2.1 Serologic Prevalence
365(1)
14.2.2 Clinical Infections
365(12)
14.3 Other Herbivores
377(1)
14.3.1 Serologic Prevalence
377(1)
14.3.2 Clinical Neosporosis
377(1)
Bibliography
377(2)
Chapter 15 Neosporosis in White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) 379(2)
Bibliography
380(1)
Chapter 16 Neosporosis in Wild Canids and Other Carnivores 381(12)
16.1 Wild Canids
381(5)
16.1.1 Australian Dingo (Canis lupus dingo)
381(1)
16.1.2 Coyote (C. latrans)
381(5)
16.1.3 Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes)
386(1)
16.1.4 Blue Fox (Alopex lagopus)
386(1)
16.1.5 Gray Wolf (C. lupus)
386(1)
16.1.6 Other Wild Canids
386(1)
16.2 Other Wild Carnivores
386(5)
16.2.1 Raccoons (Procyon lotor)
386(5)
16.2.2 Mustelids
391(1)
16.2.3 DNA Detection in Wild Carnivores
391(1)
Bibliography
391(2)
Chapter 17 Neosporosis in Miscellaneous Animals 393(4)
17.1 Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)
393(1)
17.2 Parma Wallaby (Macropus parma)
393(1)
17.3 Marine Mammals
393(1)
17.4 Small Mammals
393(3)
17.4.1 Rodents and Lagomorphs
393(3)
Bibliography
396(1)
Chapter 18 N. hughesi and Neosporosis in Horses and Other Equids 397(14)
18.1 Introduction
397(1)
18.2 Differences between N. hughesi and N. caninum
397(1)
18.2.1 Morphological
397(1)
18.2.1.1 Tachyzoites
397(1)
18.2.1.2 Tissue Cysts
397(1)
18.2.1.3 Antigenic and Molecular Differences
397(1)
18.2.1.4 Biological Differences
398(1)
18.3 Natural Infections in Horses
398(12)
18.3.1 Serologic Prevalence
398(7)
18.3.2 Transplacental Infection
405(1)
18.3.3 Clinical Infections
405(4)
18.3.3.1 Histologically Confirmed Cases
405(2)
18.3.3.2 Antemortem Diagnosed Cases
407(2)
18.3.3.3 Abortion
409(1)
18.3.4 Diagnosis
409(1)
18.3.4.1 Serological Diagnosis
409(1)
18.3.4.2 Polymerase Chain Reaction
410(1)
18.4 Experimental Infections
410(1)
Bibliography
410(1)
References 411(108)
Index 519
J. P. Dubey, M. V. Sc. Ph.D., was born in India. He received his veterinary degree in 1960, and Masters in Veterinary Parasitology in 1963, from India. He obtained a Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology in 1966 from the University of Sheffield, England. He obtained post doctoral training with Dr. J. K. Frenkel, Department of Pathology and Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, from 1968 to 1973. From 1973 to 1978, he was Associate Professor of Veterinary Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, Ohio State University, Columbus. He was Professor of Veterinary Parasitology, Department of Veterinary Science, Montana State University, Bozeman, from 1978 to 1982. He is presently a Senior Scientist, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Institute, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland.



Dr. Dubey has spent over 50 years researching protozoa, including Toxoplasma, Neospora, Sarcocystis and related cyst-forming coccidian parasites of humans and animals. He has published over 1400 research papers in international journals, more than 200 of which are on neosporosis. In 1985 he was chosen to be the first recipient of the Distinguished Veterinary Parasitologist Award by the American Association of Veterinary Parasitologists. Dr. Dubey is recipient of the 1995 WAAVP Pfizer Award for outstanding contributions to Research in Veterinary Parasitology. He also received the 2005 Eminent Parasitologists Award by the American Society of Parasitologists. The Thomas/Institute for Scientific Information identified him as one of the worlds most cited authors in plant and animal sciences for the last decade. In 2010, he was elected to the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., and inducted in the USDA-ARS Hall of Fame.
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